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[QUOTE]Originally posted by capra: [QB] From what data I've seen the Central African groups with high proportions of R1b-V88 have modest to almost no Eurasian admixture. The first known branch off of R1b is R1b2-PH155, a rare branch scattered around Eurasia; the second is R1b1c-V88, which separated from the rest of R1b1-L754 about 15-19 000 years ago. At present the most basal branches of V88 are known from Europe, but this is based on private DNA testing, which is obviously not evenly distributed. Cruciani and others did test for one of the older branches, R1b-M18, which was found in Sardinia, Corsica, and Lebanon, but not in Africa. Few African R1b-V88 samples have been tested to high resolution, but so far they are almost all R1b1c2b1-Y7771, which is about 5-6000 years old; this is in agreement with the Y STR haplotype network and TMRCA estimate from Cruciani's reasonably large sample. This subclade is found in both North and Sub-Saharan Africa, also in Eurasia but much more rarely, so I would guess the Eurasian examples back-migrated from Africa. The recent paper on the Sahel turned up a Toubou from Chad who seems to be on the R1b1c2b2-FGC20973 branch, which is mostly known from the Near East. Including that one we have a TMRCA of Sahelian R1b-V88 (R1b1c2b-Y8447) of about 6-8000 years. But there is too little data to say whether this is the actual founding age of African V88, it could be older or younger. The only R1b-V88 found in ancient DNA so far AFAIK was R1b1c2-Y7771 found in an early Neolithic (Epicardial culture) farmer from northern Spain dating to about 5100 BC. The usual theory is that pastoralists carrying V88 spread south during the Green Sahara pastoralist period (~8-5000 years ago) and settled in the Sahel as the climate dried out. When and from where they got to North Africa is debatable; likely with some of the first farmers or pastoralists to bring livestock from the Near East. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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