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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Cass/: [qb] Who remembers the poster Perahu? I found his blog. [b]The Elongated African fallacy[/b] https://landofpunt.wordpress.com/2015/09/21/the-elongated-african-fallacy/ I don't agree with everything he says, but glad to see he's knows the Gamble's Cave & Elmenteitan were re-dated to Iron Age: [QUOTE]Ambrose further confirms the above when he observes that the [b]chronological date proposed by R. Protsch for the cairn burials at Gamble’s Cave is grossly inaccurate[/b]. To this end, Ambrose notes that conventional charcoal dates for the older (and thus deeper) Phase 3 layer at the site range from 8,000 to 8,500 years before present. Protsch, however, had mistakenly suggested that the cairns — which were buried in a deposit above the Eburran’s final/most recent Phase 5A layer; Phase 5A was, in turn, situated around four meters above the Phase 3 layer — dated to a similar 8,020 ybp, give or take a few years. Thus, the [b]cairns are in fact chronologically more recent than even the last Eburran cultural phase, and by extension, so are the skeletons within them[/b].[/QUOTE]Thanks to Perahu, he also found another source- [QUOTE]Repeatedly in the literature the makers of the ‘Kenya Capsian’ are described as a ‘tall Caucasoid’ or ‘Afro-Mediterranean’ people, a deduction based on examination of burials which Leakey found while digging Gamble’s Cave. Whether this racial attribution is roughly correct or not is irrelevant here. For, as is plain in Leakey’s ‘diagrammatic section’ and notes of his excavation, these burials were placed in a layer well above that containing the true ‘Kenya Capsian’ materials with the fish-bones, harpoon and ‘dotted wavy-line’ potsherd. [b]The skeletons probably belong to a different population several thousand years later. There is therefore no direct evidence of the physical type of the makers of the ‘Kenya Capsian’.[/b][/QUOTE]- [URL=http://www.jstor.org/stable/180989]Sutton (1974)[/URL] So as I said, there are no narrow-nasal aperture crania in East Africa until as recent as the Iron Age c. 500 BCE. Afrocentrists are using the earlier erroneous dates (Leakey, 1935) to try to argue these "Caucasoid" traits evolved in situ in the Kenya & Horn of Africa from the Mesolithic-Neolithic. [/qb][/QUOTE]Yawn, [QUOTE] According to the archaeologists, the current East African hunter-gatherer populations once practiced related Holocene stone tool traditions collectively called Kenya Capsian [108, 127, 128], the most famous among them being the Eburran tradition, which was found in the central Rift valley [108]. Eburran is considered among the earliest refined stone tool tradition in East Africa [108, 113]; the earliest phase of this tradition is thought to have originated between 6 – 12 kya [108, 128]. The Eburran tradition had a recent phase from ~1.3 - 3.3 kya and coexisted in the same geographical range with two advanced Late Stone Age cultural traditions that are associated with pastoralism in East Africa, collectively called the Late Stone Age Neolithics or „Pastoral Neolithic‟ [109, 127, 129-133]. The earliest of these pastoralist traditions has been called Savanna Pastoral Neolithic (SPN) [127, 130-132] and the more recent one is called Elmenteitan Pastoral Neolithic [108, 109, 127, 129]. These traditions were separated both in space and time but in some cases overlapped in one or both. The spatial area inhabited by the makers of Savannah and Elmenteitan Pastoral Neolithic cultures overlap but do not co-occur [110] suggesting a separation in time. Some historians have speculated that these traditions represented peoples with different origins and cultures [108-111]. The 18 SPN existed 5.0 - 1.3 kya in Kenya and northern Tanzania, and is thought to have been practiced by southern Cushitic speakers who originated in Ethiopia [108-111]. Elmenteitan Neolithic existed 3 - 2 kya and was found in western Kenya and the central Rift Valley and is thought to have been practiced by southern Nilotic speakers [108-111]. The Turkwel Neolithic tradition [132] is more recent and was practiced in Northwestern Kenya by eastern Cushitic speakers who also originated in Ethiopia [108-111]. According to Ambrose [110] there was consistent interaction between Eburran hunter gatherers and SPN which led to some Eburran hunter-gatherers taking up a pastoral lifestyle. By contrast, the Elmenteitan Pastoralist groups may have competitively replaced the Eburran hunter-gatherers [110]. The pastoral Neolithic was distributed as far south as Zimbabwe and other parts of southern Africa [63]. […] Ambrose [374] considers the Datog to be the southernmost survivors of expansion of Elmenteitan Neolithic populations; he posits that they should have absorbed pre-existing southern Cushitic populations, consistent with my observations based on genetic data. The proto-Datog were cut off from the rest of the southern Nilotic groups by a Maasai expansion that probably began about 1.2 kya [374]. […] Based on the distribution of livestock terms in Africa, Bender [78] concluded that pastoralism spread from the putative center of domestication in Egypt to the horn of Africa after the initial divergence of Afroasiatic populations, around the time of the Cushitic-Omotic split (8 - 10 kya), and later spread into East Africa (about 3 kya) by Nilotic speakers from the putative center of proto-Nilotic expansion in Sudan [78]. These assertions are consistent with archaeological evidence indicating that pastoralism might have been initially introduced into East Africa by people classified as Pastoral Neolithic (5.0 - 1.3 kya), associated with southern Cushitic speakers, who made Late Stone Age (LSA) tools and pottery and herded domestic cattle, sheep and goats [479]. The Elmenteitan (3 - 2 kya), another pastoral tradition associated with southern Nilotic speakers is thought to be a reflection of the second wave of pastoralist movement within East Africa [108, 109]. Based on archeological evidence of the existence of possible 155 proto-Nilotic speakers in northern Kenya [87] and possibly southern Sudan, Robbins [480] argues that pastoralism spread into East Africa by socio-cultural mechanisms such as trading, bride-wealth exchange and raiding. […] There were two separate migrations associated with Nilo-Saharan speakers from Sudan, possibly via southwestern Ethiopia into Kenya and Tanzania: the first 3 kya consisted of pastoralist southern Nilotic speakers associated with Elmenteitan pastoral Neolithic culture [108, 109, 127, 129] and the second consisted of eastern Nilotic speakers beginning 1.2 kya that has been associated with Lanet and Sirikwa traditions [110, 140]. The most recent migration of Nilo-Saharan speakers into Kenya involved the western Nilotic speaking Luo population from southern Sudan through Uganda [88, 89]. Lastly, the migration of Bantu speaking populations into East Africa has been associated with several pottery traditions: Urewe, Lelesu, Kwale and Maore that are dated from 2.5 – 0.6 kya [110, 134-139]. Therefore, the frequency pattern of mtDNA and Y chromosome lineages in East Africa is a reflection of these historical human population movements. [/QUOTE]—Jibril B. Hirbo, Sarah A. Tishkoff (2011) COMPLEX GENETIC HISTORY OF EAST AFRICAN HUMAN POPULATIONS [/QB][/QUOTE]
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