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They are inventing Multiregionalism-in-Africa
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by xyyman: [QB] Lioness. You posted it https://tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com/ancestrydna/cape-verdean-results/ ,,,, The exact implications being made by the [b]socalled “Mali” region are quite uncertain [/b](see AncestryDNA regions). But it seems meaningful that “Mali” is convincingly appearing for Cape Verdeans [b]as second biggest African region.[/b] It’s perhaps also telling that the range of the “Mali” scores only goes to a maximum of 27,5%, while it’s median score of 11,6% shows its consistency. Implying [b]it’s a significant ancestral component[/b] but always minor and in addition to “Senegal”. I suppose it may suggest widerranging Upper Guinean origins beyond strictly Senegambia. I will discuss this in more detail in the third section below. • Surprisingly also[b] minor contributions are showing up for both Lower Guinea and Central Africa. This is unexpected[/b] when going by Cape Verde’s geographical location and what historical sources have documented about slave trade patterns between Cape Verde and the mainland (see “Cabo Verde, Raizes na Africa“). These sources clearly describe the area in between Senegal and Sierra Leone as practically [b]the only provenance zone[/b] for African captives brought to Cape Verde safe for some individuals who came on atypical slave voyages from further away. Some of these persons, mainly from Ghana, Benin, Angola and Congo, have been documented. See charts in section 5 where all the non-Upper Guinean references have been highlighted with red arrows. Judging from the existing data (1856 slave census and slave registers from Fogo/Santiago) [b]they were a very small minority, probably around 1% [/b]and at most 5%, but[b] certainly not 25%[/b] as suggested by the AncestryDNA findings. Their bloodlines can be expected to have diluted quickly so it’s a rather puzzling outcome. I’m personally[b] not aware of any genetical studies in support of any degree of non-Upper Guinean origins for Cape Verdeans[/b]. The two studies i have already referenced both suggesting a completely Senegambian mtDNA profile. This outcome also [b]seems hard to explain[/b] when going by the cultural traditions of Cape Verde which only show Upper Guinean influences in its Creole culture for all i know (see also “African retentions in Cape Verdean Culture & Language“). • First thing to consider is that scores for “Ivory Coast/Ghana”, “Benin/Togo”, “Nigeria” “Cameroon/Congo” and “Southeast Bantu” are mainly reflecting Trace Region estimates which also include zero percent. Also given other limitations of the AncestryDNA analysis it might therefore perhaps be premature to speculate on what these findings might really represent or how robust they might be. They might merely be reflecting generic West African DNA markers which cannot be distinguished yet with greater reliability. Or it could be a misreading of ethnic origins from especially Sierra Leone. Probably only an update of AncestryDNA reference populations might bring more clarity or else comparing with the AncestryDNA results of actual Upper Guineans (to verify if they also show other regions besides “Senegal” and “Mali”) . • At this stage we might however already note that especially the average score for “Southeast Bantu” seems like it’s a valid finding above “noise” level. Also taking into account the median and the min./max. range. It becomes even clearer when comparing with the results from other parts of the Afro-Diaspora as Cape Verdeans are scoring similar group averages for “Southeast Bantu” as both African Americans and Haitians (see also Afro-Diaspora AncestryDNA results: A Comparison). I suppose it might be possible then that captives brought from other parts of Africa, especially Angola and Mozambique, [b]were more frequent in Cape Verde than recorded by history.[/b] If so this research outcome would be the first genetical confirmation of such a Palops connection! However there might also be other explanations. For more discussion see the fifth section. • The average findings for the “North Africa” region are much more in line with what you would expect, given Cape Verde’s history and geographical location. The “North Africa” scores are also more likely to be valid even when reported as a Trace Region. [b]Afterall “North African” scores are also showing up for Cape Verdeans in other types of DNA testing and DNA studies. [/b]So in this way no surprises. However there’s still the remaining question of[b] how exactly did this minor proportion of “North African” DNA enter Cape Verdean bloodlines?[/b] As a popular explanation it’s usually atributed to exciled Mourisco’s or Conversos, from the earliest colonization period. However there might also be other scenarios at play. For more discussion see section 4. • Cape Verdeans can be expected to be a very closely interrelated people across the islands because of their shared history. But it might still be useful to study any of the seemingly small differences occuring between the various islands. As it could tell us more about which ethnic groups might have been involved in the settlement of each island to a possibly greater degree than elsewhere. Genetic differentation between the northern islands (“Barlavento”) and the southern ones (“Sotavento”) has already been reported in DNA studies (see “DNA Evidence“). And it has been correlated with “a common origin in Santiago, followed by differentiation through genetic drift and subsequent input of independent external migrations” (Beleza et al., 2012). The last chart i posted above is obviously providing only the beginnings of a very rough outline of any possible interisland differences, due to very limited sampling. Only a bigger samplegroup would reveal the patterns more clearly. Also despite relative isolation in earlier generations nowadays Cape Verdeans, especially the ones who have migrated, are much more likely to intermarry with people from other islands. Sofar i haven’t really come across any spectacular island-specific differences when it concerns solely the African breakdown. Except perhaps for these findings (again very preliminary due to samplesize!): •Each island has “Senegal” as biggest region, but calculated as ratio of total African ancestry “Senegal” seems to peak sofar in Fogo, while it’s lowest in Brava. It might suggest something about the composition of Upper Guinean origins being more or less homogenous or restricted to Senegambia proper. [b]Notice also how the Brava islanders among my samplegroup scored the highest “Mali” on average.[/b] •None of the Lower Guinean or Central African regions seem to be islandspecific. Except for “Cameroon/Congo” which clearly peaks among the 5 samples from Santo Antão and even more so for the one result from São Nicolau. Again much caution should be applied when interpreting this outcome but it might be an ancestral hint that somehow people of Congolese or (northern) Angolan origin were present in the northern islands to a relatively greater degree than elsewhere and left a minor yet detectable genetical legacy diffused among the general population. However keeping all options open it could also be something specific for only these 6 samples and reflecting unique lines in their family trees. Possibly even involving intermarriage with (mixed-race or black) Brazilians who are also likely to be carrying these Central African DNA markers. [b]•“North Africa” shows the highest scores sofar among the 5 samples from Brava. On 23andme i have also kept track of North African (MENA) scores for Cape Verdeans. (see this online spreadsheet).[/b] And similarly i found that it was on average [b]higher for people from Fogo and Brava.[/b] It could be due to a founding effect from the earliest colonization period. However in part it might also be correlated with their generally larger European ancestry. For more discussion see section [/QB][/QUOTE]
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