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Ancient Tanzanian Pastoralist results... VERY interesting stuff!
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Doug M: [QB] Makes sense now and reflects what plenty of people have said here and elsewhere about cultivation of crops in Africa before the rise of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent. And I have mentioned this as part of a 'survival toolkit' that Africans carried into the Near East..... But anyway here is another paper focusing on the "Bantu Cushite" interaction in terms of agriculture: [QUOTE] Although often marginalized or overlooked in the development of models for agricultural origins, Africa presents unique and theoretically informative case studies for global comparison. Eastern Africa is of particular interest for understanding farming expansions, not only because of its location encompassing the hypothesized migration routes of Bantu-speaking farmers and Cushitic- and Nilotic-speaking herders (Fig. 1), but also owing to its potentially early involvement in Indian Ocean trade, which brought novel domesticated plants and animals to its shores in prehistory. It has been suggested that eastern Africa's pre-agricultural communities had a role in dispersing vegetative crops such as banana (Musa spp.), taro (Colocasia esculenta), and Asian yam (Dioscorea alata) (all of which were first domesticated thousands of kilometers to the east in Sahul) across the tropical forests of Africa as early as the first millennium BCE (De Langhe, 2007; Blench, 2009).[/QUOTE] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618216302890 [QUOTE]For archaeologists, the story of how Near Eastern hunters and gatherers became farmers has become as familiar as a bedtime fable. Beginning as early as 11,000 B.C., people settled into villages and began cultivating wild grasses like rye, emmer wheat and barley. Over time, the genetic makeup of the plants changed, so they needed to be sown and tended in order to grow. Cows, goats and sheep were domesticated over the next few thousand years, and then ceramics were developed to store food. This new way of life quickly swept across Europe and much of Asia. Soon, almost everyone was farming. But not in Africa. As Dr. Katharina Neumann, an archaeobotanist at the J.W. Goethe University in Frankfurt, noted in the book ''Food, Fuel and Fields -- Progress in African Archaeobotany,'' published last year, archaeologists at several sites across sub-Saharan Africa have not found evidence of domesticated grains before 2000 B.C., suggesting that until then, people collected wild grains and did not plant their own. While the first undisputed remains of domesticated cattle appear in the African archaeological record about 5900 B.C. at a site in Chad, other studies suggest that cattle were domesticated in the same region as early as 9,000 years ago.[/QUOTE] http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/27/science/african-pastoral-archaeologists-rewrite-history-of-farming.html?mcubz=1 [/QB][/QUOTE]
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