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New Homo sapiens fossil found outside of Africa, from 194 kya
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by xyyman: [QB] @Swenet and others -I never really questioned the existence of Neanderthals. I took it as a given because it has been said many times but after reading this piece and from little I know about the genome of Neanderthals I am having doubts now. I never really followed deeply Neanderthal DNA stories. But there are lies in here again. Man! These Europeans. I am wondering if there was ever a Neanderthal “species”? From what they are saying some Neanderthal carry AMH DNA but not others. Wouldn’t that not make Neanderthal a “single” species. Is there BS and lies in here? -------------- Quote from Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals-Cosimo Posth1 Discussion The African introgression hypothesis suggests that [b]Late Pleistocene Neanderthal mtDNAs originated through gene flow from an African source8, [/b]which we constrain taking place more than B270 ka (Table 1). Our analytical calculations (Supplementary Table 8 and Supplementary Note 5) show that this event is plausible even if the introgressing lineage represented a minimal proportion of the initial gene pool.[b] This scenario reconciles the discrepancy in the nDNA and mtDNA phylogenies of archaic hominins and the inconsistency of the modern human– Neanderthal population split time estimated from nDNA and mtDNA (Fig. 1d).[/b] Under this demographical model, the Denisovan mtDNA type was common among early Neanderthals in Eurasia (for example, Sima de los Huesos) and [b]was then largely replaced by an introgressing African mtDNA that evolved into the Late Pleistocene Neanderthal mtDNA type.[/b] While the upper bound for the time of this putative gene flow event would be the divergence time between Neanderthal and modern human mtDNAs, here dated to 413 ka (95% HPD 468–360 ka), the lower temporal limit was represented so far by the B160 ka TMRCA of all published Neanderthal mtDNAs (Table 1). However, the finding of the deeply diverged HST lineage splitting from the Altai branch, B270 ka, sets an older lower boundary for the time of this admixture event.[b] An **alternative** but less parsimonious scenario is that both HST and Altai mtDNA lineages reached Eurasia independently after diverging inside Africa.[/b] In that case the suggested introgression event might have occurred later but most likely before 160 ka, our estimated date for the start of the Altai branch diversification (Fig. 1c and Table 1). [b]The presence of modern human admixture into archaic humans*** has already been detected in the high coverage Neanderthal genome*** from the Altai region but ****NOT***** in sequences of chromosome 21 of two Neanderthals from Spain and Croatia14.[/b] The authors therefore suggested that a genomic contribution estimated between 0.1 and 2.1% occurred after the divergence of Altai from other late Neanderthals. However, there is a high level of uncertainty around the time of the inferred gene flow event since only one high coverage Neanderthal nuclear genome has been analysed so far. Moreover, the divergence time of the introgressing African population was estimated to date before or right after the TMRCA of modern-day humans (B200 ka)14, --------------- [/QB][/QUOTE]
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