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First modern Britons had 'dark to black' skin
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Dinkum: [qb] Xhosa carry E1B1A. Guess what??? Europeans DO NOT. Haplogroup E1B1A is 25 000 years old and is said to have originated in Ethiopia, although there are some scientists claiming Haplogroup E originated in Eurasia and was brought back into Africa. After all DE, the ancestor of E is EURASIAN IN ORIGIN. This is LABRANA MAN who is like related to Cheddar Man HAPLOGROUPS OF LABRANA MAN: Haplogroup C6 (SOUTH ASIAN IN ORIGIN) MTDNA U5b2c1 (WEST ASIAN IN ORIGIN) Yip Im sure LaBrana Man and Cheddar Man resemble a Xhose person [IMG]https://mediaassets.wptv.com//photo/2014/01/29/WPTV-Male_20140129072256_640_480.JPG[/IMG] [/qb][/QUOTE] :rolleyes: [QUOTE]The genotypic combination leading to a predicted phenotype of dark skin and non-brown eyes is unique and no longer present in contemporary European populations. Figure 2 | Ancestral variants around the SLC45A2 (rs16891982, above) and SLC24A5 (rs1426654, below) pigmentation genes in the Mesolithic genome. The SNPs around the two diagnostic variants (red arrows) in these two genes were analysed. The resulting haplotype comprises neighbouring SNPs that are also absent in modern Europeans (CEU) (n5112)1[b] but present in Yorubans (YRI) (n5113). [/b]This pattern confirms that the La Bran ̃a 1 sample is older than the positive-selection event in these regions. Blue, ancestral; red, derived. [/QUOTE]— Lalueza-Fox In layman terms: [QUOTE]Lalueza-Fox states: [b]"However, the biggest surprise was to discover that this individual possessed African versions in the genes [/b] that determine the light pigmentation of the current Europeans, [b]which indicates that he had dark skin[/b], although we can not know the exact shade." [/QUOTE] http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/01/140126134643.htm This part is remarkable, [QUOTE] [b]Although the lineage containing this haplotype must have originated in Africa, C3 is rare in Africa (1.0% in MKK) but widely distributed in East Asia, the New World, and Oceania.[/b] [...] Frequencies display strong population differentiation, with the derived light skin pigmentation allele (A111T) fixed or nearly so in all European populations and [b]the ancestral allele predominant in sub-Saharan Africa and East Asia (Lamason et al. 2005; Norton et al. 2007).[/b] [...] Phased haplotypes were retrieved from HapMap, Release 21. For phylogenetic analysis, graphs were drawn by the use of a simple nearest-neighbor approach and rooted by the use of ancestral alleles determined by comparison with other primate sequences. [...] "Of the remaining 10 common core haplotype groups, all ancestral at rs1426654, [b]eight clearly have their origins in Africa [/b](Figure 3B, Figure 4, and Table S4). Three early diverging haplotypes, C1, C2, and C4, are rare outside of Africa and clearly originated there." [b]"In the lineage containing the majority of haplotypes, each of the three branches, containing C5, C6-C7, and C8-C11, give strong evidence of having originated in Africa.[/b] C5 reaches its greatest abundance in West Africa and is rare outside of Africa. Within the other two branches, C6 and C9, which are the most common haplotypes in Africa, are also common worldwide, whereas C7 is abundant in East Asia and much less common but widespread in Africa. " [...] Our dating for this haplotype is consistent with a non-African origin. The most likely location for the origin of C11 is, therefore, within the region in which it is fixed or nearly so. As both models for the origin of C11 imply that C3 and C10 were present in ancestors of Europeans, the observed and inferred [b]distributions of these autosomal haplotypes are consistent with the single-out-of- Africa hypothesis derived using uniparental markers [/b](Oppenheimer 2003; Macaulay et al. 2005). [/QUOTE]--Victor A. Canfield et al. Molecular Phylogeography of a Human Autosomal Skin Color Locus Under Natural Selection 2013 This one is bonkers, [QUOTE]Introduction After the dispersal of modern humans Out of Africa, around 50–70 ky cal BP1,2,3,4 or earlier based on fossil evidence5, hominins with similar morphology to present-day humans appeared in the Western Eurasian fossil record around 45–40 ky cal BP, initiating the demographic transition from ancient human occupation [Neandertals] to modern human [Homo sapiens] expansion on to the continent1" [...] [b]The haplogroup of PM1 falls within the U clade [Fig. 1B and Supplementary Table 3], which derived from the macro-haplogroup N possibly connected to the Out of Africa migration around 60–70 ky cal BP1,2,3,4. [/b]In line with this, the Peştera cu Oase individual that lived on the current territory of Romania, albeit slightly earlier than PM1 [37–42 ky cal BP] also displays haplogroup N9. [/QUOTE]—Hervella et al. 2016 [QUOTE][b]A non-random distribution of haplogroups U5 in the Fula group[/b], the U6 among the “Brame” linguistic family and M1 in the Balanta-Djola group, suggests a correlation between the genetic and linguistic affiliation of Guinean populations. The presence of M1 in Balanta populations supports the earlier suggestion of their Sudanese origin. Haplogroups U5 and U6, on the other hand, were found to be restricted to populations that are thought to represent the descendants of a southern expansion of Berbers. Particular haplotypes, found almost exclusively in East-African populations, were found in some ethnic groups with an oral tradition claiming Sudanese origin. [/QUOTE]—Alexandra Rosa et al. MtDNA Profile of West Africa Guineans: Towards a Better Understanding of the Senegambia Region [/QB][/QUOTE]
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