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First modern Britons had 'dark to black' skin
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Ish Gebor: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Dinkum: [qb] Haplogroup R1A originated in Eurasia. There is no definite proof where it originated, BUT IT LIKELY ORIGINATED IN IRAN or Central Asia: [IMG]http://zakhor-online.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Origins-of-Haplogroup-R1a-1.jpg[/IMG] [/qb][/QUOTE]Sure, [QUOTE]‘‘Out of Africa’’ haplogroups. All Y-clades that are not exclusively African belong to the macro-haplogroup CT, which is defined by mutations M168, M294 and P9.1 [14,31] and is subdivided into two major clades, DE and CF [1,14]. In a recent study [16], sequencing of two chromosomes belonging to haplogroups C and R, led to the identification of 25 new mutations, eleven of which were in the C-chromosome and seven in the R-chromosome. Here, the seven mutations which were found to be shared by chromosomes of haplogroups C and R [16], were also found to be present in one DE sample (sample 33 in Table S1), and positioned at the root of macro-haplogroup CT (Figure 1 and Figure S1). [...] Three of the seven R-specific mutations (V45, V69 and V88) were previously mapped within haplogroup R [34], whereas the remaining four mutations have been here positioned at the root of haplogroups F (V186 and V205), K (V104) and P (V231) (Figure S1) through the analysis of 12 haplogroup F samples (samples 40–51, in Table S1). [...] Figure S1 Structure of the macro-haplogroup CT. For details on mutations see legend to Figure 1. Dashed lines indicate putative branchings (no positive control available). The position of V248 (haplogroup C2) and V87 (haplogroup C3) compared to mutations that define internal branches was not determined. Note that mutations V45, V69 and V88 have been previously mapped (Cruciani et al. 2010; Eur J Hum Genet 18:800–807). (TIF) Haplogroup affiliation for 51 Y chromosomes Table S1 analyzed in this study. (XLS) [/QUOTE]--Fulvio Cruciani et al. [b]Molecular Dissection [/b]of the [b]Basal Clades in the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree[/b] [QUOTE]The population of [b]AMH spreading in the eastern direction included “softened” Mongoloid elements[/b]. The “dialectal continuum” consisting of Proto-Uralic, Proto-Altaic and Palaeo-Siberian- related languages formed the principal communication media of Early Modern Humans in northern Eurasia. [/QUOTE]--Pavel M. DOLUKHANOV Japan Review, 2003, 15:175-186 Archaeology and Languages in Prehistoric Northern Eurasia [QUOTE][b]"haplogroup CF and DE molecular ancestors first evolved inside Africa and subsequently contributed as Y chromosome founders to pioneering migrations that successfully colonized Asia.[/b] While not proof, the DE and CF bifurcation (Figure 8d ) is consistent with independent colonization impulses possibly occurring in a short time interval."[/QUOTE]--Peter A. Underhill , Toomas Kivisild - 2007 Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations The Mal'ta boy didn't fell from the sky, onto Siberia near Lake Baikal? [QUOTE] deepest branching separates A1b from a monophyletic clade whose members (A1a, A2, A3, B, C, and R) all share seven mutually reinforcing derived mutations (five transitions and two transversions, all at non-CpG sites). […] The phylogenetic relationships we observed among chromosomes belonging to haplogroups B, C, and R are reminiscent of those reported in the tree by Karafet et al.13 [b]These chromosomes belong to a clade (haplogroup BT) in which chromosomes C and R share a common ancestor (Figure 2).[/b][/QUOTE]--Fulvio Cruciani A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa [QUOTE] When counting from the split of hg DE on the unrooted phylogenetic tree, MA-1 is determined to be carrying the derived allele in 183 sites and the ancestral allele in 1706 sites. [i][b]The position of MA-1 on the phylogenetic tree is established by the state of the 313 basal mutations separating hgs DE and R, where MA-1 has 143 informative positions. [/b] [/i] Of these, 138 are in the derived and 5 in the ancestral state, placing MA-1 as a lineage basal to hg R. With only a few exceptions characterized below, all other informative positions in MA-1 are in the ancestral state, further supporting the phylogenetic positioning of MA-1 on the tree. […] [/QUOTE]Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans Nature 505, 87–91 (02 January 2014) doi:10.1038/nature12736 Received 14 July 2013 Accepted 04 October 2013 Published online 20 November 2013 I'm not saying this next one is the ultimate evidence, but it does show a migration pattern correlating with the tested time schedule. [QUOTE]The lack of Late Pleistocene human fossils from sub-Saharan Africa has limited paleontological testing of competing models of recent human evolution. We have dated a skull from Hofmeyr, South Africa, to 36.2 ± 3.3 thousand years ago through a combination of optically stimulated luminescence and uranium-series dating methods. The skull is morphologically modern overall but displays some archaic features. Its strongest morphometric affinities are with Upper Paleolithic (UP) Eurasians rather than recent, geographically proximate people. [b]The Hofmeyr cranium is consistent with the hypothesis that UP Eurasians descended from a population that emigrated from sub-Saharan Africa in the Late Pleistocene.[/b][/QUOTE]--F. E. Grine et al. Late Pleistocene Human Skull from Hofmeyr, South Africa, and Modern Human Origins Science 12 Jan 2007: Vol. 315, Issue 5809, pp. 226-229 DOI: 10.1126/science.1136294 [/QB][/QUOTE]
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