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Nuclear aDNA Recovery; Sexing of a 4000-Year-Old Egyptian Mummy Head.
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Oshun: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Elmaestro: [qb] [QUOTE] MtHaplogroup is U5b2b5 Any thoughts? [/qb][/QUOTE]A couple: First, what makes someone genetically "African?" I've read research that's now saying L3 was the result of a back migration. Okay well if the L3 Africans aren't Near Eastern transplants and get to be "real Africans" and not "non African transplants," how come anybody outside of Haplogroup L, whether they've been in Africa for tens of thousands of years and morphologically no different from other Africans is not? No one cares about Haplogroup R in Cameroon. Even if the subclade was born in Africa, the general attitude was that haplogroup R wasn't. But no one complains about their "Africanity." Anyways, always be very careful of how much context you have. [QUOTE]When the mummy’s mtDNA sequence is viewed in the context of modern mtDNA diversity, however, the observed U5 lineage could potentially reflect interactions between Egypt and the Near East that date as far back as the Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods [85]. Trade between Egypt and the Near East is evidenced by, among other things, ceramic imports to Egypt [86]. In addition, dwellings similar to those found in Palestine suggest some immigration to Egypt from more arid Near Eastern areas from the late Predynastic to the Old Kingdom [85,87]. Both trade and immigration between Egypt and the Near East continued to increase over time. Demand in Egypt for cedar of Lebanon wood (a wood available and harvested in Lebanon and Syria during the MK) led to the further establishment of trade routes between Egypt and the Levant [85,86]. It is interesting, and perhaps not coincidental, that the individual with the mtDNA sequence most similar to Djehutynakht comes from a Lebanese individual.[/QUOTE]They are telling you to your face there was evidence of immigration from Palestine in the Old Kingdom and Predynastic. They found Near Eastern styled dwellings like I said. Who imports a house? THEN imagine 1,000 years of this going down. State formation began roughly 1,000 years before this mummy lived or died. For any of you holding out for a genetically uniform "African" set of haplogroups, especially in northern Egypt (which yes includes parts of Upper Egypt as far as I'm concerned) you will likely be disappointed. There's too much archaeology in the north that showed influence from the Near East. Think of all the data the Abusir researchers fell back on when they talked about how it fit with the archeological record. They [b]know[/b] they're going to find this. And this is probably why researchers like Keita didn't touch ideas of the north and south being uniform with a ten foot pole despite many Afrocentrics screaming that it was coonery. I don't think anyone just stumbled on this data. Before they tested the DNA they reviewed the morphology of the mummies to see where they'd likely relate to. They found a cline that was north to south and also found that over time the northern type features became more dominant. So what does that mean? The longer you extend from state formation and the further north you go the more likely you'll find this genetic type. 2000 B.C is 1,000 years past the initial formation of the state. Northern Egyptians had more than enough time to navigate south and intermarry with southerners. Many "Upper Egyptians" were unrelated tribes, etc that were then converted to "Naqada culture" before the end of the predynastic by violence or assimilation. They didn't bring the culture to the region though. Afrocentrics ought o Stop thinking of predynastic Egyptians as people who were a singular cultural monolith. In fact stop thinking of the Egyptians that way too. It'd be better to look at the Egyptians as a diverse group of people whose local history will often anchor them to their predynastic ancestors. Culturally lower Egyptian enclaves such as Abusir existed in Upper Egypt so it will be up to you guys when this data comes out, to have a better idea of the local history than these researchers put out. The Abusir paper was a lot better about putting the data into a more general historical context for the country, but was poor in offering the local history that would've made the results seem a bit less left field. I expect most other papers will not even give you as much as the Abusir researchers did. Finally, Levanite immigration into Egypt was starting by 2,000 B.C and into the second millennium which the researchers on the Abusir data point out. Take for instance the Oryx nome right above the nome we're talking about. [IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Ibscha.jpg[/IMG] Egyptian art of the nomarch receiving foreigners. When waves of Near Easterners were undoubtedly in fear of their lives because of climate change anyone can probably imagine that they probably came in fair numbers. So please understand what you're dealing with: 1,000 years of mixing with Levanite influenced (if not transplanted) northern Egyptians and immigrants from the Near East. Review the record that shows this type becomes more dominant after the creation of the state. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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