posted
Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase
Daniel Shriner, Charles N. Rotimi
Published Online: March 08, 2018
Five classical designations of sickle haplotypes are made on the basis of the presence or absence of restriction sites and are named after the ethno-linguistic groups or geographic regions from which the individuals with sickle cell anemia originated. Each haplotype is thought to represent an independent occurrence of the sickle mutation rs334 (c.20A>T [p.Glu7Val] in HBB). We investigated the origins of the sickle mutation by using whole-genome-sequence data. We identified 156 carriers from the 1000 Genomes Project, the African Genome Variation Project, and Qatar. We classified haplotypes by using 27 polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium with rs334. Network analysis revealed a common haplotype that differed from the ancestral haplotype only by the derived sickle mutation at rs334 and correlated collectively with the Central African Republic (CAR), Cameroon, and Arabian/Indian haplotypes. Other haplotypes were derived from this haplotype and fell into two clusters, one composed of Senegal haplotypes and the other composed of Benin and Senegal haplotypes. The near-exclusive presence of the original sickle haplotype in the CAR, Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa is consistent with this haplotype predating the Bantu expansions. Modeling of balancing selection indicated that the heterozygote advantage was 15.2%, an equilibrium frequency of 12.0% was reached after 87 generations, and the selective environment predated the mutation. The posterior distribution of the ancestral recombination graph yielded a sickle mutation age of 259 generations, corresponding to 7,300 years ago during the Holocene Wet Phase. These results clarify the origin of the sickle allele and improve and simplify the classification of sickle haplotypes.
Elmaestro Member # 22566
posted
Wow, Great post!
...This guy Daniel Shriner though, smh lmao.
Swenet Member # 17303
posted
Thanks.
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
^ Fast and furious they are coming out..
So
1. The Bantus expansion NEVER Occurred. Told you so ...again 2. This corresponds with migration of the Neolithics 3. Africans Spread to Europe , Near East and probably Harrapan Valley within the last 7000years. Native Americans in the HGDP?
---- Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase
Daniel Shriner, Charles N. Rotimi
Published Online: March 08, 2018
Five classical designations of sickle haplotypes are made on the basis of the presence or absence of restriction sites and are named after the ethno-linguistic groups or geographic regions from which the individuals with sickle cell anemia originated. Each haplotype is thought to represent an independent occurrence of the sickle mutation rs334 (c.20A>T [p.Glu7Val] in HBB). We investigated the origins of the sickle mutation by using whole-genome-sequence data. We identified 156 carriers from the 1000 Genomes Project, the African Genome Variation Project, and Qatar. We classified haplotypes by using 27 polymorphisms in linkage disequilibrium with rs334. Network analysis revealed a common haplotype that differed from the ancestral haplotype only by the derived sickle mutation at rs334 and correlated collectively with the Central African Republic (CAR), Cameroon, and Arabian/Indian haplotypes.Other haplotypes were derived from this haplotype and fell into two clusters, one composed of Senegal haplotypes and the other composed of Benin and Senegal haplotypes. The near-exclusive presence of the original sickle haplotype in the CAR, Kenya, Uganda, and South Africa is consistent with this haplotype predating the Bantu expansions. Modeling of balancing selection indicated that the heterozygote advantage was 15.2%, an equilibrium frequency of 12.0% was reached after 87 generations, and the selective environment predated the mutation. The posterior distribution of the ancestral recombination graph yielded a sickle mutation age of 259 generations, corresponding to 7,300 years ago during the Holocene Wet Phase. These results clarify the origin of the sickle allele and improve and simplify the classification of sickle haplotypes.
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
Ahem! Linkage disequilibrium....
So, Brotha. You see how easy it is to resolve these issue. One simple paper doing a deep analysis of the sickle cell haplotypes resolved this issue. This can be done for the Abusir. But why would they do that? (insert sarcasm)
EDIT: The following results are from a file that contradicts everything this poster (Xyyman) states. This post will be deleted in along with any other comment deemed irrelevant as far as the OP is concerned.
code:
*** Computing 2-ref weighted LD with weights Anatolia_N Zagawa ***
+5.0e-05 | x | | | | | x | | | xx | | | | x x | | | | x | x x | x x x | x | x x | x x x x | x x x | x x x | x x | x x x x xx x x x | x x x x x x | x x x x x | x x x +---------+---------+---------+----x----+--------x+---------+------x--+---x---- | 1 x 2 x 3 4 xx 5 6 7xx cM | x x x x x x x | x x | | x | x | | x x | | x
---- fit on data from 0.30 to 50.00 cM (using inter-chrom affine term) ---- d>0.30 decay: 159.57 +/- 25.99 z = 6.14 * d>0.30 amp_tot: 0.00010186 +/- 0.00001920 d>0.30 amp_exp: 0.00010186 +/- 0.00001921 z = 5.30 * d>0.30 amp_aff: -0.00000002 +/- 0.00000004
---- fit on data from 0.40 to 50.00 cM (using inter-chrom affine term) ---- d>0.40 decay: 187.87 +/- 42.84 z = 4.39 * d>0.40 amp_tot: 0.00013092 +/- 0.00004085 d>0.40 amp_exp: 0.00013093 +/- 0.00004086 z = 3.20 * d>0.40 amp_aff: -0.00000002 +/- 0.00000004
---- fit on data from 0.50 to 50.00 cM (using inter-chrom affine term) ---- d>0.50 decay: 175.96 +/- 46.96 z = 3.75 * d>0.50 amp_tot: 0.00011621 +/- 0.00004371 d>0.50 amp_exp: 0.00011622 +/- 0.00004371 z = 2.66 * d>0.50 amp_aff: -0.00000002 +/- 0.00000004
---- fit on data from 0.60 to 50.00 cM (using inter-chrom affine term) ---- d>0.60 decay: 193.74 +/- 181.25 z = 1.07 d>0.60 amp_tot: 0.00014150 +/- 0.00014413 d>0.60 amp_exp: 0.00014151 +/- 0.00014413 z = 0.98 d>0.60 amp_aff: -0.00000002 +/- 0.00000004
---- fit on data from 0.70 to 50.00 cM (using inter-chrom affine term) ---- d>0.70 decay: 283.44 +/- 131.19 z = 2.16 * d>0.70 amp_tot: 0.00036431 +/- 0.00039866 d>0.70 amp_exp: 0.00036432 +/- 0.00039866 z = 0.91 d>0.70 amp_aff: -0.00000002 +/- 0.00000004
Your approach is in no way disimilar to that of Dinkum and Cass/ ; ignoring rebuttals and rehashing debunked and alternative narratives... please Stop flooding threads with the same comments
posted
Man! They should pay me for this shyte. I told you so...again. As I said many times. I am 1000% correct!!!! There is no way in hell the Abusirs are back-migrated Europeans ...or Turks
Quote: "Classical haplotypes in eastern Arabia tend to have the Arabian/Indian designation, whereas those in western Arabia tend to have the Benin designation.18,21 The Arabian/Indian haplotype has been hypothesized to have originated in either east Saudi Arabia or India.5 Although our samples include only one predicted instance of the Arabian/Indian haplotype, the occurrence of this haplotype in the Luhya in Kenya and its clustering with the predominant haplotype found in Kenya and Uganda are consistent with the hypothesis that the Arabian/Indian haplotype originated in Africa and had an overseas migration route from eastern Africa to eastern Arabia and India.13,19 In contrast, the absence of the Benin haplotype in the Luhya in Kenya and the Baganda in Uganda provides evidence against an overseas migration route from eastern Africa to western Arabia. Instead, the presence of the Benin haplotype in western Arabia is consistent with an African origin and an overland migration route through northeast Africa"
Geography ...and genes don't lie. We need to re-write history. lol!
DNATribes was correct....from Africa then Arabia to the Harrapan Valley.
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
About 10- 7,000years ago African carried their sickle Cell Traits
Noitce the authors said they did NOT get Sample from The Great lakes, Central Africa and South Africa. Speculating of a Sahara origin of the sickle Cell trait. Nevertheless all have an African origin dated to about wet Sahara
Ho! Ho! Ho! Nice work Evergreen. Fist Thump!
Let these fugkers continue lying to themselves. He! He! He!. As one door closes the other opens. Liars!
Swenet Member # 17303
posted
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: DNATribes was correct....from Africa then Arabia to the Harrapan Valley.
Makes you think that maybe recent African ancestry plays a much bigger role in skin pigmentation globally than we thought. Herodotus eastern Ethiopians may not be fully Asian.
First thing I thought about when reading the abstract is the placement by Blench and others of Elamite on the Afroasiatic tree. This discovery of the Arab-Indian haplotype being related to the African haplotypes opens up a lot of new possibilities. Will read the paper later to see how old it is in the Indian Ocean.
And BTW, if they all originate in Africa then 7.3 ky is way too recent. Skeletal signs of sickle cell are already found outside of Africa before that.
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
@my youth. Wow! Nice link. Will read later. But notice Great Lakes has all colors/variants. I agree dates are too recent. Which may mean OOA may be more recent than we think which I always speculated. Based upon uniparental markers of aDNA in Europe and Skoglund/Africa
Punos_Rey Member # 21929
posted
Excellent post xyyman, brought this older study immediately to mind
quote: "Sickle cell anemia: It is the commonest single gene disorder worldwide . About 1.92% of the world’s population carry sickle hemoglobin . Hemoglobin S is found in the Mediterranean area and its presence there can be attributed to gene flow from Africa. In parts of Africa, up to a third of the people carry a gene for hemoglobin S. About 120,000 babies with sickle cell disease are born yearly, but less than 2% survive to the age of five.
In our study it represented 3.68 of patients attending the hematology clinic. El Beshlawy et al. found 1.6% prevalence of sickle cell disease, while Khalifa et al. reported incidences 6.7% and 4.94%.
In 1999, Marin et al. conducted a molecular investigation for the presence of sicklemia in six predynastic Egyptian mummies (about 3200 BC) from the Anthropological and Ethnographic Museum of Turin. DNA was extracted from dental samples with a silica-gel method specific for ancient DNA. Amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) was then applied. In samples of three individuals, there was a band at the level of the HbS mutated fragment, indicating that they were affected by sicklemia."
quote:"Egypt: Some researchers hypothesized that HbS gene was present among the predynastic Egyptian and they showed the presence of HbS in mummies (about 3200 BC)86. It was also suggested that HbS existed among the Egyptians from ancient times and the death of King Tutankhamun was due to SCA. However, this hypothesis was recently refuted87. The first case of SCA in Egypt was reported in 1951 by Abbasy. Other abnormalities of haemoglobin were also identified89. Since then, several studies have been carried out and shown that, in Egypt, β-thalassaemia is the most common type with a carrier rate varying from 5.3-9 per cent and a gene frequency of 0.03. In Egypt, along the Nile Valley, the HbS gene is almost non existent, but in the western desert near the Libyan border variable rates of 0.38 per cent in the coastal areas to 9.0 per cent in the New Valley oases have been reported. HbS carrier rates vary from 9 to 22 per cent in some regions. The SCD is severe with painful crises and other abnormalities. Most of the globin gene haplotypes reported are the African haplotype."
posted
Nice post Evergreen, you’ve dropped some nice crumbs here. Follow the crumbs people...follow the crumbs.
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
To newbies.
What this study has shown is what I have said all along. Neolithic Africans (~8000ya) migrated OOA not only taking their genes("Eurasian") with them but also their genetic diseases....sickle cell. What this study has confirmed is that all sickle variants has an African origin. All of them!!! How did they determine that? LD! (ElMaestro). You know I have you pegged?! I knew this all along. It does not matter what they label as "Eurasian". I know "Eurasian" has an African origin because Europeans are a sub-set of Africans. Always had and always will. But as usual I see more than the layman. Here is something that stick out. See that yellow slice from the pie-chart Swenet posted. Notice is has an Atlantic path? I said many times. There had to be a land bridge now under water from West Africa to West Europe.(Capra?).
So while some of you may be slow and squabble over whether the mummy carry U5b is African or Eurasian, when it is clear he is African because even sub-Saharan West Africans carry U5b, here we again show that the Neolithic expansion may have a Great Lakes origin in Africa. Demonstrated not only by U5b but also by the sickle Cell trait. Science works in mysterious ways. Lol! How do you like me now? SMH.
Now regarding the age of the mutation and time OOA. The question for the new World Populations(Native Americans). Un-Admixed. Shouldn't they have no sickle cell . Only the admixed population should have these variants and it should be limited to only a few variants. You know what that means ...right?
Dr Winters? Africans did really cross the Atlantic prior to slavery? Wow! What a bomb-shell! And it came out of nowhere.
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
@ Swenet. Nice link. Let the fools continue to argue whether U5b is African or not? SMH
----------------------- Quote from Beta-Globin Gene Haplotypes Among Cameroonians and Review of the Global Distribution: Is There a Case for a Single Sickle Mutation Origin in Africa? Valentina et al
Exceptional HBB haplotype distribution in Sudan? When data within Africa was compared, the literature review revealed four major features in Sudanese SCD patients: 1) all four classical SCD haplotypes were reported in significant proportions; 2) Cameroon haplotype was reported in a much higher proportion in Sudan than in Cameroon; 3) surprisingly, there was a higher proportion of Senegal haplotypes in Sudan when compared to the rest of East Central and parts of West Africa, and lastly 4) there was a relatively high proportion of atypical haplotypes (Elderdery et al., 2012) (Table 4, Fig. 2). Xyyman comment: They are speculating that Sudan/Great Lakes is the possible orgin of all sickle cell haplotypes NOT West Africa. I told you so. Bantu West Africans are new to West Africa
However, on the African continent and in two independent studies, atypical haplotypes appear in relatively high frequency in Sudan, in concert with all the other types of African haplotypes, particularly a relatively high proportion of Senegal and Cameroon haplotypes (Elderdery et al., 2012; Mohammed et al., 2006). The relatively high frequency of the Cameroon haplotype in Sudan versus in Cameroon (Elderdery et al., 2012) is not completely anomalous, but rather the reflection that the geographical nomenclature of haplotypes (named according to the first region of observation) does not necessarily reflect their place of origin. The refinement of the molecular structure (i.e., haplotype) in HBB and migration patterns is still urgently needed, specifically in Africa. Xyyman comment: GEOGRAPHICALNOMENCLATURE OF HAPLOTYPES (NAMED ACCORDING TO THE FIRST REGION OF OBSERVATION) DOES NOT NECESSARILY REFLECT THEIR PLACE OF ORIGIN!!!! As I said "Eurasian" is misleading.
2007), together with next-generation sequencing, should provide definitive answers to this long-standing question. It is then perhaps provocative and ambitious, but not unreasonable, to hypothesize that, there could be a single origin of the sickle cell mutation, in the region of East Africa/Sudan, with additional haplotypes generated by diverse structural mechanisms, and the spread to the rest of the continent through traditional migratory patterns. Recently, both phylogenetic and network analysis indicate that east Africans possess more ancestral mitochondrial lineages in comparison to various continental populations placing them at the foot of the human evolutionary tree. Interestingly, the two most ancestral mitochondrial sequences in the NJ tree figure refer to Nubian individuals in Sudan (Elhassan et al., 2014). Moreover, a compound associated with a lithic Middle Stone Age industry was discovered in Dhofar Oman and regarded as evidence of human migration out of Africa through an Arabian route (Rose et al., 2011). Therefore, the shared rs7482144 SNP in both the Senegal and Indian-Arab haplotypes invites the question of whether Xyyman comment: The OP answered the question that all Sickle Cell haplotypes has an African origin with possible a Green Sahara origin. I need to follow-up on Elhassan et al., 2014
across west African populations and the exact geographic origin of the Senegal b(S) mutation was not located (Currat et al., 2002). It could well be even further east of Senegal, perhaps as far east as Sudan/East Africa region. It was suggested more than 2 decades ago, that although b(S) is attributed to recent independent mutations occurring approximately 2000 years ago (Currat et al., 2002), the separation and geographical distribution of African populations allows for the possibility of an ancient origin of b(S) mutation. Xyyman comment: ditto
The Cameroon haplotype has previously been associated with poor clinical outcome and increased stoke episodes in SCD (Adorno et al., 2008; Steinberg et al., 1998), whereas the Benin haplotype is thought to confer a relatively favorable clinical outcome (Steinberg, 2009). In a previous report, we anticipated that the relatively high prevalence of stroke in SCD patients in Cameroon could be attributed to the high proportion of Cameroonian haplotype Xyyman comment: So the Benin haplotype has a better survival rate that is why it will be found in ancient Greece and some modern Greeks and so wide spread
------------------------
Elite Diasporan Member # 22000
posted
Very good study.
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
Elhassan et al 2014 Elhassan N, Gebremeskel EI, Elnour MA, et al. (2014). The episode of genetic drift defining the migration of humans out of Africa is derived from a large East African population size. PloS One 9, e97674. Abstract Human genetic variation particularly in Africa is still poorly understood. This is despite a consensus on the large African effective population size compared to populations from other continents. Based on sequencing of the mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2), and genome wide microsatellite data we observe evidence suggesting the effective size (Ne) of humans to be larger than the current estimates, with a foci of increased genetic diversity in east Africa, and a population size of east Africans being at least 2-6 fold larger than other populations. Both phylogenetic and network analysis indicate that east Africans possess more ancestral lineages in comparison to various continental populations placing them at the root of the human evolutionary tree. Our results also affirm east Africa as the likely spot from which migration towards Asia has taken place. The study reflects the spectacular level of sequence variation within east Africans in comparison to the global sample, and appeals for further studies that may contribute towards filling the existing gaps in the database. The implication of these data to current genomic research, as well as the need to carry out defined studies of human genetic variation that includes more African populations; particularly east Africans is paramount.
posted
geez didn't you all read the preprint last year?
the sampling seems rather limited to draw any real conclusions, unfortunately. Eurasian sickle cell allele carriers seem to have been limited to 4 Qataris, all with easily detectable recent SSA ancestry. within Africa is the more interesting part, the spread of falciparum malaria and the advantage held by resistant populations could be quite significant to population history, but not too much to go on here.
this paper is new to me - review of origins of malaria:
previously estimates of age of P. falciparum (the extra nasty malaria parasite) ranged from around 10 000 to 300 000 years. but with much more study of malaria in great apes - there are five other parasite species in the Laverania subgenus together with P. falciparum, all host-specific - it turns out human P. falciparum (which has very low genetic diversity) is a sub-branch of gorilla P. praefalciparum. this paper estimates that falciparum malaria emerged relatively recently after a rare host-switching adaptation (no firm date is possible, but could be within the last 10 000 years). So far the P. praefalciparum parasite been found only in western lowland gorillas, which currently live in the tropical forest zone of Gabon, Republic of Congo, southern Cameroon, and just into Central African Republic, but i assume earlier in the Holocene their range would have been greater.
P. vivax, the other main human malaria parasite, which most Sub-Saharan Africans are highly resistant to due to the Duffy negative mutation, has lots of different chimpanzee and gorilla strains, with human P. vivax forming one fairly diverse branch. so it probably has a much older origin also in Africa.
anyway, the most likely location for falciparum malaria origin seems to be the forests of west-central Africa - probably including quite a lot further north in Cameroon and CAR (and Chad?) than today - and maybe during Holocene Wet Period.
of course the sickle cell mutation didn't necessarily occur anywhere near where falciparum originated, but the limited diversity data from the sickle cell haplotype paper is consistent with an origin in this region or to the north of it. somewhere with plenty of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes and a reasonable human population density, i guess, which doesn't narrow it down much.
Fourty2Tribes Member # 21799
posted
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: There had to be a land bridge now under water from West Africa to West Europe.(Capra?).
The oldest boat in the world is west African. You can see Spain from Morocco. Why do you need a land bridge?
Thereal Member # 22452
posted
@fourty I think xyman posted something where certain gene distribution didn't follow a pattern indicative of a direct crossing from Africa to Europe and I'm wondering if his use of landbridge is like beringia or saying enough Islands existed in the Atlantic to act like a bridge connecting Europe to Africa.
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
Agreed. You can see Spain from Morocco. So the idea that there was NO crossing from Africa to Europe is blindingly stupid. And with lower sea levels at the LGM. I assume that goes for Tunisia/Sardinia/Italy, Balearic Islands and Egypt to Greece. Benin Haplotype found in Greece. Why would the Guanche/North Africans get to the Canary and not Iberia?(And the Canary Islnds can NOT be seen?) It Happened over the Straits of Bel Bar(sp?) Horn to Arabia. Right? It works for the Southern Route but NOT for Africa to Iberia. SMH. Insane Europeans! No…Europe was off -limits. SMH. No migration was permitted to Europe!!!!! Get that into your heads!!!! Even when Iberia can be clearly seen from Morocco. Lol! You people know that there is no genetic evidence that the Moors were expelled from Iberia back to Africa? Sources cited. I said before Islam existed before Mohammed was even born. Islamic culture was part of Iberian culture and probably had nothing to do with invasion. There is evidence of Islamic tradition IN Europe before Islam was “created”.
Btw- It may be logistically impossible to take thousands of boats from West Africa to Europe. (for who for what?- Ricky Waters). And Why? This is no different than the Euronuts who speak about Island hopping from the Levant to Iberia. Such a stupid insane hypothesis that is being deliberately repeated.
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
Man. These white people just can’t help themselves with their lies!!! 1. 4 “Eurasian” Qataris? Really Capra? Guess you read the wrong pre-print. SMH! Liars! You people just can’t stop! 2. Limited samples?
That is why we need to start doing our own analysis. Forget what these lying Europeans(majority that is) has to say.
------------------------------------ Quote from the paper - “Sequence Data We retrieved whole-genome-sequence data from 2,504 individuals in the 1000 Genomes Project,25 320 individuals in the African Genome Variation Project,26 and 108 individuals from Qatar.27 As previously detailed by the 1000 Genomes Project, a three-stage approach was used to establish phased haplotypes: (1) given
African Ancestry We used YFitter to call Y chromosome haplogroups30 and Haplo- Find to call mitochondrialDNAhaplogroups.31 We used projection analysis in ADMIXTURE version 1.332 with a reference panel of 21 global ancestries33 to analyze autosomal ancestry. To determine standard errors for the proportions of ancestral components for each individual, we reran ADMIXTURE with the addition of 200 bootstrap replicates. Accounting for both within and between individual variances?”
---------------------
The Qataris are … Rodriguez-Flores, - (2016). Indigenous Arabs are descendants of the earliest split from ancient Eurasian populations.
quote:Originally posted by capra: [QB] geez didn't you all read the preprint last year?
the sampling seems rather limited to draw any real conclusions, unfortunately. Eurasian sickle cell allele carriers seem to have been limited to 4 Qataris, all with easily detectable recent SSA ancestry. .
[/Q]
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
Repeat....
The Qataris are … Rodriguez-Flores, - (2016). Indigenous Arabs are descendants of the earliest split from ancient Eurasian populations. Quote: “To assess this hypothesis, we carried out deep-coverage genome sequencing of 104 unrelated natives of the Arabian Peninsula who are citizens of the nation of Qatar (Supplemental Fig. 1), including 56 of ***indigenous*** Bedouin ancestry who are the best representatives of*** autochthonous*** Arabs, and compared these genomes to contemporary genomes of Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Americas (The 1000 Genomes Project Consortium 2012; Lazaridis et al. 2014).”
capra Member # 22737
posted
what on earth is your point, you blithering moron?
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
quote:Originally posted by capra: [qb] what on earth is your point, you blithering moron? [/q]
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: [Q] Man. These white people just can’t help themselves with their lies!!! 1. 4 “Eurasian” Qataris? Really Capra? Guess you read the wrong pre-print. SMH! Liars! You people just can’t stop! 2. Limited samples?
That is why we need to start doing our own analysis. Forget what these lying Europeans(majority that is) has to say.
The Qataris are … Rodriguez-Flores, - (2016). Indigenous Arabs are descendants of the earliest split from ancient Eurasian populations.
quote:Originally posted by capra: [QB] geez didn't you all read the preprint last year?
the sampling seems rather limited to draw any real conclusions, unfortunately. Eurasian sickle cell allele carriers seem to have been limited to 4 Qataris, all with easily detectable recent SSA ancestry. .
[/Q]
[/Q]
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
You know I own you just as I do Lioness? Don’t you? ELMaestro….I still trying to understanding where he is coming from. Square peg in a round hole?
news flash! some blacks can read...and understand. STEM is not only for "Eurasians"
Admin: Either stay on topic and contribute or take another vacation.
posted
your dumbshit post didn't contain a point before, why do you think repeating it is going to help?
xyyman Member # 13597
posted
SMH
quote:Originally posted by capra: your dumbshit post didn't contain a point before, why do you think repeating it is going to help?
Forty2Tribes Member # 21799
posted
quote:
Btw- It may be logistically impossible to take thousands of boats from West Africa to Europe. (for who for what?- Ricky Waters). And Why? This is no different than the Euronuts who speak about Island hopping from the Levant to Iberia. Such a stupid insane hypothesis that is being deliberately repeated.
xyyman was on one. I missed how this went from North Africa to West Africa. I could definitely see 1000 boats making that trip in the late Paleolithic and early Neolithic. But yeah its possible they may have been able to walk during the ice age.
posted 
![[Wink]](wink.gif)
![[Confused]](confused.gif)