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E1b in South Asian samples?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884158/#R14 Nature Genetics doi:10.1038/ng.3559 2015 pdf https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/34198/2/1000Y.main.Revision2.pdf [QUOTE] [b] Punctuated bursts in human male demography inferred from 1,244 worldwide Y-chromosome sequences G. David Poznik1,2,*, Yali Xue3[/b] Of the clades resulting from the four deepest branching events, all but one are exclusive to Africa, and the TMRCA of all non-African lineages (i.e., the TMRCA of haplogroups DE and CF) is ~76 ky. We see a major increase in the number of lineages outside Africa ~50–55 kya, perhaps reflecting the geographic expansion and differentiation of Eurasian populations as they settled the vast expanse of these continents. Consistent with previous proposals13, [b]a parsimonious interpretation of the phylogeny is that the predominant African haplogroup, E, arose outside the continent. [/b]This model of geographic segregation within the CT clade requires just one continental haplogroup exchange (E to Africa), rather than three (D, C, and F out of Africa). Furthermore, the timing of this putative return to Africa—between the emergence of E and its differentiation within Africa by 58 kya—is consistent with proposals, based on non-Y data, of abundant gene flow between Africa and nearby regions of Asia 50–80 kya14. _______ First, in the Americas, we observed expansion of Q1a-M3 at ~15 kya, the time of the initial colonization of the hemisphere18. This correspondence, based on one of the most thoroughly examined dates in human prehistory, attests to the suitability of the calibration we have chosen.[b]Second, in sub-Saharan Africa, two independent E1b-M180 lineages expanded ~5 kya, a period before the numerical and geographical expansions of Bantu-speakers in whom E1b-M180 now predominates. The presence of these lineages in non-Bantu-speakers (e.g., Yoruba, Esan) indicates an expansion pre-dating the Bantu migrations, perhaps triggered by the development of ironworking.[/b] Third, in Western Europe, related lineages within R1b- L11 expanded ~4.8–5.9 kya, most markedly around 4.8 and 5.5 kya. The earlier of these times, 5.5 kya, is associated with the origin of the Bronze Age Yamnaya culture. The Yamnaya have been linked by aDNA evidence to a massive migration from the Steppe, which may have replaced much of the previous European population21,22, but the six Yamnaya with informative genotypes did not bear lineages descending from or ancestral to R1b-L11, so a Y-chromosome connection has not been established. The later time, 4.8 kya, coincides with the origins of the Corded Ware (Battle Axe) culture in Eastern Europe and the Bell-Beaker culture in Western Europe [IMG]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884158/bin/nihms774872f2.jpg[/IMG] Figure 2 Y-chromosome phylogeny and haplogroup distribution. Branch lengths are drawn proportional to the estimated times between successive splits, with the most ancient division occurring ~190 kya. Colored triangles represent the major clades, and the width of each base is proportional to one less than the corresponding sample size. We modeled expansions within eight of the major haplogroups (circled) (Figure 4), and dotted triangles represent the ages and sample sizes of the expanding lineages. (Inset) World map indicating, for each of the 26 populations, the geographic source, sample size, and haplogroup distribution. [/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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