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Sub-Saharan origin of Almoravids confirmed
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] . [b]Takrur[/b] of the Senegal Valley, Allies of the Almoravids ______________________________ [IMG]https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/51EIA9wpBlL._SX345_BO1,204,203,200_.jpg[/IMG] [b]The Search for Takrur: Archaeological Excavations and Reconnaissance along the Middle Senegal Valley[/b] (Yale University Publications in Anthropology) Paperback – December 6, 2016 https://www.academia.edu/33627669/The_Search_for_Takrur_Archaeological_Excavati [IMG]https://html2-f.scribdassets.com/3qjva207gg5xmg0i/images/3-aa6cb91799.png[/IMG] ________________________________________ https://www.jstor.org/stable/179671?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents JOURNAL ARTICLE Takrur the History of a Name 'Umar Al-Naqar The Journal of African History Vol. 10, No. 3 (1969), pp. 365-374 The generic term Takarir (also Takarna) is a popular Middle Eastern concept applied to all West African Muslims. The progenitor of the name, to which the attribution Takarir is made, is the ancient state of Takrur, which existed briefly on the Senegal basin from ca. A.D. 1000 and which was the first West African chieftaincy to accept Islam. This paper suggests that probably the earliest West African Muslims to be seen in the Middle East in recognizable numbers may have come from that state. Because the milieu of the Hijaz and the diversity of races frequenting the annual pilgrimage ceremonies encouraged generalizations, the name Takarir was conveniently applied to West Africans. The ambiguity of the term may thus be seen to have progressively increased with the expansion of Islam in West Africa, while the name itself became sufficiently entrenched in popular usage for it to survive the fame of great West African empires like Mali and Songhay. The term 'Bilad al-Takrur' is essentially the extension of the Middle Eastern concept of Takrur and has therefore received various territorial definitions. The Journal of African History © 1969 ____________________________ Takrur empire One of the earliest important states in the western Sudan region of Africa in the lower Senegal River valley. The rulers of this empire were probably the ancestors of the Fulani. The writings of Al-Bakri say that in the middle of 11th-cent. Takrur was the first African state south of the Sahara to become Muslim. The state of Takrur became part of the empire of ancient Ghana, and later, in late-13th cent, it was ruled by ancient Mali. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/economic-context-state-building Writing in 1068, the Andalusian geographer al-Bakri (d. 1054) was able to gather precious information about Islam in three contemporary African kingdoms: Gao, Ghana, and Takrur (in lower Senegal). The king of Gao was Muslim, but the common people adhered to their ancestral religion, and pre-Islamic customs persisted at the court. The partial acceptance of Islam in Gao is contrasted with the zealous adherence to Islam of the king of Takrur, who compelled his subjects to observe Islamic law and carried out a jihad against his neighbors. The Islamic militancy of Takrur was exceptional, whereas Gao's symbiotic relationship between Islam and the traditional religion was more typical of Islam in West Africa. [b] Throughout the eleventh century the rulership of Takrur was both a valued ally of the Almoravids[/b] and a competitor of Ghana in the gold trade. For the short term, eliminating the competition increased the regularity and volume of gold exports for the Almoravids. However, the gold regions of Ghana remained beyond their control, so in 1076 they destroyed Kumbi Saleh, the capital city of Ghana. Again, their chief aim was consolidation of direct access to and control of the gold-producing regions of ancient Ghana. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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