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Max Planck, Harvard and Sao Paulo researchers deny their DNA models are suspect
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] The Yanomami are also called the Yanomamö (pronounced Yah-no-mah-muh), and are one of the largest indigenous tribes in the Amazon. Some authors have used various other names and spellings, including Guaharibo, Guaica, Guajaribo, Ianomâmi, Yanoama, Yanomama, Yanomame, and Xirianá. There are approximately 30,000 Yanomami living in southern Venezuela and northern Brazil. Although they were first contacted in 1929, their culture has remained relatively unchanged until recently due to their isolated locations on unnavigable upland streams rather than living on the main rivers [IMG]https://www.gannett-cdn.com/presto/2018/11/27/USAT/8695fe51-fd20-4569-b644-3506c2ab7f08-Yanomami.JPG?width=540&height=&fit=bounds&auto=webp[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.amazon-indians.org/yanomami-girl.jpg[/IMG] [b] Exploring the Mitochondrial DNA Variability of the Amazonian Yanomami 2016 Ninety eight percent of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences analyzed belonged to Native American haplogroups, while 2% belonged to African haplogroups. [/b] Haplotype data are reported in Supporting InformationTable S2, along with their frequencies. [b] Except for two samples (1.94%), which were classified within macro-haplogroup L,[/b] all of the rest were classified within NativeAmerican mtDNA haplogroups A2, B2, C1, D1, and D4(Achilli et al., 2008). These haplogroups are distributed inthe sample as follows: 28 subjects (27.18%) belonged tohaplogroup A2; 28 (27.18%) to haplogroup B4, 23 (22.34%)to haplogroup C1, and 22 (21.36%) to haplogroup D, 20(19.42%) belonged to haplogroup D and 2 belonged tohaplogroup D4 (1.94%). Therefore, the Native American haplogroups are relatively evenly distributed in this sample. Accordingly, the Yanomami currently living in the Rio Negro Basin are experiencing the consequences of contact with colonizers, in particular gold miners (Cabralet al., 2010; Paula et al., 2002). Therefore, in ancient times, the Rio Negro might have functioned as an important hub of communication for Amazonian people as well,so that—unlike the other Yanomami groups—the SantaIsabel group may have had contact with other Amazonian populations.This model could also explain the current genetic com-position of the rural population from Santa Isabel. Differ-ent Amazonian Native American groups contributed tothe population, making it ethnically admixed, as sug-gested by Saloum de Neves Manta et al. (2013). Theseauthors also identified, through autosomal AIM-indelanalysis, an African component in the Santa Isabel popu-lation. The same component was observed, at a low fre-quency, in the Santa Isabel Yanomami mtDNAs analyzedin the present study. Other phenom-ena in addition to founder effects could be the cause of thegenetic structure of the Santa Isabel Yanomami sample,such as the introduction of new African and Native Amer-ican haplotypes by gold miners who were probably highlyadmixed. The latter hypothesis would also be supportedby the gold rush in the Rio Negro basin and by the noncor-relation between genetic and geographic distances shownby the Santa Isabel Yanomami and its neighboring non-Yanomami populations. Furthermore, geographical fac-tors may have influenced the patterns of mtDNA diversityin South American populations (Bisso-Machado et al.,2012) [/QB][/QUOTE]
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