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New (?) Irish paper on ancient Sudanese dental morphology
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Djehuti: [QB] ^ Good question. Al-Khiday is located just 20 km (12.43 mi) southwest of Khartoum. [IMG]https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandro-Salvatori/publication/312916449/figure/fig1/AS:454783053111296@1485440137735/Calculi-from-Grave-188-at-Al-Khiday-a-geographic-location-of-Al-Khiday-sites-in-Sudan.png[/IMG] Yet the contemporary Lower Nile Valley both Nubia and Egypt was allegedly dominated by populations exhibiting typical Sub-Saharan morphology both cranially and dentally. So where do the immediate ancestors of the Holocene Egypto-Nubians come from?? Perhaps a strong possibility would be the Eastern Desert region. As for the ancestors of the Epipaleolithic Egypto-Nubians, Irish says the below: [b]Discussion[/b] [i] Assuming phenetic affinities reflect genetic relatedness, Gebel Sahaba appears too divergent to be ancestral to succeeding Nubians—differing significantly based on 36 and 21 traits. Such findings were reported previously [22-30,33-34]. These same studies indicate the Gebel Sahaba/Tushka/Wadi Halfa population was not indigenous to Nubia or the region, instead showing affinities to sub-Saharan Africans, notably West Africa. This too is not new, and two earlier studies reported cranial similarities with sub-Saharan samples: West African Ashanti [41], and late Palaeolithic Ishango, Democratic Republic of the Congo [40, also see 64]. This is expediently illustrated in a 2D plot of 36-trait distances (Fig. 3) among Gebel Sahaba, Al Khiday, pooled Lower (LNU) and Upper (UNU) Holocene Nubian samples (from Table 1), and 12 early Holocene through historic samples from West, Central, and East subSaharan Africa ([23-24,55,57], Supplementary Note S3, Table S7). Of interest, the Ashanti crania from [41] comprise the Ghana (GHA) sample near Gebel Sahaba. The latter’s location shows it most akin to West Africans and three Central African samples, sharing traits common among subcontinental populations [57,65-66]. None of these distances differ significantly (Supplementary Table S7). Except Gebel Sahaba, inter-sample distances parallel geographic locations [also 23,55-56], where Dimension 1 approximates west-to-east, and Dimension 2, north-south,. A sub-Saharan population in late Pleistocene Nubia should not be unexpected, given northward expansions of Sahelian vegetation and sub-Saharan fauna during Saharan ‘green’ periods; the most recent initiated 15,000 BP [67], before its maximum around 9000 BP [67- 69]. It may seem surprising that these apparent migrants originated so far away, but many well-watered migration routes were available then [22,26,68]. In any event, information on biological distinctiveness and non-local derivation is not novel, as mentioned. Nevertheless, diachronic change in a continuous, geographically stable Lower Nubian population from the late Pleistocene onward is still proposed as a viable explanation [3].[/i] Irish makes the assumption that the Jebel Sahabans were foreigners to the Nile Valley originating from "Sub-Sahara", but this assumption is only based on their affinities to modern Sub-Saharans, specifically Ghanian Ashanti which again is shown in his older MDS-MMD graph. [IMG]https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joel_Irish/publication/232621785/figure/fig1/AS:585643059077120@1516639594249/Multidimensional-scaling-of-MMD-values-between-29-African-samples-based-on-the-dental.png[/IMG] I'm not saying that Irish is wrong, but I personally am just more cautious and not as presumptuous as he is. According to his graph above not only are Senegamibians closest to the centroid value but they are closer in distance to Capsians than the Jebel Sahabans are to Ghanians yet Senegambians are still grouped with Sub-Saharans and not North Africans. In fact, the Sahabans are literal outliers falling outside of the chart! I am automatically reminded of the Upper Paleolithic Nazlet Khater of Egypt whose cranial features resemble those of modern Sub-Saharans than modern North Africans or Eurasians yet [i]his[/i] contemporary all the way in South Africa Hofmeyer shows Eurasian affinities! [/QB][/QUOTE]
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