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Population Y, the real First Americans?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [b]Dental Morphology of Naia, a Late Pleistocene Human from Mexico and the Sinodont/Sundadont Issue[/b] Andrea Cucina. 2021 5. Conclusions Naia, a late Pleistocene individual (12-13Kya) from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, exhibits a near complete dental arcade in a perfect state of preservation, providing the first detailed view of the dental morphology of one of the first Americans. As an individual, her morphology firmly fits Turner’s Sinodont pattern. Therefore, although at the individual scale there is no doubt that Naia manifests a dental morphology that falls within the Sinodont pattern, when we look at her as one member of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene population in North America, a different picture emerges. In fact, within the limits imposed by missing information and by the still very limited sample size, Paleoindian individuals show strong tendencies toward a variety of dental patterns.[b] Among the most ancient remains with a relatively large number of scored traits, Pelican Rapids,(8kya) who is at least four millennia younger than Naia and Naharon 1 (assuming the age of the latter is close to accurate), seems to better match the Sundadont pattern,[/b] while the others seem to fall in the Native America, American Arctic and Northeast Asia cluster. In this perspective, and contrary to the craniometric evidence that suggests biogeographic affinities with Australo-Melanesians (Hubbe, Harvati, and Neves 2011), the individuals that we have been able to analyze for their biogeographic origin based on dental morphology (per Scott, Turner, et al. 2018) provide opposite results. For a true Sundadont first/Sinodont late migratory pattern into the American continent [b]we should have expected to see the oldest individuals in the group present combinations of traits clearly leaning toward Sundadonty. We do not see such a pattern.[/b] While Naia falls well within the Amerindian populations, and Warm Mineral Springs falls into the North and South American group (and to some extent also into East Asia), Pelican Rapids falls into the Australo-Melanesia and Micronesia group, and the others into the American Arctic and Northern Asian group. These results are not as disparate as they may appear, given that recent Native Americans cluster with East Asia and with American Arctic and Northeast Asia. [b]The placement of the Pelican Rapids individual with the Australo-Melanesia group simply indicates that within a population’s range of variability, there will always be single individuals who fall well outside the norm[/b] ____________________________________ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Woman [b]Minnesota Woman, also known as Pelican Rapids-Minnesota Woman (c. 5947–5931 BC), [/b] is the skeletal remains of a woman thought to be 8,000 years old. The bones were found near Pelican Rapids, Minnesota on June 16, 1931, during construction on U.S. Route 59. The bones were brought to Albert Jenks at the University of Minnesota, who identified them as the bones of a woman who was 15 or 16 years old, but who had never borne children. The woman had two artifacts—a dagger made from an elk's horn and a conch shell pendant. The conch shell came from a whelk species known as Sinistrofulgur perversum, which had previously only been known to exist in Florida. the peopling scenarios posed by Scott, Schmitz et al. (2018), Paleoindian dentition fits the Beringian Standstill model most closely. Beringian Standstill, in which Native Americans are distinct from all Asian populations but are relatively uniform through time within the Americas [IMG]https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Mnwomanskull.jpg[/IMG] . . _________________________ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265013613_Geographic_patterns_of_Early_Holocene_New_World_dental_morphological_variation [b]Geographic patterns of Early Holocene New World dental morphological variation[/b] July 2013 Dental Anthropology Journal Stojanowski, Johnson, and Duncan 416a large sample of Middle Holocene Eastern Woodlands populations dating from ~8500 to 5000 BP in a series of multivariate statistical analyses. Using Turner’s published trait frequencies as the training sample, discriminant function analysis allocated most Archaic period populations into the Sundadont category (Powell 1995). This was not a unique finding. Lahr and Haydenblit(1995) identified a Sundadont pattern based on four traits in a population from Tierra del Fuego (see also Lahr 1995), Haydenblit (1996) documented Sundadonty in a series of recent (1300 BC–AD 750) central Mexican sam-ples using 29 dental traits, and Sutter (2005b, 2009b) observed that a number of Andean samples (Paleoindian, Preceramic, and Southern Cone Chilean)did not demonstrate a Sinodont pattern. Sutter’s work (1997, 2000, 2005b,2009b) is interesting because it ties Sinodonty in more recent Andean populations to biocultural evolutionary effects associated with emergent agricul-ture. He explains a north-to-south cline for the pattern and temporal trends for an increasingly Sinodont dentition as the result of demic diffusion from Mesoamerica, thus establishing the complex as a functional whole subject toselection mechanisms. Powell (1997, 2005; Powell and Neves 1998) fine tuned his dissertation ana-lyses and included a small sample of Paleoindian dentitions in his database. Multidimensional scaling of trait frequencies confirmed that early New World populations (Paleoindians from South America, North American Archaic populations) were not Sinodont. However, the use of less restrictive statistics(those that do not force an allocation into predetermined categories) also indicated that early Americans were not Sundadont, but rather formed their own distinct cluster. This patterning was demonstrated by Powell Given the time spans included, such divergence should come as no surprise. Interestingly, the Archaic samples were not only divergent from modern Native American and Old World Sinodont and Sundadont samples but also from New World Paleoindians, particularly those from South America. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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