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Population Y, the real First Americans?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] The genetic profile of the Paleoamericans, fails to correspond to that of contemporary Native Americans in the United States . Interestingly, the North American Paleoamerican DNA profile matches minor haplogroups predominately found in South America (Balter,2015) Much of the DNA for Luzia the 12,000 year old skeleton from Brazil is corrupted, but researchers have recovered aDNA from Naia (Chatters et al, 2014) of Mexico, and the Anzick boy (Balter, 20015; Estes,2015). The Anzick boy skeleton was found in Montana. This Paleoamerican belonged to the Clovis Culture, the same as Kennewick Man (Chatters, 1999; Chatters et al, 2014). The Anzick boy belonged to mtDNA M or D1, and y-chromosome R1 (Estes,2015). Scientist have also recovered the DNA from Naia (Chatters et al, 2014; Kumar, 2014). Naia belonged to haplogroup D1, which is a descendant of the M haplogroup (Chatters et al,2014). Researchers have also recovered the aDNA of the ancient Europeans. (Balter,2015). The TMRCA of the paleoamericans were the Khoisan people. The Khoisan were the Cro-Magnon people of Europe (Winters, 2008,2011). They were the first amh to enter western Eurasia (Winters, 2011). The Khoisan introduced haplogroup M to western Eurasia (Winters, 2011, 2014). The first Europeans like the paleoamericans were dark skinned (Winters, 2014) . The aDNA of the first Europeans comes from the Ust’Ishim skeleton from Siberia (Blater,2015). Ust’Ishim man carried the male lineage R1 ( Balter, 2015; Immanuel, 2014a, 2014b). The mtDNA of Ust’Ishim belonged to haplogroup U (Balter,2015). The R1 haplogroup was also carried by the Mal’ta boy in Western Eurasia (Blater, 2015; Immanuel, 2014a, 2014b). The Mal’ta boy also belonged to mtDNA haplogroup U (Balter,2015; Immanuel, 2014a, 2014b) ). The U haplogroup was part of the M macrohaplogroup. The Khoisan carry haplogroups L3(M, N). Prior to the Khoisan crossing the Straits of Gibraltar to reach Iberia, they probably stopped in West Africa (Winters,2014). The basal L3(M) motif in West Africa is characterized by the Ddel site np 10,394 and Alul site np 10,397 which is associated with AF-24, a haplotype of haplogroup LOd (Winters,2010). Granted L3 and L2 are not as old as LOd, but Gonder et al. (2006), provides an early date for , L3(M, N) 94.3kya . The South African Khoisan (SAK) carry L1c, L1, L2, L3 M, N dates to 142.3 kya; the Hadza are L2a, L2, L3, M, N, dates to 96.7 kya (Gonder et al, 2006). The origin dates for L1, L2, L3(M, N) make the haplogroups old enough for the Khoisan to have taken haplogroup M to West Africa, where we find L3, L2 and LOd and thence to Iberia (Winters, 2011) . It is interesting to note that LO haplogroups are primarily found among Khoisan and West Africans (Winters,2011) . This shows that at some point in prehistory the Khoisan had migrated into West Africa. The major M haplogroup in Africa is M1 (Winters, 2010). The M1 macrohaplogroup is found throughout Africa and Asia. But the basal M1 lineage has not been found outside Africa ( Sun et al, 2006). However, on the basis of currently available FGS sequences, M1 markers have been found in the D4a branch of Haplogroup D , the most widespread branch of M1 in East Asia (Fucharoen et al, 2001; Yao et al 2002). These transitions are recurrent in M1 and D4 (Gondor et al, 2006; Winters, 2010). Gonder et al (2006) , argues that the TMRCA of mtDNA L3(M,N) and their derivatives is around 94.3kya (Sun et al,2004). It is hypothesized, that it was not until 65kya that the TMRCA of non-African L3(M,N) exited Africa. This was over 30,000 years after the rise of L3 and LOd in Africa and predicts a significant period of time for anatomically modern humans (amh) living in Africa to spread L3(M) haplogroups across the continent. The existence of the basal L3a(M) motif and the LOd haplotype AF-24 among Senegalese supports this view (Winters, 2010). Gonder et al (2006), claimed that LOd is exclusive to the southern African Khoisan (SAK) population (Sun et al, 2004). The presence of the ancient AF-24 haplotype among the Senegalese (Chen et al, 2000), that is absent in other parts of Africa, suggest that there was formerly a long-term Khoisan population in the Senegambia that preserved this rare haplotype until —that Niger-Congo speaking populations entered the area. Wood et al (2005) , found that Khoisan (2.2%) speakers carried the R-M269 y-chromosome . An interesting finding of Henn et al (2011) was the discovery of the Eurasian clade R1b1b1a1a among the Khomani San of South Africa (Henn et al, 2011). Henn et al (2011), was surprised by the revelation of R-M269 among this Khoisan population . Wood et al (2005) reported Khoisan carriers of R-M269. Bernielle-Lee et al (2009) , in their study of the Baka and Bakola pygmies found the R1b1 haplogroup. These researchers made it clear that the Baka samples clustered closely to Khoisan samples (Bernielle-Lee et al (2009). R1 probably spread across Europe from Iberia to the east given the distribution of R1 in Africa (Gonzalez, et al ,2012 ). Gonzalez et al (2012) , confirms the African origin for y-chromosome R1 . The researchers found that 10 out of 19 subjects in his study carried R1b1-P25 or M269 as opposed to V88 in Equatoria Guinea (Gonzalez, et al ,2012 ). This is highly significant because it indicates that 53% of the R1 carriers were M269 (Gonzalez, et al ,2012) and supports the African character of M269. Kennewick man carried mtDNA haplogroup X, this haplogroup is rare among United States Indians. But this haplogroup is carried by Africans. Some Amerindians in South America carry the X hg. Amerindians and the European hg X are different (Person, 2004). Haplogroup X has been found throughout Africa (Shimada et al,2007). Shimada et al (2007) believes that X(hX) is of African origin. Amerindian X is different from European. Hg X, skeletons from Brazil dating between 400-7000 BP have the transition np 16223 ( Martinez-Cruzado, 2001). Transition np 16223 is characteristic of African X haplogroups. This suggest that Africans may have taken the X hg to the Americas in ancient times. This transference is supported by the haplogroups carried by Kennewick man. Conclusion In summary, the Paleoamericans and Amerindian groups have different craniometric measurements due to separate origins. While Amerindians originated in East Asia, the Paleoamericans came to America in boats from Africa . The Khoisan took the Aurignacian and Solutrean cultures to Iberia across the Straits of Gibraltar, from here they spread throughout western Eurasia 45kya (Winters,2011). They probably reached America from Africa carried across the Atlantic by the numerous Atlantic Ocean Currents. The Khoisan origin of Naia, Luzia and Cro-Magnon man explains why paleoamericans and paleowestern Eurasians share the same DNA (Balter, 2015). Controversy surrounds the identification of Naia’s aDNA. Prufer and Mayer (2015) believe that due to post mortem damage Naia’s DNA was contaminated and does not represent ancient DNA. Given the fact that the other ancient Eurasians and Paleoamericans carried haplogroup M, e.g., the 5000 year old skeletons carrying haplogroup M from China Lake, British Columbia (Malhi et al, 2007), more than likely Naia was D1. The Khoisan carry the most ancient mtDNA and y-chromosome haplogroups in addition to haplogroups M and R1. This suggest that the paleoamericans were probably Khoisan as suggested by Coon (1962), Howells (1993,1989,1995)and Dixon (2001). These Paleoamericans introduced haplogroups M and R into the America. In conclusion, We don’t have to depend on just paintings to acknowledge the Negro/African presence in America before 1492, we also have the facial reconstructions of paleoAmericans that have resulted from craniometrics that show these people were Blacks. References [list] [*]Balter, M . (2015). Ancient DNA Links Native Americans With Europe . Science 25 October 2013: 342 (6157), 409-410. [DOI:10.1126/science.342.6157.409] Retrieved 3/20/2015 at: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6157/409.full Berniell-Lee, G., Calafell, F., Bosch ,E. ,Heyer, E, Sica, L., Mouguiama-Daouda,| P., van der Veen, L., Hombert, J-M., Quintana-Murci , L.and, Comas, D. 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