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Ancient African Queens: New Perspectives on Black History
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Doug M: [QB] I may have said this before, in other threads, but this isn't just about KMT. Africa's history goes way back before KMT and sure that other history may not have all the glory of the pyramids but it is just as important. Anyway, when it comes to the Nile Valley, most of those cultural traits that we can identify as African predate KMT..... which includes kings and queens. As an example, you have the Queen of Punt who we know about only because of the reliefs of Hatshepsut's temple. Obviously that wasn't the first black Queen of Punt. So if you care going to talk about 'black Queens' on the Nile or in Africa in general, we need to put it in the proper historical context that this history goes back tens of thousands of years. What I reject is that African history only starts with KMT or Kush when it doesn't. As for so-called "Nubia", I have always said it is something that never existed before the Roman era and was created by Reisner and others as basically the "African" part of the Nile Valley. Which means that the African history of the Nile Valley is always put into a secondary context to the dynastic era, especially chronologically. And this is where the facts on the ground contradict this scheme, because the oldest sites of habitation, the oldest pottery, the oldest cattle burials are all in the South going back thousands of years before a KMT. And there must have been queens in places like the Khartoum Mesolithic. And technically when people talked about the antiquity of "Nubia" in the context of KMT they were talking about those tens of thousands of years of development in the South leading up to the dynastic era. You cannot separate the two from each other as they are basically part of the same cultural complex, with the dynastic kingdom simply being the most sophisticated manifestation of that complex. SO you cannot talk about 'black queens' whether in so-called Nubia or KMT and only start at the late period KUSH. You have to go all the way back to the earliest examples of 'advanced' settlements on the nile to see if there are 'elite' burials and evidence of social stratification. Because when you talk of kings and queens you are basically talking of social stratification and hierarchies which don't require large settlements and monuments to exist. That is just the basics of archaeology and anthropology. Likewise, those so-called "Nubian dancers" of Hathor were citizens of KMT because such a role would have been highly prestigious and not just given to 'foreigners'. Which goes back to the problems of trying to break up these cultural and historical patterns of development into "Egypt" vs "Nubia" when it doesn't make sense at that level. First because there was no monolithic nation or city state called "Nubia" and second because the main conflicts was over borders. This pattern of conflict between an organized nation state vs nomadic and pastoralist groups on their borders starts with the rise of declared national boundaries. And often this clashes with populations who have traditionally migrated due to seasonal conditions and environmental characteristics. Plus add to that the nationalism that comes with a nation state and you see how that would fuel such feuds and that pattern is seen all over the world. But culturally, that flow of traditions and deities in the Nile has always been South to North including the rise of the first kings and kingdoms that eventually unified the country. Which means there was a history of social development going back long before the predynastic. And that would include various regional cultural aspects such as those cattle rituals found at Nabta Playa, which is also in the South and likely part of the Saharan/Sahelian pastoral complex that also predates KMT. That complex pattern of evolution and various regional traditions spanning thousands of years of history among various groups of Africans wont' be understood by simplistic notions of "nubia". [QUOTE] In the last decade, prehistoric archaeology in central Sudan and Nubia has been characterised by a regional approach and the use of proper stratigraphic methods in excavation strategies. This has also led to the discovery of well-preserved stratified Mesolithic deposits at sites affected by heavy post-depositional anthropogenic disturbances. For the first time, 65 years after the excavation of the Khartoum Hospital site, it is possible to perceive and describe material production variability, settlement pattern discontinuity and/or continuity. It has now become possible to face the problem of social complexity of hunter-gatherer-fisher groups along the middle Nile Valley, a cultural phase which lasted for at least 3,000 years. The new data suggest a reworking of the static picture of this culture, as emerging from the scientific literature, in order to move the debate in a new and more productive direction. This contribution will only be a first step, based mainly on freshly collected pottery assemblages, towards a new approach to the Khartoum Mesolithic pottery culture. It also begins a critical appraisal of the methodological and theoretical faults that hampered a correct evaluation of the data collected from previous surveys and excavations in central Sudan. Incidentally, it will help to revitalise the study of pottery-bearing hunter-gatherer-fisher societies, and supply fresh data to the worldwide anthropological debate on this complex and yet unresolved topic.[/QUOTE][URL=https://web.p.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=02630338&AN=83593982&h=TatKXkb0bHICLWX96II3H0kS5V6zQHbsc%2fnscwFWpAp3QSEHnRvsOoIat6OyEFOw6oMTgFnq2ERxVo9%2bjqt4qA%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawler%26jrnl%3d02630338%26AN%3d83593982]https://web.p.ebscohost.com/abstract?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=02630338&AN=83593982&h=TatKXkb0bHICLWX96II3H0kS5V6zQHbsc%2fnscwFWpAp3QSEHnRvsOoIat6O yEFOw6oMTgFnq2ERxVo9%2bjqt4qA%3d%3d&crl=c&resultNs=AdminWebAuth&resultLocal=ErrCrlNotAuth&crlhashurl=login.aspx%3fdirect%3dtrue%26profile%3dehost%26scope%3dsite%26authtype%3dcrawle r%26jrnl%3d02630338%26AN%3d83593982[/URL] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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