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Kmt The 3 Lands?: Ethnicity vs. Polity
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Doug M: [QB] I think this is just another example of what happens when people take the data and force it to fit preconceived notions. There was no Nubia. The culture of the Upper Nile was shared among various populations stretching back tens of thousands of years. And many of the elements of what became the KMT Tawy came from that. But they also added more complexity on top of that foundation. Naquada is "Nubia" as the actual name of the town in Mdu Ntr is "Nubt" and means "gold trading town". So literally the Naqada culture was a culture based off gold trade which made it wealthy. That gold trade and know how didn't just pop up from nowhere though. So like most of the foundational elements of the culture of the Nile these things came from the South. And many of the key gold mines lay in the South, precisely in what they call "Nubia". So there shouldn't be any doubt that these populations were the first to excavate gold long before KMT was born. https://www.academia.edu/29416145/Gold_of_the_Pharaohs_6000_years_of_gold_mining_in_Egypt_and_Nubia The other thing to remember is that the fluctuating environmental conditions caused populations to move in and out of certain areas over time. And the only reason for the rise of populations in the lower nile was because of a large volume of water and wide fertile flood plain that eventually developed North of Aswan. Prior to that this river was much different and flood plains not very wide, which is why there are long periods of no human activity in parts of the Nile. So it is most likely that environmental conditions at some point before 4000 BC made the region between Wadi Kubbaniya and the 2nd Cataract more suitable for habitation. And then those areas dried up and those populations moved north. [QUOTE] Late Palaeolithic site chronology From the calibrated conventional and AMS available 14C dates (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Data 1), some of which are now rather old with a large standard error, and for some probably without an adapted fractionation, it can be observed that mainly two periods of occupation are present; a first from about 23 until 20 ka calBP and a later one from about 16 until 14 ka calBP. In between the number of data is more restricted. During Heinrich Event 2 and the LGM an important cooling and dryness was observed (Krom et al., 2002), which coincides with the start of an important increase of human presence along the Nile in Upper Egypt. There came an end to the visibility of human presence after 13 ka calBP and for a long period of several millennia no sites have been documented in Upper Egypt, except some rare Epipalaeolithic sites around 9.0 ka calBP (Vermeersch, 1978). Only with the end of the Holocene pluvial at about 5.5 ka calBP when Predynastic culture is developing, is a high number of sites observed in the area (Kuper and Kröpelin, 2006). 3. Natural environment according to earlier authors Vignard (1923) discovered and published a sequence of new Palaeolithic industries described as Sebilian I, II, and III, from a series of platform-like ridges situated 3 km west of Kom Ombo. He interpreted these discoveries as occupation sites on the shores of a progressively shrinking lake, fed by local wadi systems, which had been dammed up behind Gebel Silsila for most of Palaeolithic times. According to Butzer (1967) there is no reason for assuming the existence of a large lake in the Nile Valley of southern Egypt. Butzer and Hansen (1968: 115) concluded that, at Kom Ombo, the Late Palaeolithic aggradation stage was the result of two or more major Nile channels, presumably braided. The main Fatira Channel near Kom Ombo was formed by peak discharges in the order of 10,300 m3/s (the mean measured discharge at Aswan was 7500 m3/s for 1912–73) (Butzer, 1997). During the Late Pleistocene, the Mediterranean Sea was some 100 m lower. In response the Nile channel and distributaries were entrenched up to 30 m below the present surface of the delta. Just how far this incision was projected upvalley is uncertain (Butzer, 1997). However it seems acceptable that the entrenchment did not affect the Nile in Upper Egypt south of Nagaa Hammadi. Williams and Adamson (1980) and Adamson et al. (1982) concluded from their work in the Nile headwaters that the river Nile during the end of the Last Glacial may have been so restricted that it did not flow during the dry season, and water may have been confined to pools in the deeper parts of the channels during much of the year. Wendorf and Schild (1976), Schild (1987) and Schild and Wendorf (1989) proposed a model of the Late Pleistocene Nilotic behaviour where during alluviation the rainy season in the headwaters was shorter but still intense, and the total discharge was much less than today. With reduced stream competence and an increased sediment load, the Nile became a river flowing in numbers of braided channels across a floodplain, which rose continuously as more and more sediment was deposited. The Final Pleistocene Nile in Lower Nubia and Egypt could well have had an annual discharge only 10–20% of its modern volume. They agree that it is difficult to imagine this river: a comparatively small stream with a floodplain cut by several ephemeral braided channels, with little or no flowing water, but with each year a large flood after the seasonal rains at the headwaters. A series of exceptionally high floods, which may correlate with renewed flow from the White Nile, resulted in a final phase of silt accumulation on top of the sediments of a seepage lake at Wadi Kubbaniya, with a maximum elevation some 27 m above the modern flood plain. In reaction to the Schild–Wendorf model, Butzer (1997) replied that the Late Pleistocene record appears to be oversimplified, by implicitly referring apparent stages to an artificial model of aggrading or stable floodplains. The model of a highly braided river was nevertheless reaffirmed by Schild and Wendorf (2010). According to Paulissen and Vermeersch (1987) the Nile Valley in Upper Egypt and Nubia was a suspended-load river and was aggrading silts over a wide floodplain. The Shuwikhat silts, with their top dated to about 25 ka are the oldest dated Upper Palaeolithic silts. They are separated from the silts of the subsequent Sahaba-Darau or Kubbaniya aggradation by a period of Nile down-cutting. The Wild Nile floods at 13–12 ka BP (15.5–14 ka calBP) were the most important catastrophic event in the Late Pleistocene history of the Nile. In order to understand the geomorphology of the Nile Valley in Upper Egypt, one should not only take into account what happened in the headwaters of the river Nile but also what happened in the adjacent area, the Sahara, where aeolian activity was severe during the Last Glacial (Swezey, 2001). Swezey (2001) refers to some of the Wendorf–Schild sites (E9-12) as dated aeolian Quaternary localities, which he interprets in his Fig. 2 as being “times of eolian stabilization (by vegetation and/or pedogenic crusts) and burial by subaqueous deposits”. In that interpretation the LGM appears as a period of sediment stabilization without aeolian sediment mobilization. Such an interpretation is incorrect; the field data do not indicate the absence of aeolian activity. An alternation of aeolian and water sediments was clearly documented at the site of Wadi Kubbaniya, not registered in Swezey's contribution (Wendorf et al., 1989, cf. many profiles such as Fig. 3.35 and for more detail Fig. 28.5).[/QUOTE] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379115001328 And because of this migration you get the rise in populations of Upper Egypt leading to the dynastic era. All of these groups were from the South and that included elements from Nabta Playa, Wadi Halfa and other locations between the 1st and 2nd cataracts. And keep in mind "Ta Seti" was always part of the dynastic state. So implying that Ta Seti means "nubian" as in foreigner is misleading and false. It represents the elements of what cam eout of that region to the south as they moved North. But the Naqada/Nubt culture also emerged from that as well. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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