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3 interesting abstracts about Ancient Egypt, Soqotra, Pastoral Neolithic Sahara.
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by mightywolf: [QB] ABSTRACT HGP-039 [b]Ancient Soqotri genomes over 1,000 years document a small, consanguineous, and genetically homogenous population with deep connections to the Arabian Peninsula[/b] Speaker: Kendra Sirak Harvard University, USA Co-authors: Julian Jansen van Rensburg1, Iosif Lazaridis2, Bowen Chen2, David Reich2 1 PaleoWest, USA 2 Harvard University, USA Abstract: The island of Soqotra, situated at the mouth of the Gulf of Aden in the northwest Indian Ocean, is home to ~60,000 people subsisting through fishing and semi-nomadic pastoralism and speaking a unique Modern South Arabian language within the Semitic language family. Most of what is known about Soqotri history derives from writings of foreign traders who provided little detail about the local population. Here, we report ancient DNA data from 39 individuals who lived between ~650-1750 CE at six locations across the island. Genomic data attest to strong connections between Soqotra and the Arabian Peninsula, especially to the Hadramawt region of coastal South Arabia. [b]Modeling the Soqotri gene pool requires a ~55% contribution from a Natufian-like source, while models with a Neolithic Levantine-related source do not fit. [/b] [b]This Natufian-related source is also required to model the ancestry of present-day people from the Hadramawt, while other groups living in Arabia and the Levant often are mostly better modeled with a Neolithic Levantine-related proxy. These data suggest that Natufian-like ancestry was also present in the Arabian Peninsula and that later Levantine-related ancestry may not have permeated throughout the entirety of this region. [/b] Soqotra was home to a small and consanguineous population during the Medieval Period: long ROH at the level typical of offspring for second cousins in six out of 10 individuals of sufficient coverage likely reflects cultural preference for cross-cousin marriage. A longstanding question has been whether the Soqotri segregated burial tafoni by sex. We provide genetic evidence supporting the co-burial of males and females and document both matrilineal and patrilineal relationships evident in burial practices. ABSTRACT HGP-023 [b]Genetic study of ancient Egyptian human remains dating from the Predynastic Period to the early Islamic Period (ca. 4000 cal. BCE - 800 cal. CE)[/b] Speaker: Alexandra Mussauer Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, Italy; Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany Co-authors: Christina Wurst1,2, Alice Paladin1, Valentina Coia1, Frank Maixner1, Albert Zink1 1 Eurac Research - Institute for Mummy Studies, Italy 2 Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany Abstract: Due to high-throughput sequencing and targeted enrichment methods, ancient DNA (aDNA) analysis is emerging as a valuable tool for the investigation of ancient Egypt’s demographic history. However, the recovery of aDNA from Egyptian human remains is challenging due to poor DNA preservation and a high contamination risk. Thus, so far, less than five ancient Egyptian genome-wide datasets have been published. In addition, mitochondrial genomes are almost exclusively limited to a timespan ranging from the New Kingdom to the Roman Period (1550 BCE - 395 CE) as well as to a single archaeological site (Abusir el-Meleq). To extend the pool of ancient Egyptian genome datasets, both mitochondrial and genome-wide, we report the results of a genetic study of 100 ancient Egyptian human remains. Overall, these individuals exhibit an endogenous human DNA content between 0.01% and 40.84%. Using an enrichment capture targeting the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), we were able to reconstruct complete mitogenomes for 25 individuals dating from the Predynastic Period to the Coptic Period (ca. 3500 cal. BCE - 650 cal. CE) and encompassing the archaeological sites of Asyut, Akhmim, Deir el-Bahari, Deir el-Medina, Thebes, the Valley of the Queens, and Gebelein. These genomes exhibit a mtDNA haplogroup diversity similar to ancient Egyptian haplogroup profiles published by Schuenemann, et al. Nat. Comm. 2017. This provides further evidence for shared maternal ancestries between western Eurasian or northern African populations and ancient Egyptians during and after the New Kingdom. In addition, we also found western Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups in individuals dated to periods prior to the New Kingdom. Furthermore, we performed a whole-genome enrichment capture on seven individuals to test these findings also on a genome-wide scale. Overall, this study provides further insights into the demographic history of ancient Egyptians considering a broader geographical context and the older periods of Egypt’s past. ABSTRACT HG2-005 [b]Genomes from Pastoral Neolithic Sahara reveal ancestral north African lineage [/b] Speaker: Nada Salem Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany Co-authors: Marieke van de Loosdrecht1,2, Arev Pelin Sümer1, Stefania Vai3, Alexander Hübner1, Kay Prüfer1, Raffaela Bianco1, Marta Burri4, Mary Anne Tafuri5, Giorgio Manzi5, Harald Ringbauer1, David Caramelli3, Savino di Lernia5,6, Johannes Krause1 1 Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Germany 2 Wageningen University, the Netherlands 3 University of Florence, Italy 4 Swiss Ornithological Institute, Switzerland 5 Sapienza University of Rome, Italy 6 University of Witwatersrand, South Africa Abstract: Known as one of the most arid areas on the planet today, the Sahara Desert was, in fact, a green savannah in the Holocene, dotted by forests and water bodies that promoted human occupation and fostered pastoralism. Due to the present-day climatic conditions, ancient DNA does not preserve well in the region, resulting in limited knowledge of the Sahara’s demographic past. [b]Here, we report the first ancient human genome-wide data from the Saharan Pastoral Neolithic. We obtained genomic data from two ca. 7000-year old female pastoralists buried in the Takarkori rock shelter at the heart of the Tadrart Acacus massif in southwestern Libya, which was used as a burial ground by pastoral communities.[/b] We find that the majority of the Takarkori individuals’ ancestry stems from a previously unknown lineage that appears to have remained isolated for most of its existence. [b]Both individuals are most closely related to the preceding 15,000-year-old foragers from Morocco associated with the Iberomaurusian techno-complex, whereas both Takarkori and Iberomaurusian individuals are distantly related to sub-Saharan African lineages. [/b] The quality of one of the genomes from Takarkori is sufficient to detect prospective Neandertal ancestry and we find evidence for few segments of ancestry that sum to a total comparable to that detected in the genomes of sub-Saharan Africans. Our results therefore support a model of cultural diffusion, rather than human migration, for the emergence of pastoralist subsistence in the Sahara region. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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