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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [b]Origin and Health Status of First-Generation Africans from Early Colonial Mexico[/b] Discussion The genomic analyses suggest that all three individuals show unadmixed African ancestry that is similar to that of Western and Southern African populations. Combining those results with the strontium isotope ratios evidence allows us to conclude that all three individuals were born outside Mexico and likely originate from Western Africa. To the best of our knowledge, they are the earliest genetically identified first-generation Africans in the Americas. mtDNA lineages found in the individuals from SJN (L1 and L3) have been found, although not highly represented, among modern day Mexicans with mixed ancestry [74, 75]. The African HLA haplotypes found in the SJN individuals, or parts of their haplotypes, can be found throughout modern Mexico in frequencies ranging from 0.01% to 2.27% [76]. Alleles HLA-DRB1∗07 and HLA-DQB1∗02 have been previously found associated with decreased antibody response against HBV and non-responsiveness to HBV vaccination [77, 78]. Interestingly, those two alleles are present in individual SJN001, which was found to be infected with HBV. Those alleles are also present in SJN003 but joined by protective alleles [77, 79], namely HLA-DQB1∗06:02 and HLA-DPB1∗02:01, which could have aided this individual not to become infected, if he would have been exposed to the virus in the first place. There is currently no reported association between HLA alleles and treponemal infections (apart from HLA-DRB1∗14 in Asians) [80]. The fact that three of the six haplotypes were not previously reported in any African population highlights the necessity for exhaustive sampling of HLA haplotypes in African populations. D-statistics identify the closest genetic matches for the three individuals in central West Africa, Western Africa, and Southern African populations (Bantu-speaking groups). Our analyses point to a high genetic diversity in the populations who were the initial sources of the slave trade as suggested by historical records [3, 7, 81]. Furthermore, it is possible that the genetic diversity of living African populations was shaped by substantial migrations through the past four centuries, which displaced human groups and genetic ancestries. The analysis of ancient DNA from early African slave migrants in the Americas therefore provides an alternative opportunity to look at the past genetic makeup of the African continent, where the climatic conditions are not ideal for DNA preservation. Based on radiocarbon dating, the three individuals lived during the early years of the colonial period in Mexico City (14C range: AD 1436–1626). The osteobiography revealed non-specific markers of physiological stress, evidence of occupational stress and healed severe wounds. They were found in the context of a mass grave (stacked in several layers suggestive of catastrophe deposits made during periods of epidemics) in proximity to a hospital that served only indigenous people [21], from a time period notorious for major epidemics in the region. [IMG]https://images2.imgbox.com/3b/1b/RBGSr945_o.png[/IMG] [IMG]https://images2.imgbox.com/3e/03/rFmtFqWb_o.png[/IMG] [QUOTE]Originally posted by xyyman: [Q] 'In the case of [b]both[/b] HLA haplotypes of SJN001 and haplotype AA*74:01B*49:01C*07:01DRB1*04:05DRB4*01:01DQA1* 03:02DQB1*03:02DPA1*02:01DPB1*13:01, present in SJN002 (Table 1),[b] none of these haplotypes were yet reported in ***any **** African populations, but only in mixed ancestry individuals of at least partial African descent [59, 60].[/b] " [/Q][/QUOTE][59] Maiers M..Gragert L. Klitz W. [b]High-resolution HLA alleles and haplotypes in the United States population.[/b] Hum. Immunol. 2007; 68: 779-788 [60]Nunes K., Piovezan B., Torres M.A. Pontes G.N., Kimura L., Carnavalli J.E.P., Mingroni Netto R.C., Moraes M.E. Meyer D. [b]Population variation of HLA genes in rural communities in Brazil, the Quilombos from the Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo - Brazil.[/b] Hum. Immunol. 2016; 77: 447-448 [/QB][/QUOTE]
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