posted                         

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
Seems like there is more and more evidence that Africans were in the Americas long before confidence.

They are saying that two of these Autosomal (CODIS) Haplotypes do NOT exist in Modern Africans or African Americans although they carry uniparental markers of SSA. To me this is more consistent of Cape Verdean.

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Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by Clyde Winters:

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
Seems like there is more and more evidence that Africans were in the Americas long before confidence.

They are saying that two of these Autosomal (CODIS) Haplotypes do NOT exist in Modern Africans or African Americans although they carry uniparental markers of SSA. To me this is more consistent of Cape Verdean.

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You are right about Pre-Columbian Black Mexicans. These skeletons could have been of Native Mexicans--but since they are of SSA they assume they African. The lies promoted by the status quo are made to hide history in plain sight

.

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Osteological analyses of the three individuals reveal evidence suggesting a life experience of conflict and hardship. Individual ML8 SL 150 (SJN001) was found with five buck shots and two healing needles (used in traditional medicine) in the thoracic cavity, as well as gunshot wounds. Both SJN001 and SJN003 (ML8 SLU9B 296) presented porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia, two pathological changes associated with a skeletal response to nutritionally inadequate diets, anemia, parasitic infectious diseases, and blood loss [37, 38, 39, 40]. Individual ML8 San José 214 (SJN002) displayed several skeletal changes associated with intense labor and heavy manual activity, including enthesopathies on the clavicle and scapulae as well as osteophytic lipping on the joint surfaces with some additional joint contour deformation at the sternoclavicular joint of the clavicle. Additionally, he suffered from a poorly aligned complete fracture in the right fibula and tibia, resulting in associated joint changes of the knee, including osteochondritis dissecans of the distal femoral surface with joint contour deformation and associated osteophytic lipping of the articular surface margin. Furthermore, this individual displayed osteoarthrosis of the lumbar vertebrae in addition to signs of deficient oral health and cut marks on the frontal bone.

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Posts: 2463 | From: New Jersey USA | Registered: Dec 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by Mansamusa:
Really xxyman and Winters? The idea that African remains from the 16th century Americas is evidence for precolombian African contact in the Americas is as bad saying that Greek-Roman remains in Abusir is evidence that Eurasians build Egypt.

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Posts: 2463 | From: New Jersey USA | Registered: Dec 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

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Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                         

quote:

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Originally posted by Mansamusa:
Really xxyman and Winters? The idea that African remains from the 16th century Americas is evidence for precolombian African contact in the Americas is as bad saying that Greek-Roman remains in Abusir is evidence that Eurasians build Egypt.

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Not really your comments indicate a lack of knowledge about Meso-American archaeology, documentation and iconographic evidence. There is abundant evidence of pre-Columbian Mexican Blacks, in addition to iconographic evidence. Some of the ancient Maya skeletal remains indicate that they suffered from sickle cell anemia an illness associated with Sub-Saharan Africans (Moore, 1929; Wailoo, 2002; Whittington, 1997). Moore, Wailoo and Whittington are not Afrocentric scholars. These are regular scientist supporting the presence of Blacks in America. See:
Moore S (1929). The Bone Change in Sickle Cell Anemia with a Note on Similar Changes Observed in Skulls of Ancient Mayan Indians. Journal of Missouri Medical Association 26 561.

Wailoo Keith (2002). Drawing Blood: Technology and Disease Identity in Twentieth-Century America (JHU Press).

Whittington SL and Reed DM (1997). Bones of the Maya: Studies of ancient skeletons. Washington
(D.C: Smithonian Institution Press).

No one who knows Egyptian archaeological, documentary and textual evidence would assume Greek-Roman remains in Abusir is evidence that Eurasians build Egypt. They would not make this assumption because all the evidence indicates that these people were not in ancient Egypt before 500 BC.




.As a result, the Abusir mummies dating between 750-950 BC indicate that the so-called Eurasian haplogroups are in reality African haplogroup. Click on the video below:

' '



Laymen, when they read a so-called peer reviewed paper they accept what is written at face value without looking critically at the data and making their own interpretation.

First of all, Afro-American scholars have accepted that the Egyptians were Black/African people for the past 200 years, i.e., Carter G. Woodson, W.E.B. DuBois, and J.A. Rogers, and the Senegalese scholar Anta Diop.

But, Negro Apologist : Gates, Keita, Kittles and etc, spend their time parroting the status quo line that the Egyptians were a mixed race. This same group attempt to make it appear that the Fulani, Somalis and Ethiopians are black skinned whites, because of their facial features. This is stupid, because man originated in Africa, so the physical features of these populations are African features.

The article by Schuenemann et al, 2017 on the Abusir mummies is basically a discussion of the data that support a Greco-Roman origin for Egypt. But the data on the mummies dating between 992-749 BC, can offers us keen insight into haplogroups carried by Egyptians during this time.

The genomic data from this period is important because the people of Abusir at this time would have been primarily Egyptian. As a result, the mtDNA carried by the Egyptians confirms the reality that the so-called Eurasian haplogroups are nothing more than African haplogroups.

In Schuenemann et al, 2017, there were 100 mummies in the study. A total of 27 mummies were dated between 992-749BC. In Figure 1, you can see the clades carried by these Egyptians. Below are the frequencies of the haplogroups among Egyptians at this time:

• Haplogroup Frequency
  U 18.5
  T 22.2
  J 18.5
  X 0.0675
  M1a 0.0675
  H 0.0675
  I 0.0675
  HV 0.037
  RO 0.037
  K 0.037
  N 0.037

Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
[Q] 'In the case of both HLA haplotypes of SJN001 and haplotype AA*74:01
B*49:01
C*07:01
DRB1*04:05
DRB4*01:01
DQA1* 03:02
DQB1*03:02
DPA1*02:01
DPB1*13:01, present in SJN002 (Table 1), none of these haplotypes were yet reported in ***any **** African populations, but only in mixed ancestry individuals of at least partial African descent [59, 60]. " [/Q]

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

Origin and Health Status of First-Generation Africans from Early Colonial Mexico


Discussion

The genomic analyses suggest that all three individuals show unadmixed African ancestry that is similar to that of Western and Southern African populations. Combining those results with the strontium isotope ratios evidence allows us to conclude that all three individuals were born outside Mexico and likely originate from Western Africa. To the best of our knowledge, they are the earliest genetically identified first-generation Africans in the Americas. mtDNA lineages found in the individuals from SJN (L1 and L3) have been found, although not highly represented, among modern day Mexicans with mixed ancestry [74, 75]. The African HLA haplotypes found in the SJN individuals, or parts of their haplotypes, can be found throughout modern Mexico in frequencies ranging from 0.01% to 2.27% [76]. Alleles HLA-DRB1∗07 and HLA-DQB1∗02 have been previously found associated with decreased antibody response against HBV and non-responsiveness to HBV vaccination [77, 78]. Interestingly, those two alleles are present in individual SJN001, which was found to be infected with HBV. Those alleles are also present in SJN003 but joined by protective alleles [77, 79], namely HLA-DQB1∗06:02 and HLA-DPB1∗02:01, which could have aided this individual not to become infected, if he would have been exposed to the virus in the first place. There is currently no reported association between HLA alleles and treponemal infections (apart from HLA-DRB1∗14 in Asians) [80]. The fact that three of the six haplotypes were not previously reported in any African population highlights the necessity for exhaustive sampling of HLA haplotypes in African populations. D-statistics identify the closest genetic matches for the three individuals in central West Africa, Western Africa, and Southern African populations (Bantu-speaking groups). Our analyses point to a high genetic diversity in the populations who were the initial sources of the slave trade as suggested by historical records [3, 7, 81]. Furthermore, it is possible that the genetic diversity of living African populations was shaped by substantial migrations through the past four centuries, which displaced human groups and genetic ancestries. The analysis of ancient DNA from early African slave migrants in the Americas therefore provides an alternative opportunity to look at the past genetic makeup of the African continent, where the climatic conditions are not ideal for DNA preservation. Based on radiocarbon dating, the three individuals lived during the early years of the colonial period in Mexico City (14C range: AD 1436–1626). The osteobiography revealed non-specific markers of physiological stress, evidence of occupational stress and healed severe wounds. They were found in the context of a mass grave (stacked in several layers suggestive of catastrophe deposits made during periods of epidemics) in proximity to a hospital that served only indigenous people [21], from a time period notorious for major epidemics in the region.

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
[Q] 'In the case of both HLA haplotypes of SJN001 and haplotype AA*74:01
B*49:01
C*07:01
DRB1*04:05
DRB4*01:01
DQA1* 03:02
DQB1*03:02
DPA1*02:01
DPB1*13:01, present in SJN002 (Table 1), none of these haplotypes were yet reported in ***any **** African populations, but only in mixed ancestry individuals of at least partial African descent [59, 60]. " [/Q]

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Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                         

quote:

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Originally posted by Elmaestro:
It's been like this with these two. It's just getting worse and worse... Might really consider more strict regulations on misquoting studies. While at first it's respectable to look at data in different ways, we've arrived at a level where folks are purposefully misrepresenting studies for whatever reason. And that hurts everybody.

I'm opening a poll to adress this issue.

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Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                   

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
Origin and Health Status of First-Generation
Africans from Early Colonial Mexico

Rodrigo Barquera,1,

quote:
"Osteological analyses of the three individuals reveal evidence suggesting a life experience of conflict and hardship. Individual ML8 SL 150 (SJN001) was found with five buck shots and two
healing needles (used in traditional medicine) in the thoracic cavity, as well as gunshot wounds."


" Uniparental haplogroups and human
leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes are representative of SubSaharan populations (Table 1). The mitochondrial lineages of the SJN individuals were compared to a set of published mitochondrial genomes from the same three haplogroups (Figure S1). The three mtDNA haplogroups found show their highest frequencies in Western and Central Africa [44], with haplogroup
L1b (present in SJN001) concentrated in Western-Central Africa, particularly along the coastal areas [44, 45]; L3d (present in
SJN002) being prevalent in western Sub-Saharan Africa [44, 46]; and L3e1 (present in SJN003) being prevalent in the central areas of the continent [44, 47, 48]. Regarding the paternal lineages, all three individuals carried the Y chromosome E3b1a (EM2) lineage (but not the same haplotypes; Table 1), which is highly prevalent in modern Sub-Saharan populations (particularly in Western Africa) and equatorial Africans and is also the most common lineage among African Americans [49–53"

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Posts: 219 | Registered: Aug 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

---

Originally posted by White Nord:

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
Origin and Health Status of First-Generation
Africans from Early Colonial Mexico

Rodrigo Barquera,1,

quote:
"Osteological analyses of the three individuals reveal evidence suggesting a life experience of conflict and hardship. Individual ML8 SL 150 (SJN001) was found with five buck shots and two
healing needles (used in traditional medicine) in the thoracic cavity, as well as gunshot wounds."


" Uniparental haplogroups and human
leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotypes are representative of SubSaharan populations (Table 1). The mitochondrial lineages of the SJN individuals were compared to a set of published mitochondrial genomes from the same three haplogroups (Figure S1). The three mtDNA haplogroups found show their highest frequencies in Western and Central Africa [44], with haplogroup
L1b (present in SJN001) concentrated in Western-Central Africa, particularly along the coastal areas [44, 45]; L3d (present in
SJN002) being prevalent in western Sub-Saharan Africa [44, 46]; and L3e1 (present in SJN003) being prevalent in the central areas of the continent [44, 47, 48]. Regarding the paternal lineages, all three individuals carried the Y chromosome E3b1a (EM2) lineage (but not the same haplotypes; Table 1), which is highly prevalent in modern Sub-Saharan populations (particularly in Western Africa) and equatorial Africans and is also the most common lineage among African Americans [49–53"

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Those were slaves you big lipped primate. You people did not know how to fucking sail across anything but a damn river in a canoe. You all knew nothing about the new World until your white saviors came and brought you over here.

The Olmecs were Mexicans, and all the Van Sertima garbage has been debunked ten-thousand times over. The heads don't even look African.

In any event, I can't read through this thread to see which of the same points have been made, so I will just re-print and old debunk as is. Some may apply, some not.

A) The problem with Wiercinski is that he was using an outdated methodology based on pure races and race specific phenotypes that we no longer believe in. It doesn't matter what other crackpots agree with him, they are still wrong. Most phenotypical traits adapt to the environment very rapidly- teeth do not. Teeth are extremely environmentally neutral. Since all ancient Mexican skeletons are sundadont and sinodont, which are not African, it can be said with absolute certainty that there was no consequential African population in ancient Mexico.

B) I have recently run afoul of copyright violation, and want to respect the rules of the forum, but please research the work of Dr.Christy Turner for more information on the teeth.

C) Wiercinski used the same garbage methodology to prove that Egyptians were white, and that Van Sertima attributes the Olmecs to mythical "Egypto-Nubian types," has always been a glaring error. The entire Came before Columbus debacle was a non-starter from the first and has always been a huge waste of time.

D) Braids prove nothing. Cultures around the world braid hair. The oldest mummies in the world are Peruvian and they have braided hair. I think anyone reading through this thread ought to look at the "evidence" presented by the other side and question either their integrity, or perhaps their sanity.

E) the Olmecs to NOT look "Negroid," as they have epicanthic eyefolds. They are OBVIOUSLY native American:

F) The Mande are alternately mentioned as the "black Olmecs." Olmec civilization predates the great civilization od the Mande. It would be less ridiculous to talk about the Mexicans colonizing Africa.

G) We don't know if the Olmecs had writing, because we have only one example that could be proto-writing, or even a hoax, but no credible researcher attributes the random scratch marks found by Epi-Olmec and Mayan to "Mande." It is a complete and total lie. Mande script was invented in the 19th century. Vai is similarly modern.

H) Neither the Mande, nor the Sonike, nor any other West African group built pyramids. When confronted with this, deceitful Afrocentrics usually post pictures of ten foot tall mud piles from Nigeria and claim that the are connected with the monumental stone architecture of Egypt and Mexico. It is sad on its face.

I) One thing the Africans have always done well is metal working. Why then, if they came to the new world to built pyramids that they did not built in West Africa, did they not take their metal tools and weapons with them? Why did metal working not flourish? Cortez fought against peoples using obsidian, not iron.

J) Once you get past the coastal mestizos, who are obviously influenced by the slave trade, there is almost no African genetic influence on indigenous Mexicans what-so-ever. The Chontal Mayans, for example, have only 5% genetic influence, and that is high. The Cora have only .08%. A lot of the confusion about the Olmec heads is that Caucasian influences have altered the Mexican people so that we do not always recognize their ancestors. Ruben Lisker is the source for the genetics information.

K) In the decades since Van Sertima's "thesis," we have discovered the elements of Olmec civilization in contemporaries and civilizations a thousand years older. They are no longer looked at as a "mother culture." We have a pretty good map of the development of native Mexican civilization in places like El Matani.

L) The epidemiological evidence has been covered. Suffice to say that the Afro-centrists don't seem to understand that the Native American's were decimated by diseases because of their geographic isolation. Since is common knowledge to most elementary school students, we needn't spend much time on it.

M) As for the "cocaine mummies," tobacco was known in the old world, and the results of the cocaine were not able to be duplicated. in fact, it is largely suspected that the original, allegedly shocking results were the result of a coke head, cigarette smoking scientist who was not careful. This is now common knowledge, and you need go no farther than Wiki.

N) Someone made an almost comical argument that we know that there were "black" people in the new world because the Columbus referred to them. This is the same guy who forever gave to the natives the misnomer "Indians" because he thought were from India. This was the same guy who thought that the Carribs were soldiers of the Khan. He defined EVERYTHING in old world terms.

O) This constant attempt at stealing other people's cultures and ancestors is degrading to Africans, who do have a great history of their own. Anyone reading though this post can tell that I have a great appreciation for West African history. They did not build pyramids, but they built some visually stunning stone cities. They did not write in "Mande," but they had the finest libraries in the world filled with books written in Ajami and other languages. The Africans too were great, and I find it morally repulsive that they are not celebrated for what they actually did

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                         

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
Dr. Winters don't waste your time. Maestro is a fraud. Even I doubted you, like I doubted Van Sertima, but I am man enough to admit I may be wrong. I am not saying they sailed 4 thousand miles of open Ocean.

But undoubtedly they seem to have arrived not as Slaves since they share some consistent dissimilarities to Modern WA.

We need the resources to compare the genetic similarity of these early Africans in the Americas.

As I said and proved Colombus probably never existed. He just disappeared in history. Was his voyage made up like Covid-19? How long will they control the narrative?

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Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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You people did not know how to fucking sail across anything but a damn river in a canoe. You all knew nothing about the new World until your white saviors came and brought you over here.

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Those Crackers are salty!

“On Columbus's first voyage, Pedro Alonso Niño was pilot of the Santa María, Juan Niño was master of La Niña, of which he was the owner, and Francisco Niño is believed to have been a sailor on La Niña.

The Niños took part as well in Columbus's second and third voyages. Between 1499 and 1501 they traveled on their own account, with the merchants Cristóbal and Luis Guerra, following the route of Columbus's third voyage to the Gulf of Paria on the South American mainland in what is now Venezuela.”

Source: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niño_brothers

Meanwhile in East Africa....

Posts: 331 | From: Hell | Registered: Jun 2019  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
the variety of yaws identified in individual SJN003 shares a common origin with the strain identified in a 17th-century individual of Colonial Mexico City carrying a European mitochondrial haplogroup (H1c+152)

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
I need to follow up. Are you saying the SJN003 is mixed? H1C is "western" European. Followup question is does SJN003 have dental manipulation. I don't see a mullato have dental manipulation.

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
the variety of yaws identified in individual SJN003 shares a common origin with the strain identified in a 17th-century individual of Colonial Mexico City carrying a European mitochondrial haplogroup (H1c+152)

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---

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
[Q] 'In the case of both HLA haplotypes of SJN001 and haplotype AA*74:01
B*49:01
C*07:01
DRB1*04:05
DRB4*01:01
DQA1* 03:02
DQB1*03:02
DPA1*02:01
DPB1*13:01, present in SJN002 (Table 1), none of these haplotypes were yet reported in ***any **** African populations, but only in mixed ancestry individuals of at least partial African descent [59, 60]. " [/Q]

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Posts: 42919 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by Tukuler:
Yeah git rid of XZY and Dr Winters
meanwhile leave WHITE Nord's post
and replies to it intact for all
to read.

Yeah that's right w/nothing but delete post power
I deleted such offenses and all replies containing
offenders postings. But I have no idea what you're
facing? On what planet?

Wanna be the boss w/o payin the cost?!?


Heavy handed on blx pussyfooting w ytes.
White privilege is a blast its a gas gas gas.
Y I gotta read racist phenotype commentary on ES
OK it's not a blk site its raceless. Sorry u aint =.

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Posts: 1781 | From: New York | Registered: Jul 2016  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by beyoku:
Sounds like they lived the good life not as slaves but as local Cheifs or something.

quote:

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Osteological analyses of the three individuals reveal evidence suggesting a life experience of conflict and hardship. Individual ML8 SL 150 (SJN001) was found with five buck shots and two healing needles (used in traditional medicine) in the thoracic cavity, as well as gunshot wounds. Both SJN001 and SJN003 (ML8 SLU9B 296) presented porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia, two pathological changes associated with a skeletal response to nutritionally inadequate diets, anemia, parasitic infectious diseases, and blood loss [37, 38, 39, 40]. Individual ML8 San José 214 (SJN002) displayed several skeletal changes associated with intense labor and heavy manual activity, including enthesopathies on the clavicle and scapulae as well as osteophytic lipping on the joint surfaces with some additional joint contour deformation at the sternoclavicular joint of the clavicle. Additionally, he suffered from a poorly aligned complete fracture in the right fibula and tibia, resulting in associated joint changes of the knee, including osteochondritis dissecans of the distal femoral surface with joint contour deformation and associated osteophytic lipping of the articular surface margin. Furthermore, this individual displayed osteoarthrosis of the lumbar vertebrae in addition to signs of deficient oral health and cut marks on the frontal bone.

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You guys are smoking crack. These skeletons show the same osteological/skeletal stress as the skeletons from North American enlsaved Africans.....that of being beaten and worked to death. I hate to see you clowns disrespect ancestors which such nonsense.

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Posts: 8804 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-:
This is why Afrocentrism will never be taken serious, of the people who actually present authentic academic work, you have folks like Clyde and XXY who get the most attention.

quote:

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Originally posted by beyoku:
Sounds like they lived the good life not as slaves but as local Cheifs or something.

quote:

---

Osteological analyses of the three individuals reveal evidence suggesting a life experience of conflict and hardship. Individual ML8 SL 150 (SJN001) was found with five buck shots and two healing needles (used in traditional medicine) in the thoracic cavity, as well as gunshot wounds. Both SJN001 and SJN003 (ML8 SLU9B 296) presented porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia, two pathological changes associated with a skeletal response to nutritionally inadequate diets, anemia, parasitic infectious diseases, and blood loss [37, 38, 39, 40]. Individual ML8 San José 214 (SJN002) displayed several skeletal changes associated with intense labor and heavy manual activity, including enthesopathies on the clavicle and scapulae as well as osteophytic lipping on the joint surfaces with some additional joint contour deformation at the sternoclavicular joint of the clavicle. Additionally, he suffered from a poorly aligned complete fracture in the right fibula and tibia, resulting in associated joint changes of the knee, including osteochondritis dissecans of the distal femoral surface with joint contour deformation and associated osteophytic lipping of the articular surface margin. Furthermore, this individual displayed osteoarthrosis of the lumbar vertebrae in addition to signs of deficient oral health and cut marks on the frontal bone.

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You guys are smoking crack. These skeletons show the same osteological/skeletal stress as the skeletons from North American enlsaved Africans.....that of being beaten and worked to death. I hate to see you clowns disrespect ancestors which such nonsense.

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Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007  |  IP: Logged | 

posted                      

quote:

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Originally posted by xyyman:
House Negro. Kiss ass....smh. can't think for yourself. Less massa says so. BTW what IS Afrocentrism?

quote:

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Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-:
This is why Afrocentrism will never be taken serious, of the people who actually present authentic academic work, you have folks like Clyde and XXY who get the most attention.

quote:

---

Originally posted by beyoku:
Sounds like they lived the good life not as slaves but as local Cheifs or something.

quote:

---

Osteological analyses of the three individuals reveal evidence suggesting a life experience of conflict and hardship. Individual ML8 SL 150 (SJN001) was found with five buck shots and two healing needles (used in traditional medicine) in the thoracic cavity, as well as gunshot wounds. Both SJN001 and SJN003 (ML8 SLU9B 296) presented porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia, two pathological changes associated with a skeletal response to nutritionally inadequate diets, anemia, parasitic infectious diseases, and blood loss [37, 38, 39, 40]. Individual ML8 San José 214 (SJN002) displayed several skeletal changes associated with intense labor and heavy manual activity, including enthesopathies on the clavicle and scapulae as well as osteophytic lipping on the joint surfaces with some additional joint contour deformation at the sternoclavicular joint of the clavicle. Additionally, he suffered from a poorly aligned complete fracture in the right fibula and tibia, resulting in associated joint changes of the knee, including osteochondritis dissecans of the distal femoral surface with joint contour deformation and associated osteophytic lipping of the articular surface margin. Furthermore, this individual displayed osteoarthrosis of the lumbar vertebrae in addition to signs of deficient oral health and cut marks on the frontal bone.

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You guys are smoking crack. These skeletons show the same osteological/skeletal stress as the skeletons from North American enlsaved Africans.....that of being beaten and worked to death. I hate to see you clowns disrespect ancestors which such nonsense.

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Posts: 8804 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007  |  IP: Logged |