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DNA from 4,500-year-old Ethiopian reveals surprise about ancestry of Africans
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness,: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: ^^Yes Sardinia was mentioned some time ago on ESR. Up above you caution about the Labels, labels, Labels assorted European scholars use to distort African diversity. Its hard to see all their arguments & data without full access, but if Sardinians already had African components to their DNA, what's the profile? What is the highest representation of African DNA in Sardinians? (Percent and source) Also what's the Mota authors sampling detail? Did they run samples of other nearby African areas as the source for putative "Eurasian" influence? What is their actual sampling lineup for other African populations? Cannot access supplementals at present. [/QUOTE]Keep in mind this article is not about finding Eurasian DNA in the Mota remains. It's about not finding Eurasian DNA in the Mota remains and using that to factor out the African component in modern Ethiopians. the Ari in particular And what is left over is the Eurasian component. The titling of the artilce " DNA from 4,500-year-old Ethiopian reveals surprise about ancestry of Africans " seems misleading to me. It suggests that they found Eurasian DNA in the 4,500-year-old Ethiopian but the opposite is the case. If Ethiopians were Ethiopian 4,500 year ago that would NOT be surprising. However this is a very important genetic discovery and it seems to enable these scientists to subtract African DNA from modern Ethiopians to find out where their non-African DNA comes from. [QUOTE] With this information, the research team was able to investigate the mysterious group of Eurasians that came to Africa 3,000 years ago. They created a model that assumed the Ari genome was a mixture of DNA from Mota and an unknown population from west Eurasia. Then they “plugged in” DNA from several candidate populations to see if they could get a combination that looked like Ari DNA. Two results stood out from the rest. One was for modern-day Sardinians, who are known to be the closest living relatives to the earliest farmers. The other was for members of the so-called LBK culture in Germany, early farmers who lived about 7,000 years ago. If the Eurasian settlers who arrived in Africa 3,000 years ago were indeed descendants of the LBK farmers, then the story of their migration through Africa needs to be revised, the researchers wrote. [/QUOTE] [QUOTE] http://news.sciencemag.org/evolution/2015/10/first-dna-extracted-ancient-african-skeleton-shows-widespread-mixing-eurasians [b] First DNA extracted from an ancient African skeleton shows widespread mixing with Eurasians[/b] By comparing 250,000 base pairs from Mota’s genome with the same sites in individuals from 40 populations in Africa and 81 populations from Europe and Asia, the team found that Mota was most closely related to the Ari, an ethnic group that still lives nearby in the Ethiopian highlands. They zeroed in on the DNA that the Ari carry but Mota doesn’t, which was presumably added during the past 4500 years. [b]They found that Mota lacks about 4% to 7% of the DNA found in the Ari and all other Africans examined. [/b]This new DNA most closely matches that of modern Sardinians and a prehistoric farmer who lived in Germany. Hints of these early farmers’ DNA previously had turned up in some living Africans, but Mota helped researchers zero in on the farmer’s genetic signature in Africa, and to establish when it arrived. Manica suggests that both the European farmers and living Africans inherited this DNA from the same source—a population in the Middle East, perhaps Anatolia or Mesopotamia. Some of these Middle Easterners headed into Europe and Asia starting 8000 years ago, and were the first farmers of Europe. But other descendants of this population migrated into Africa, likely after Mota lived. This fits with traces of Middle Eastern grains found in Africa and dated to 3000 to 3500 years ago. Because so many far-flung Africans still carry the farmers’ DNA, the study suggests a “huge” migration, Manica says. Farming had already been established in Africa by this time, but the newcomers likely had some advantage that explains why their genes spread. “It must have been lots of people coming in or maybe they had new crops that were very successful,” Manica says. Population geneticist David Reich of Harvard University is struck by the magnitude of the mixing between Africans and Eurasians. He notes that “a profound migration of farmers moving from Mesopotamia to North Africa has long been speculated.” But, he says, “a western Eurasian migration into every population they study in Africa—into the Mbuti pygmies and the Khoisan? That’s surprising and new.” [/QUOTE]The idea that there was a huge migration 3-3,500 years ago including matches with European cultures in Italy and Germany is quite shocking LBK culture in Germany: [QUOTE] wiki: the European Neolithic, flourishing circa 5500–4500 BC. It is abbreviated as LBK (from German: Linearbandkeramik), and is also known as the Linear Band Ware, Linear Ware, Linear Ceramics or Incised Ware culture, and falls within the Danubian I culture of V. Gordon Childe. Important sites include Nitra in Slovakia; Bylany in the Czech Republic; Langweiler and Zwenkau in Germany; Brunn am Gebirge in Austria; Elsloo, Sittard, Köln-Lindenthal, Aldenhoven, Flomborn, and Rixheim on the Rhine; Lautereck and Hienheim on the upper Danube; and Rössen and Sonderhausen on the middle Elbe. Excavations at Oslonki in Poland revealed a large, fortified settlement (dating to 4300 BC, i. e., Late LBK), covering an area of 4,000 m˛. Nearly 30 trapezoidal longhouses and over 80 graves make it one of the richest such settlements in archaeological finds from all of central Europe. The initial LBK population theory hypothesized that the culture was spread by farmers moving up the Danube practicing slash-and-burn methods. Origins The earliest theory of Linear Pottery culture origin is that it came from the Starčevo-Körös culture of Serbia and Hungary.[14] Supporting this view is the fact that the LBK appeared earliest about 5600–5400 BC on the middle Danube in the Starčevo range A second theory proposes an autochthonous development out of the local Mesolithic cultures.[20] Although the Starčevo-Körös entered southern Hungary about 6000 and the LBK spread very rapidly, there appears to be a hiatus of up to 500 years[14] in which a barrier seems to have been in effect.[10][21] Moreover, the cultivated species of the near and middle eastern Neolithic do not do well over the Linear Pottery culture range. And finally, the Mesolithics in the region prior to the LBK used some domestic species, such as wheat and flax. The La Hoguette culture on the northwest of the LBK range developed their own food production from native plants and animals. A third theory attributes the start of Linear Pottery to an influence from the Mesolithic cultures of the east European plain.[22] The pottery was used in intensive food gathering. The rate at which it spread was no faster than the spread of the Neolithic in general. Accordingly, Dolukhanov and others postulate that an impulse from the steppe to the southeast of the barrier stimulated the Mesolithics north of it to innovate their own pottery. This view only accounts for the pottery; presumably, the Mesolithics combined it de novo with local food production, which began to spread very rapidly throughout a range that was already producing some food. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture#Origins [/QUOTE]So that is 1485-985 BC -not so long ago sounding as 3,500 years ago The historical context in Africa hasn't been discussed yet ___________________ 1504 BC – 1492 BC: Egypt conquers Nubia and the Levant. c. 1480 BC:- Queen Hatsheput succeeded by her stepson and nephew Thutmosis III. Period of greatest Egyptian expansion (4th Nile cataract to the Euphrates).[citation needed] c. 1469 BC: In the Battle of Megiddo, Egypt defeats Canaan (Low Chronology) 1446 BC or 1444 BC: Date given in the Hebrew Bible for the exodus of Israel from Egypt. 1276-1178 BCE The Sea Peoples were a confederacy of naval raiders who harried the coastal towns and cities of the Mediterranean region, concentrating their efforts especially on Egypt. 1207 BC: Pharaoh Merneptah claims a victory over the people of Israel. _________________________________________ ^^^ Assuming that such a huge Eurasian migration 1485-985 BC came from the Middle East across the Sinai into Egypt although there are ships acroos the Mediterranean or Red Sea possibilities also [/QB][/QUOTE]
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