code:*Note, that modern day Ghana makes the list.site Long. lat. Date (bp)
Adrar Bous 20.36 9.02 7180
Arlit 18.73 7.72 5970
Bir Kiseiba 22.68 29.92 10100
Boû Khzâmâ 16.75 -7.25 4000
Chami A2 20.12 -15.97 4000
Chin-Tafidet 17.45 6.27 3650
Dakhleh Oasis 25.49 28.98 7800
Dhar Tichitt 18.50 -9.50 4260
El Nofalab 15.86 32.54 6080
El Zakiab 15.75 32.56 6130
El-Kadada 18.15 33.95 5500
Enneri Bardagué 22.50 16.50 8260
Esh Shaheinab 15.83 32.50 5300
Fayum A sites 29.54 31.01 7350
Gajiganna A, B 12.27 -13.20 3350
Gilf el Kebir 23.44 25.84 7810
Gobero 16.88 9.12 5900
Grotte-
Capeletti 35.44 6.27 7400
Haua Fteah 32.89 22.05 6700
Ifri n’ Etsedda 35.08 2.47 7100
Kadero 15.77 32.65 6410
Karkarichinkat 16.86 0.20 4400
Kharga/E-76-7,
E-76-8 25.48 30.63 8730
Khashm el Girba 14.99 35.95 5700
Khatt Lemaiteg 19.20 -14.75 3500
Kintampo R6 8.02 -1.75 3220
Kobadi 15.35 -5.48 3500
Kolima Sud 15.37 -5.33 3270
Lake Turkana 3.5 36.4 4500
Laqiya 20.05 28.03 3770
Mahgar
Dendera 2 25.88 32.36 6275
Meneit 25.10 3.83 5400
Merimde-
Beni-Salama 30.30 30.84 6750
Nabta Playa 22.53 30.70 7940
Ntereso 9.17 -1.22 3190
Red Sea Hills,
Sodemein Cave 26.24 33.97 7050
Shaqadud 16.23 33.34 8300
Tamaya Mellet 18.16 5.42 6300
Tessalit 20.25 0.20 4600
Ti-n-Hanakaten 23.86 10.37 7220
Ti-n-Torha 25.63 10.83 8250
Uan Muhuggiag 24.90 10.37 7000
Um Direiwa 15.50 32.92 6850
Wadi Howar 17.23 25.65 5100
Windé Koroji 15.13 -2.93 4150
![[Frown]](frown.gif)
All underwater, washed away, or buried under sediment.quote:--Gatto M. 2009.
Morphological and genetic research seems to provide further support for the topic. According to Grigson (1991, 2000) Egyptian cattle of the 4th millennium BC were morphologically distinct from Eurasian cattle (Bos taurus) and Zebu (Bos indicus), meaning that African cattle may have been domesticated from the local wild […]
Genetic studies indicate that the wild cattle in Eurasia and in Africa diverged 22,000years ago and suggest an autochthonous domestication for the latter (Blench and MacDonald 2000; Bradly et al. 1996; Caramelli 2006). Linguistic research also provides help in supporting the CPE’s theory. The detailed work done by Ehret (2006) on linguistic stratigraphies in North-eastern Africa revealed how terms connected with cattle herding are older than those associated with agriculture, chronologically placing their origin at the beginning of the Holocene. […]
To sum up, Nubia is Egypt’s African ancestor. What linked Ancient Egypt to the rest of the North African cultures is this strong tie with the Nubian pastoral nomadic lifestyle, the same pastoral background commonly shared by most of the ancient Saharan and modern sub-Saharan societies. Thus, not only did Nubia have a prominent role in the origin of Ancient Egypt, it was also a key area for the origin of the entire African pastoral tradition.
quote:Can't 100% agree about lower Egypt, don't forget about the Merimda, though that's relatively late & scarce for that region (Ancient Nile valley.) And it's funny you ask about the Bir Keseiba it appears that both the timing of actual domestication as well as the source of cattle is still kinda being debated... The controversy seems borderline semantic though in my honest opinion. ...currently reading up on this.
Originally posted by capra:
Nice chart. I love how Lower Egypt is basically a giant question mark.
Did they ever decide whether those Bir Kiseiba cattle were really domesticated? Would be nice to have some ancient DNA from African cattle.
quote:"They" go back and forth on ideas of domestication. Sometimes speaking of it is the practices/customs/activities the population actually PREFORMS regarding cattle : Pastoralism. Meanwhile other times the classify its starting point as the genetic/phenotypic alteration that have occurred in the animals themselves.
Originally posted by Elmaestro:
quote:Can't 100% agree about lower Egypt, don't forget about the Merimda, though that's relatively late & scarce for that region (Ancient Nile valley.) And it's funny you ask about the Bir Keseiba it appears that both the timing of actual domestication as well as the source of cattle is still kinda being debated... The controversy seems borderline semantic though in my honest opinion. ...currently reading up on this.
Originally posted by capra:
Nice chart. I love how Lower Egypt is basically a giant question mark.
Did they ever decide whether those Bir Kiseiba cattle were really domesticated? Would be nice to have some ancient DNA from African cattle.
Tukuler can you edit my previous post?
switch 'Long' w/ 'Lat' it's in the wrong order.
![[Roll Eyes]](rolleyes.gif)
quote:Woah! I always thought Nabta Playa was the oldest African Cattle domestication date.
Originally posted by Elmaestro:
Additional instances of domestication in Saharan africa within the last 10Kya supplied by David Wright 2017code:*Note, that modern day Ghana makes the list.site Long. lat. Date (bp)
Adrar Bous 20.36 9.02 7180
Arlit 18.73 7.72 5970
Bir Kiseiba 22.68 29.92 10100
Boû Khzâmâ 16.75 -7.25 4000
Chami A2 20.12 -15.97 4000
Chin-Tafidet 17.45 6.27 3650
Dakhleh Oasis 25.49 28.98 7800
Dhar Tichitt 18.50 -9.50 4260
El Nofalab 15.86 32.54 6080
El Zakiab 15.75 32.56 6130
El-Kadada 18.15 33.95 5500
Enneri Bardagué 22.50 16.50 8260
Esh Shaheinab 15.83 32.50 5300
Fayum A sites 29.54 31.01 7350
Gajiganna A, B 12.27 -13.20 3350
Gilf el Kebir 23.44 25.84 7810
Gobero 16.88 9.12 5900
Grotte-
Capeletti 35.44 6.27 7400
Haua Fteah 32.89 22.05 6700
Ifri n’ Etsedda 35.08 2.47 7100
Kadero 15.77 32.65 6410
Karkarichinkat 16.86 0.20 4400
Kharga/E-76-7,
E-76-8 25.48 30.63 8730
Khashm el Girba 14.99 35.95 5700
Khatt Lemaiteg 19.20 -14.75 3500
Kintampo R6 8.02 -1.75 3220
Kobadi 15.35 -5.48 3500
Kolima Sud 15.37 -5.33 3270
Lake Turkana 3.5 36.4 4500
Laqiya 20.05 28.03 3770
Mahgar
Dendera 2 25.88 32.36 6275
Meneit 25.10 3.83 5400
Merimde-
Beni-Salama 30.30 30.84 6750
Nabta Playa 22.53 30.70 7940
Ntereso 9.17 -1.22 3190
Red Sea Hills,
Sodemein Cave 26.24 33.97 7050
Shaqadud 16.23 33.34 8300
Tamaya Mellet 18.16 5.42 6300
Tessalit 20.25 0.20 4600
Ti-n-Hanakaten 23.86 10.37 7220
Ti-n-Torha 25.63 10.83 8250
Uan Muhuggiag 24.90 10.37 7000
Um Direiwa 15.50 32.92 6850
Wadi Howar 17.23 25.65 5100
Windé Koroji 15.13 -2.93 4150
*The earliest date below the green Sahara is in the Great Lakes region btw ( ͡° ͜ʖ ͡°)
check it out Capra.
Quote veiw/ or copy n paste for easy read.
quote:Great observation. As you see it has a southern origin.
Originally posted by capra:
Bir Kiseiba is pretty much next door to Nabta Playa.
Could be they were under human control but not genetically domesticated yet. If they were allowed to mate with wild cattle a lot the gene flow could keep them morphologically wild. Seems like the evidence in either direction is pretty weak.
As I understand it modern African taurine cattle are close to Middle Eastern cattle genetically but with a substantial introgression probably from African aurochs. This could come just from wild bulls mating from domestic cows, but if there were already an existing type of native African cattle it could come from mixed herds (with the Middle Eastern taurines predominating because more docile or productive or whatever).
quote:LOL This euronut is crying, because Africa had local domestication and agriculture etc..
Originally posted by the lioness,:
^ stop BS-ing, thanks
code:The Haratin are considered a mixture of the "aboriginal black population"------------------------------------------------------------------------
No. O A B AB p q r
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Egyptians 160 34 64 34 28 34.35 21.45 44.20 (Paoli)
Haratin 202 40 80 57 25 30.99 23.14 48.87 (Mourant)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
quote:I'm a rook when it comes to North African culture/history, When you say "aboriginal," what do you mean? more specifically as a genetic subgroup how are they Identified? are they sequenced or is Henn 2012 the closest we have to a diverse sample set? they date west african admixture to what like 1500 years ago, though Araunna Dates Sahelian or non Saharan African Admixture (SNS) to over 2.2Kya, chiang Dates SNS admixture in Sardinia to roughly before & during that period as well... So are these "mixed" populations the potentially "Aboriginals" or are there un-indexed Black Saharan populations being overlooked.
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
There are many aboriginal "black" ethnic groups in North Africa and the Haratin happen to have a farmer legacy, ironically.
quote:Chiang 2016
Our analysis of cross- coalescent rates suggest the population lineage ancestral to modern-day Sardinia was effectively isolated from the mainland European populations approximately 330 generations ago. This estimate should be treated with caution, but corresponds to approximately 9,900 years ago assuming a generation time of 30 years and mutation rate of 1.25x10-8 per basepair per generation
quote:.
Originally posted by Troll Patrol:
quote:What I mean by aboriginal, is that these groups originated in what is known as the Sahara region.
Originally posted by Elmaestro:
quote:I'm a rook when it comes to North African culture/history, When you say "aboriginal," what do you mean? more specifically as a genetic subgroup how are they Identified? are they sequenced or is Henn 2012 the closest we have to a diverse sample set? they date west african admixture to what like 1500 years ago, though Araunna Dates Sahelian or non Saharan African Admixture (SNS) to over 2.2Kya, chiang Dates SNS admixture in Sardinia to roughly before & during that period as well... So are these "mixed" populations the potentially "Aboriginals" or are there un-indexed Black Saharan populations being overlooked.
Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
There are many aboriginal "black" ethnic groups in North Africa and the Haratin happen to have a farmer legacy, ironically.
quote:--Reguig A1, Harich N2, Barakat A1, Rouba H1.
In this study we analyzed 295 unrelated Berber-speaking men from northern, central, and southern Morocco to characterize frequency of the E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup and to refine the phylogeny of its subclades: E1b1b1b1-M107, E1b1b1b2-M183, and E1b1b1b2a-M165. For this purpose, we typed four biallelic polymorphisms: M81, M107, M183, and M165. A large majority of the Berber-speaking male lineages belonged to the Y-chromosomal E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup. The frequency ranged from 79.1% to 98.5% in all localities sampled. E1b1b1b2-M183 was the most dominant subclade in our samples, ranging from 65.1% to 83.1%. In contrast, the E1b1b1b1-M107 and E1b1b1b2a-M165 subclades were not found in our samples. Our results suggest a predominance of the E1b1b1b-M81 haplogroup among Moroccan Berber-speaking males with a decreasing gradient from south to north. The most prevalent subclade in this haplogroup was E1b1b1b2-M183, for which diffferences among these three groups were statistically significant between central and southern groups.
quote:--Brenna Henn Published: January 12, 2012DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397:
however, the time and the extent of genetic divergence between populations north and south of the Sahara remain poorly understood.
quote:True.
Originally posted by Tukuler:
Before this forum lost momentum
I was going to repost on populations
north of 20 degrees but I haffe
admit the wind left my sails.
Blacks darker than the Afers
abounded in N Afr south of
the Tunisian/Algerian chotts.
So search ES & ESR for
• Frontinus' Carthaginian auxiliaries
• Nygbenitae Æthiopians
• Cerne Ethiopians
• Dyris
• Melanogaetuli
• Tarraelian Ethiopians
• Oecalicae
• Nigritae
• Gymnete Pharusii
• Perorsi
• Hesperii
• Dyris
Appianus' Numidica 5
Western Ethiopians
Blacks darker than the Afers
abounded in N Afr south of
the Tunisian/Algerian chotts,
i.e.; 34 degrees north.
Black does not mean negro.
Black does not mean sub-Saharan.
African history don't begin nor
end with genetics, especially
this latest salvo of 'farmer'
genome genetics which
some people are divorcing
from studies showing early
Holocene African uniparentals
in Europe.
quote:
Originally posted by -Just Call Me Jari-:
This study IMO seems more explosive and devastating to Eurocentrics than to us Africanists(I know Al-takruri among others upheld what this is saying for a while now)many Eurocentrics claim any black admixture in North Africa is due to slavery..
We show that the Mozabite have inherited roughly
78% ancestry from a European-related population and
22% ancestry from a population related to sub-Saharan
Africans. Our analysis also shows that the Mozabite
admixture has occurred over a period that began at
least 100 generations ago (~2,800 years ago), and
that has continued into the present day.
This one is equally devastating..
These results are historically interesting, allowing
us to conclude that there is likely to be African
ancestry in Middle Eastern populations today that
dates to population mixture that occurred in Biblical
times.
quote:
A striking finding from our study is the consistent detection of
3–5% sub-Saharan African ancestry in the 8 diverse Jewish groups
we studied,
* Ashkenazis (from northern Europe),
* Sephardis (from Italy, Turkey and Greece), and
* Mizrahis (from Syria, Iran and Iraq).
This pattern has not been detected in previous analyses of
mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome data [7], and although it
can be seen when re-examining published results of STRUCTURE-
like analyses of autosomal data, it was not highlighted in
those studies, or shown to unambiguously reflect sub-Saharan
African admixture [15,38]. We estimate that the average date of
the mixture of 72 generations (~2,000 years assuming 29 years per
generation [30]) is older than that in Southern Europeans or other
Levantines.
The point estimates over all 8 populations are between
1,600–3,400 years ago, but with largely overlapping confidence
intervals. It is intriguing that the Mizrahi Irani and Iraqi Jews—
who are thought to descend at least in part from Jews who were
exiled to Babylon about 2,600 years ago [39,40]—share the signal
of African admixture. (An important caveat is that there is
significant heterogeneity in the dates of African mixture in various
Jewish populations.) A parsimonious explanation for these
observations is that they reflect a history in which many of the
Jewish groups descend from a common ancestral population which
was itself admixed with Africans, prior to the beginning of the
Jewish diaspora that occurred in 8th to 6th century BC [41].
quote:
Originally posted by Swenet:
As I've let it be known earlier, E-M33 shows an
epicentre consistent with Mali's pottery producing
Ounjougou based populations, as early as 11kya,
...
..., a renewed (i.e. after the Aterians) influx
of (Sub-)Saharan African elements seems to be
reflected in certain Capsian skeletal elements
(e.g. Kanguet El Mouhaad 5, Mechta 3 also see Ain
Dokhara's positioning in Holiday 2013). This would
put the evidence for (West?) African hunter gatherers,
in addition to contemporary and nearby populations
of Eastern provenance (like the Tenerians), on the
Maghrebi desert/Coast edge at, at least between
the early and mid-holocene. E-M33 may be involved.
quote:I'm not gonna lie, I 100% know where you come from and share that same concern... Sh!t like this speaks VOLUMES on which Ancient samples do or do not get sequenced, especially as it relates to Nilers but I'm not even gonna derail... history isn't subjective, either it happened or it didn't. So no matter how much back bending and concealing people do, the truth can be distinguished. And eventually E1a will get cracked wide open as well... being that downstream clades are found in GBR... you know the reference population for many of the west SSA Eurasian Admixture indexes.... but ofcourse we know the conventional explanation for this got there.
Originally posted by Tukuler:
Oh no don't you dare put no sub-Saharans in my Bible's Jew's Israelites and Hebrews no no no!
You see, this is the major stake. Do you for a
moment forget the part religious orientation
can play on even agnostic or atheist geneticist
interpretation of data king knowing what's at
stake.
Stakes are why Kefi denied her own L3 M N
finding in Taforalt's terminal Maurusians or
Bekada declaring E-M81 and E-M78 Eurasian
lineages.
quote:What upcoming study?
Originally posted by Mansamusa:
What do you guys have to say about that "Bell Beaker Behemoth" which is set to break the internet any moment now? Why are Afrocentics tippy-toeing around it? If we know that traditional archaeology points to links between "Sub-Saharan Africa"/ North Africa and southern neolithic Europe, and that preliminary paleogenetics more or less verifies it, why is the analyses and buzz associated with this upcoming study so devoid of any reference to the possibility of African involvement in "Bell Beaker" culture?
quote:Bell Beaker Behemoth
Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
quote:What upcoming study?
Originally posted by Mansamusa:
What do you guys have to say about that "Bell Beaker Behemoth" which is set to break the internet any moment now? Why are Afrocentics tippy-toeing around it? If we know that traditional archaeology points to links between "Sub-Saharan Africa"/ North Africa and southern neolithic Europe, and that preliminary paleogenetics more or less verifies it, why is the analyses and buzz associated with this upcoming study so devoid of any reference to the possibility of African involvement in "Bell Beaker" culture?
.
quote:Because the Analysts are devoid of any interest in potential African involvement in the BBC.
Originally posted by Mansamusa:
What do you guys have to say about that "Bell Beaker Behemoth" which is set to break the internet any moment now? Why are Afrocentics tippy-toeing around it? If we know that traditional archaeology points to links between "Sub-Saharan Africa"/ North Africa and southern neolithic Europe, and that preliminary paleogenetics more or less verifies it, why is the analyses and buzz associated with this upcoming study so devoid of any reference to the possibility of African involvement in "Bell Beaker" culture?
quote:LOL. Geneticist never read the archaeological literature. As a result, they believe that people just appear in a particular locale, and that locale is where the genesis of the culture and people practicing the culture was situated.
Originally posted by Mansamusa:
quote:Bell Beaker Behemoth
Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
quote:What upcoming study?
Originally posted by Mansamusa:
What do you guys have to say about that "Bell Beaker Behemoth" which is set to break the internet any moment now? Why are Afrocentics tippy-toeing around it? If we know that traditional archaeology points to links between "Sub-Saharan Africa"/ North Africa and southern neolithic Europe, and that preliminary paleogenetics more or less verifies it, why is the analyses and buzz associated with this upcoming study so devoid of any reference to the possibility of African involvement in "Bell Beaker" culture?
.
quote:This quote makes it clear the V88 sub-clade, had relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara. This would place carriers of V88 among the Yamnaya and Bell Beaker people. More importantly, the Moroccan antecedents of beaker culture appear first in Iberia and spread into Eastern Europe (Turek,2012), i.e., the exact same places where V88 has been found.
Interestingly, the earliest offshoot of extant haplogroup R1b-M343 variation, the V88 sub-clade, which is currently most common in Fulani speaking populations in Africa (Cruciani et al. 2010) has distant relatives in Early Neolithic samples from across wide geographic area from Iberia, Germany to Samara (Fig. 7).
quote:Actually the way it works is. They look for periods of spikes, then clusters a hypothesis of back migration.
Originally posted by Elmaestro:
"
As it related to West Africa, Civilization/Agriculture etc having it's inception from from backflow has been mystified. Nothing supports that. East Africa, however, is at the mercy of what we conclude about Egypt, though the Agricultural toolkit was said to have been developed in Ethiopia ~7-9ka iirc, long before East Africa was dated to have any "Eurasian" Admixture.
quote:True.
Originally posted by Tukuler:
Well, Morocco's Haratin in the zouth
will say they're autochthone, that
they aren't recently arrived "black
West Africans" and the 'whites'
they welcomed as new neighbors
took over.
North Africa had its own local pops
who, wherever their sources were,
these local pre-Saharans and North
Saharans were neither our
• Savannah West Africans
• Gulf of Guinea West Africans
• South Central Africans
• Lower, Middle, or Upper clear to Great Lakes/
Mountains of the Moon (Ruzenwori) Nile Africans
• Mediterranean coast Africans.
The Amazigh nationalist North Afrocentrics
always gloated on Haratin classical markers
distinguishing them from Gnawa. Have any
current molecular genetics data falsified
that?
Arauna assumes they have Nilo-Saharan
antecedents and Sonhrai and at least one
Tamazight lect are related iirc.
quote:Gasse, F., 2002. Diatom-inferred salinity and carbonate oxygen isotopes in Holocene waterbodies of the western Sahara and Sahel (Africa). Quaternary Science Reviews: 717-767.
The reconstruction of human cultural patterns in relation to environmental variations is an essential topic in modern archaeology.
In western Africa, a first Holocene humid phase beginning c. 11,000 years BP is known from the analysis of lacustrine sediments (Riser, 1983 ; Gasse, 2002). The monsoon activity increased and reloaded hydrological networks (like the Saharan depressions) leading to the formation of large palaeolakes. The colonisation of the Sahara by vegetation, animals and humans was then possible essentially around the topographic features like Ahaggar (fig. 1). But since 8,000 years BP, the climate began to oscillate towards a new arid episode, and disturbed the ecosystems (Jolly et al., 1998; Jousse, 2003).
First, the early Neolithics exploited the wild faunas, by hunting and fishing, and occupied small sites without any trace of settlement in relatively high latitudes. Then, due to the climatic deterioration, they had to move southwards.
This context leads us to consider the notion of refugia. Figure 1 presents the main zones colonised by humans in western Africa. When the fossil valleys of Azaouad, Tilemsi and Azaouagh became dry, after ca. 5,000 yr BP, humans had to find refuges in the Sahelian belt, and gathered around topographic features (like the Adrar des Iforas, and the Mauritanians Dhar) and major rivers, especially the Niger Interior Delta, called the Mema.
Whereas the Middle Neolithic is relatively well-known, the situation obviously becomes more complex and less information is available concerning local developments in late Neolithic times.. Only some cultural affiliations existed between the populations of Araouane and Kobadi in the Mema. Elsewhere, and especially along the Atlantic coast and in the Dhar Tichitt and Nema, the question of the origin of Neolithic peopling remains unsolved.
A study of the palaeoenvironment of those refugia was performed by analysing antelopes ecological requirements (Jousse, submitted). It shows that even if the general climate was drying from 5,000 – 4,000 yr BP in the Sahara and Sahel, edaphic particularities of these refugia allowed the persistence of local gallery forest or tree savannas, where humans and animals could have lived (fig. 2). At the same time, cultural innovation like agriculture, cattle breeding, social organisation in villages are recognised. For the moment, the relation between the northern and the southern populations are not well known.
How did humans react against aridity? Their dietary behaviour are followed along the Holocene, in relation with the environment, demographic expansion, settling process and emergence of productive activities.
- The first point concerns the pastoralism. The progression of cattle pastoralism from eastern Africa (fig. 3) is recorded from 7,400 yr BP in the Ahaggar and only from 4,400 yr BP in western Africa. This trend of breeding activities and human migrations can be related to climatic evolution. Since forests are infested by Tse-Tse flies preventing cattle breeding, the reduction of forest in the low-Sahelian belt freed new areas to be colonised. Because of the weakness of the archaeozoological material available, it is difficult to know what was the first pattern of cattle exploitation.
- A second analysis was carried on the resources balance, between fishing-hunting-breeding activities. The diagrams on figures 4 and 5 present the number of species of wild mammals, fishes and domestic stock, from a literature compilation. Fishing is known around Saharan lakes and in the Niger. Of course, it persisted with the presence of water points and even in historical times, fishing became a specialised activity among population living in the Niger Interior Delta. Despite the general environmental deterioration, hunting does not decrease thanks to the upholding of the vegetation in these refugia (fig. 2). On the contrary, it is locally more diversified, because at this local scale, the game diversity is closely related to the vegetation cover. Hence, the arrival of pastoral activities was not prevalent over other activities in late Neolithic, when diversifying resources appeared as an answer to the crisis.
This situation got worse in the beginning of historic times, from 2,000 yr BP, when intense settling process and an abrupt aridity event (Lézine & Casanova, 1989) led to a more important perturbation of wild animals communities. They progressively disappeared from the human diet, and the cattle, camel and caprin breeding prevailed as today.
quote:http://www.abc.es/cultura/abci-momia-guanche-muda-arqueologico-201512151200_noticia.html
Más de cien años ha permanecido la momia guanche mejor conservada que existe en el Museo de Antropología y de allí salió ayer para llegar a su nueva casa, el Museo Arqueológico Nacional (MAN), donde será la estrella del nuevo espacio dedicado a la prehistoria canaria.
Con un poema guanche despidieron en el Museo Nacional de Antropología de Madrid a la momia del Barranco de Herques, hallada en 1776 en Tenerife, tras lo que se inició su traslado al Arqueológico con un estricto protocolo de seguridad para evitar su deterioro.
A su llegada al MAN, seis operarios de una empresa especializada en transporte de obras de arte, embutidos en monos de protección y mascarillas, realizaron el traspaso de la frágil momia de la caja en la que fue trasladada a una vitrina especialmente diseñada para mantener las condiciones de conservación idóneas.
Hace unos meses ya se había hecho un simulacro del traslado y colocación de la momia, según explicó a Efe la conservadora jefe del Museo, Teresa Gómez Espinosa, que relató cómo el proceso ha sido muy complejo porque la momia es muy delicada.
La vitrina que la albergará a partir de ahora ha sido especialmente diseñada para mantener las condiciones de conservación idóneas e incorpora complejos dispositivos para análisis y mediciones en su interior con el fin de evitar el riesgo de contaminación por compuestos orgánicos volátiles o por biodeterioro.
Los momentos en los que la sacaron de la vitrina y el de instalación en la nueva fueron los más críticos, indicó la conservadora jefe, que consideró un éxito la operación, en la que se siguió un preciso protocolo debido a la fragilidad de la momia, muy sensible a las alteraciones.
Un embalaje muy sofisticado, realizado con un molde específicamente para el traslado, protegió a la momia durante el proceso para evitar peligrosos cambios ambientales y de luz.
«Es un ejemplar único», indicó a Efe el director del MAN, Andrés Carretero, que explicó que la operación llevada a cabo ayer es «como trasladar Las Meninas o El Guernica, no puede haber un solo fallo porque puede suponer un daño irreparable para la pieza".
Por ello, señaló, se hizo con todas las garantías y el personal técnico necesario tras los análisis realizados por el personal del Instituto de Patrimonio Cultural y un ensayo de todo el proceso.
Carretero está convencido de que la momia será un atractivo para todo el público y especialmente para los niños pero destacó el interés del museo en completar así la muestra del desarrollo cultural de la actual España ya que Canarias era la única Comunidad Autónoma que no estaba representada.
Ruth Maicas, del departamento de Prehistoria del MAN, indicó que es muy difícil conocer la fecha de la que data la momia y consideró que queda mucho por investigar en la antropología e historia canaria.
Testimonio de cultura prehispánica
Esta momia, de un hombre adulto y que tras su hallazgo fue enviada al rey Carlos III para el Real Gabinete de Historia Natural por su excepcional estado de conservación, es testimonio de uno de los rasgos más llamativos de la cultura prehispánica en las islas de Tenerife, Gran Canaria y La Palma, que momificaban a miembros destacados de la sociedad y los enterraban en tumbas colectivas en cuevas de difícil acceso, recordó Maicas.
El cuerpo se cubría con pieles de cabra u oveja, y en Gran Canaria se empleaban también tejidos de junco de palma.
El sistema de momificación que se practicaba en las islas Canarias era diferente al de otras culturas y deja visibles más restos del fallecido.
El nuevo espacio dedicado a la arqueología canaria se completa con piezas cerámicas, textiles, ídolos, lascas y otros materiales, además de gráficas, mapas y un audiovisual, que acercan al visitante a la sociedad prehispánica insular.
quote:--Laura R. Botiguéa,1, Brenna M. Henn et al
Whereas inferred IBD sharing does not indicate directionality, the North African samples that have highest IBD sharing with Iberian populations also tend to have the lowest proportion of the European cluster in ADMIXTURE (Fig. 1), e.g., Saharawi, Tunisian Berbers, and South Moroccans. For example, the Andalucians share many IBD segments with the Tunisians (Fig. 3), who present extremely minimal levels of European ancestry. This suggests that gene flow occurred from Africa to Europe rather than the other way around.
[...]
Alternative models of gene flow: Migration(s) from the Near East likely have had an effect on genetic diversity between southern and northern Europe (discussed below), but do not appear to explain the gradients of African ancestry in Europe. A model of gene flow from the Near East into both Europe and North Africa, such as a strong demic wave during the Neolithic, could result in shared haplotypes between Europe and North Africa. However, we observe haplotype sharing between Europe and the Near East follows a southeast to southwest gradient, while sharing between Europe and the Maghreb follows the opposite pattern (Fig. 2); this suggests that gene flow from the Near East cannot account for the sharing with North Africa.
quote:What sources is the map from? Looks like the edge of the actual Sahara
Originally posted by Tukuler:
.quote:Just curious, how do they date the West African contribution to North Africa? Can't read for myself because the article is behind a paywall.
Originally posted by Tukuler:
Hum Biol. 2010 Aug;82(4):367-84. doi: 10.3378/027.082.0402
Ancient local evolution of African mtDNA haplogroups in Tunisian Berber populations.
Frigi S1, Cherni L, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Benammar-Elgaaied A.
Abstract
Our objective is to highlight the age of sub-Saharan gene flows
in North Africa and particularly in Tunisia. Therefore we analyzed
in a broad phylogeographic context sub-Saharan mtDNA haplogroups
of Tunisian Berber populations considered representative of
ancient settlement. More than 2,000 sequences were collected
from the literature, and networks were constructed.
• The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would
have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations
around 20,000 years ago.
• Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene
flow to Tunisia, exciting haplogroups L2a and L3b.
This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 BP.
• These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics
on the prehistory of Africa. The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions
to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the
occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. Our results reveal
that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and
that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa.
quote:You just described what I think is the molecular clock. However the study you cited mentioned Subsahran gene flow from East Africa and West Africa. The one from East Africa was timed to 20 000 years ago, whereas teh one from West Africa was simply described as "later". I wanted to know how they dated the Western SSA genetic input in North Africa:
Originally posted by Tukuler:
The age of clusters or expansions was calculated
as the mean Divergence Φ from inferred ancestral
sequence types (Morral et al 1994) and was converted
into Time by assuming that one transition within
nucleotide positions 16090-16365 corresponds to
20,180 years (Forster et al 1996).
quote:.
Originally posted by Mansamusa:
Never-mind. It's no big deal.
quote:Well, I really did not mean to give that impression. Thanks for the effort. It's appreciated.
Originally posted by Tukuler:
quote:.
Originally posted by Mansamusa:
Never-mind. It's no big deal.
I don't get it
I take my time and effort
to answer your question
by scouring the article
and posting the only
relevant thing in it
I could find and
suggesting where to go
for more and all I
get is a brush off?
quote:
Originally posted May 11, 2017 by Tukuler:
here
A stereotypical Berber herm as moderns would have it.
The companion ain't so stereotypical but his
'du is the 'du on Numidian cavaliers and the
elder Juba too.
quote:L3b1a likely existed in Western Sahara before the southward demographic expansion of Berbers fleeing Arab invasion.
L3b1a, has point estimates of 11.7–14.8 ka, with starlike patterns suggesting involvement in major expansion.
quote:Ol skool anthro Dixon has interesting remarks based on skull and face.
"traces of buildings; that while they all have an abundant supply of fruit and of birds of every kind, Canaria also abounds in palm-groves bearing dates and in conifers; that in addition to this there is a large supply of honey, and also papryus grows in the rivers, and sheat-fish; and that these islands are plagued with the rotting carcasses of monstrous creatures that are constantly being cast ashore by the sea."
