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The Second Intermediate Period The Hyksos, or chieftains from hilly Canaan, erected no gigantic monuments, self-glorifying statuary and temples such as those that had drained Egypt of its resources of labor and material over many centuries, for there were none among them that claimed godly status. As Manetho sarcastically relates, the Hyksos kings were without divine attributes, for their king was no more than a chief-of-chiefs, appointed by the other chieftains to rule over them and over Egypt! The statement has two implications. That village chiefs enjoyed a great deal of autonomy, and that the accession to power of the six Hyksos rulers took place peacefully by election. The records show that they enjoyed among the most enduring reigns of Egyptian history!
The Hyksos recognized but one god, to whom they prayed at their capital at Avaris. He was named Sutekh, and he is depicted in clothes and a headdress that resembled that of the Semitic god Baal8. .. Is it significant that Sutekh is also the name of the Egyptian God who slew Osiris?
Disappointed by the dearth of gargantuan statuary and elaborately furnished tombs and palaces, archaeologists and historians are led to declare that there was a cultural decline during this period. Museums petulantly concur for lack of imposing sculpture, mummies, mastabas and exotic statuary of beastly idols to embellish their halls.
Prestigious institutions allot little more than a plaque to the Second Intermediate Period, stating that during the two centuries of Hyksos rule, art declined. A note is sometimes added about the radical changes that took place during the most progressive period of Egyptian history.
The Hyksos sculpted neither great statues of themselves nor idols of fabulous gods. But the arts and expertise they infused into the fabric of the culture of Egypt were of a subtler nature, more durable than the stone of which the idols were carved, The innovations they wrought benefitted all Egyptians through all the generations to come.
What were those benefits?
The Bahr Youseff, Joseph's Canal The greatest impact upon Egyptian economy and life was the engineering of an effective control of Egypt's water resources. Legends, both Judaic and Arabic, have it that Joseph, vizier to a late Pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty, Moeris, was responsible for this monumental and everlasting contribution to the welfare of Egypt. The legend has a factual foundation. Under Aamu rule such a vast project was indeed carried out.
Mesopotamian mathematics served in planning new systems of irrigation and in expanding the primitive systems previously installed in Egypt. The storage of water is as effective a hedge against periods of drought and famine as is the storage of grain, which we are told, was the first step recommended by Joseph to the Pharaoh.
We can imagine that it was a wise viceroy such as Joseph who spent years making a comprehensive study of the geodesy of Egypt. Finally a plan was formulated that transformed the land of Egypt forever. Two hard days journey from the river, resting within a ring of a range of rugged hills, lay the oasis known as el-Fayoum. It was cradled in a depression whose level lay below that of the Nile. On the verdant shores of a small, shimmering lake in the heart of this basin, a tribe lived cooly under the palms, unmindful of the unmerciful, encompassing wastelands.
A canal was dug. It was an ambitious undertaking, for the canal did not simply go directly to the Nile from the east, which would have been a massive project in itself. No, a much grander vision was launched. A canal was cut through the ridges bordering the Nile from afar in Upper Egypt and was furrowed northward through the hot sands a distance from but parallel to the Nile. A twin to the Nile was created, extending a full third of the Nile's Egyptian length. 5
The water of the great canal was fed to the flanking desert through a web of subsidiary canals. Finally it was diverted westward to expand the lake in low-lying el Fayoum and to create a second great lake, a reservoir that maintained the system through seasons of drought.
Whereas the Nile was hemmed in on the east by rugged cliffs that gave way here and there to a few paltry parcels of flat land, the web of feeder canals on the west fanned through the desert. The network of canals doubled the arable land of Egypt, hitherto almost entirely relegated to the delta. Upper Egypt became more than a mere passageway to Nubian ivory and gold, and was integrated into Egypt's economy, .
The legend claims that it was Joseph who named the great new reservoir "Lake Moeris," after the king for whom he was the viceroy. Zaccariah Sitchin a linguist and biblical scholar, reported that:
Arab historians not only attributed the project to Joseph but reported its circumstances. N It was, historians related, when Joseph was more than 100 but still held a high position in the Egyptian court. The other viziers and court officials, envying Joseph, persuaded the Pharaoh that to remain venerated Joseph should not rest on his laurels. He must prove again his abilities. When the Pharaoh agreed, the viziers suggested an impossible project - to convert the desert into a fertile area. "Inspired by God," Joseph confounded his detractors by succeeding. He dug feeder canals and created the vast artificial lake in 1000 days.9
The cold waters cascading from the mountains of Ethiopia and Nubia flowed warmed and welcomed through the hot desert. Joseph's task was fulfilled as the desert bloomed.
The legend was given credence by an American engineer, Francis Cope Whitehouse, who was retained by the British a century ago to resolve the problem of increasing arable land in the desert wastelands of Egypt, then under the hegemony of Great Britain.
Whitehouse was a distinguished technician, foresighted enough to have been an early inventor of devices to capture solar energy. In surveying the desert he was amazed to find that the problem of desert irrigation had been addressed more than three millennia ago. Whitehouse became intrigued with a small lake, the Birkut el-Qarun, or Lake Karoum, a freshwater lake in the midst of the vast Sahara desert, a lake that had no visible source! Piqued by this peculiar circumstance, Whitehouse began an investigation that led to his sincere conclusion that, indeed, the lake was a living legacy of a vast irrigation system created during the time of Joseph, viceroy to the Pharaoh Moeris.
Whitehouse mapped the ruins of ancient dams, ditches, and aqueducts, mute testimony to the prior existence of a sophisticated irrigation system. Ancient fish bones, shells and other signs scattered widely about and under the sands proved that the lake had been several times its current size, and that another lake had once existed.
Growing ever more intrigued, Whitehouse delved in archival records in Cairo and discovered that medieval maps of the el-Fayoum region showed two lakes in the region. Whitehouse's amazement continued to soar upon learning that the medieval maps were copies of maps drawn in Ptolemy's time. Whitehouse found references to an artificially created lake in the writings of Herodotus, Pliny, Diodotus, Strabo and Mutianus, and that the lakes were already ancient at their times. Herodotus wrote: "The water of the lake does not come out of the ground, which is here extremely dry, but is introduced by a canal from the Nile."10
Whitehouse found that the reservoir of two lakes had been debased by the Greeks The Greeks, ignorant of the hydrology of the system, attempted to increase acreage by reducing the extent of the lakes, and had instead caused large areas of rich soul to revert to dusty sand. Fertile fields relapsed into an arid landscape of sand, rock, and fish-bones.
Whitehouse followed the traces of a canal leading into the artificial lake and discovered that it was but tributary of a canal that paralleled the Nile for several hundred kilometers. The twin to the Nile is a canal that the Egyptians did not regard as an ordinary waterway but reverently referred to it as the Bahr Youseff, or "The Sea of Joseph."
Convinced that the solution to Egypt's water needs was the reconstruction of Joseph's magnificent project, Whitehouse fervently presented his proposal in April 1883 to the Khedivial Geographical Society in Cairo. In June he pressed his case before the Society of Biblical Archaeology in London, and thereafter in a series of lectures and pamphlets. He was ignored.
"Thus was forgotten the discovery of an engineer that some 3,500 years ago it was a Hebrew patriarch who had conceived, engineered and carried out the world's largest irrigation project until the TVA."11
Scientists finally came to appreciate the value of the ancient system and to recommend its reconstruction. Sir Alan Gardiner summarized the theory almost a century after its presentation by Whitehouse to a deaf parliament:
The original lake sank to below sea-level through the silting up of the channel until a king of Dynasty XII, by widening and deepening it, again brought the lake into equilibrium with the river. Thus was formed the famous lake of Moeris, which by functioning as a combined flood-escape and reservoir, not only protected the lands of Lower Egypt from the destructive effects of high floods, but also increased the supplies of water in the river after the flood season had passed.12
The entire irrigation system was reconstructed without crediting Whitehouse for his research.
A visitor to Egypt, if he would abjure the euphoria of viewing a mere mirage of Egypt from the deck of a floating hotel on the Nile, and would instead thread through the countryside west of the Nile, could not but be impressed by the multiplicity of farms and orchards being watered by the web of canals drawn from the Bahr Youseff. He would see groves of date palms alternating with green fields of grain, verdant vegetable patches, and wide expanses of white-capped cotton plants.
Whether the saga of Joseph is taken as true in whole or in part, one fact remains: Of all the wonders that the Aamu wrought for Egypt, none exceeds this great work for excellence, none testifies more eloquently to their genius, none bears better witness to their inspired accomplishments. Today, after more than three thousand years, the Bahr Youseff functions vigorously and converts more desolate desert into rich farmland than does the Aswan Dam. And - it performs its function benignly, unlike the dam, which increases the salinity of the soil as it is irrigated, a condition that portends ecological disaster.
The canal is, and has always been called in Egypt "The Bahr Youseff," which translates simply to "The Sea of Joseph." It is so designated on the maps of Mizraim, the land that we call Egypt.
Aamu Technology and Culture The Aamu taught a people who had never known the wheel, nor bronze, nor the horse, nor the lyre. They brought these and more to a people who worshiped idols and prayed to beings with the heads of beasts and the beaked heads of birds.
During the tenure of the Hyksos chieftains Egypt leaped forward into a new era, advancing enormously in every field of knowledge and endeavor. The twelfth Dynasty Pharaohs had already employed Canaanite viziers to assist in the administration of affairs, the very process recalled in the Bible by the story of Joseph. Hundreds of scarabs bearing their names have been recovered from throughout Egypt. These and other evidences provide physical proof of the existence and function of such councilors to the subsequent Hyksos chiefs-of-chiefs, the elected rulers of all Egypt.
Wise men, encouraged by the benign conditions, came and settled into Lower Egypt. They taught astronomy, and medicine, and mathematics. The great mathematical Rhind papyrus, now in the British Museum, was then produced. The scroll contains 84 problems and their solutions. It is a copy made by the scribe, Ah'Mose, during the reign of the Hyksos king Apepi I. Ah'Mose modestly informed us that he copied the original, produced in the time of 12th Dynasty Amenemhet III, who reigned from 1842-1797 B.C.E., the very period in which Sinuhe was accommodated by the Canaanites, following which the patriarch Abraham found a welcome in Goshen.
Heretofore Egyptians had been sailing the Nile in Fellucas, simple boats that they handled adeptly. These boats could not be managed on the high seas for they lacked keels. They could ill withstand the buffeting of ocean waves or be kept on an even course against capricious ocean currents. Egyptian boats were restricted to plying the placid waters of a river, or maneuvering along a shore in benign weather. The Aamu had long learned to affix a keel to stabilize their ships and make them more maneuverable and seaworthy. Seaworthy ships opened a new commercial arena for Egypt, heretofore prescribed by the unpredictable winds and waves of the high seas.
Egyptian international communication and trade were also enhanced when the Aramaic language and writing of the Aamus displaced Akkadian as the lingua franca of the region.
Wheeled vehicles appeared from the East, and the horses and oxen to draw them. The introduction of the wheel to Egypt wrought radical changes. The donkeys upon which the Asiatic merchants had been portaging goods into Egypt over many hundreds of years were now joined by magnificent, swift horses who pulled heavily burdened wagons with ease and dignity. Until the time that Joseph's people are said to have settled in Egypt, Egyptians were obliged to transport heavy loads on their backs, or on sledges dragged laboriously over the sand, or at best, over rollers. The people of Egypt were awed by the horses, enormous yet amenable new animals harnessed to haul heavily burdened carts with proud dignity. They were astounded by the ungrudging behavior of these grand beasts, and by how manageable they were. They had never seen such animals, let alone believe that they could be made to do man's bidding.
Wheeled chariots were also introduced, outfitted for hunting or for war. Chariot parts were made of different woods, all of which came from Canaan and were known in Egypt only by their Semitic names. Chariots were ill-adapted to the sands of Upper Egypt, but well suited to war in Asia, a fact that eventually brought misfortune to the Aamus, who came to suffer for having introduced these weapons of war. Semitic charioteers continued to be employed in Egypt long after the Hyk-Khase were driven from Egypt and their people enslaved, and the care of the horses continued to rest in Aamu hands.
The wheel made the potters of Egypt more productive. They had previously wound coils of clay to the form of a vessel and then smooth the ribbed surfaces to shape, or pounded clay with firm fists into hollow bowls. Now, working with a wheel that whirled its clay burden swiftly around, the subtle fingers of the potters could lightly tease the pliant wet mass to form and work their wares with new-won ease into elegant shapes.
Not least among the many marvelous materials with which the Egyptians were made acquainted during the time of Aamu rule was a diversity of metals. Silver was more precious than gold in Egypt. A pure form of silver, smelted from argentiferous Asian ores, was imported from the Ararat mountains of the Hurrian land of Mitanni, and from the Zagros mountains of the Hittite land in Anatolia. The quality of Egyptian copper implements was improved by the addition of arsenic to copper, a process the Egyptians had never employed. The Egyptians were taught to alloy copper with tin borne in on the backs of asses into Egypt from the far-off mountains of Badakhshan, five thousand kilometers away. This magic metal transformed copper into a new, harder and more durable metal, bronze. Bronze tools could be honed sharper, they were longer lasting and more penetrating because the tools could be lighter an wielded with more force
The structure of axes and sledges were changed. The Aamus taught the people of Egypt how to set the helve, or handle, into a socket through the head, instead of tying the head crudely on it. This new method of attachment likewise allowed tools to be wielded more forcefully, for the handle would not split as easily and the head would not fall off.
Weapons were also changed in design and function. The shape of scimitars, swords and daggers were modified to make them more effective, and the composition of the metal was improved to make them sharper and harder.
The simple bows the Egyptians had been using were no more than a stiff stem bent back into a single arc. They were replaced by the far superior Asiatic bows that were constructed of laminations of wood and bone cunningly layered and molded into a composite curve. The reverse curves at the ends of these bows and the reinforced construction added power, range and accuracy to the weapons. The Egyptians were then shown how strong sinews would accommodate increased tension. The wood with which the bows were made was generally of foreign import. The Metropolitan Museum in New York, for example proudly displays one such bow, "a powerful, long-range weapon of Asiatic design which in Egypt had only recently begun to replace the old, one-piece self bow of the Middle Kingdom and earlier periods.13
Egyptians were also taught to carry arrows in a quiver, rather than clutch them clumsily in their hands as had been their custom heretofore.
The use of scale armor was another Aamu innovation. The war helmet, an Asian novelty, became known as the khepresh, the "Blue" or "war crown," worn by the Pharaohs. The armor and helmet was put to use later when the "Warrior Pharaohs" invaded their Asian neighbors.
The production of fabrics made from flax introduced from Asia by the earliest pre-dynastic settlers from Southwest Asia (Fact Paper 10-I), was enhanced by the introduction of Asiatic spinning devices. The upright loom, long known in the lands to the east, revolutionized the Egyptian weaving craft. As productivity increased, the cost of fabrics fell and they
became universally available. New fibers and new fast dyes made the fabrics more durable and colorful and added another dimension to the quality of Egyptian life.
One of the greatest benefits of trade with Nubia was the introduction into Egypt of the cattle native to that southern land. Another great beast was brought to Egypt during the Hyksos period. The hump-backed cattle, or zebu, from India, were bred to be well adapted to the climate of the area. These hardy beasts did not require extensive range, for they made efficient use of available fodder. The cows supplied milk, cheese, and meat to a hungry population, and the oxen were excellent for pulling plows, an onerous labor that had heretofore been performed by men. No longer would the fellahin, back bent, straining against the straps that leashed him to a wooden plow, fall faint from exhaustion in an effort to grow a little grain. The zebus made excellent draft animals and performed useful work such as the lifting of the waters of the Nile and its canals into the irrigation ditches by means of levers and turnstiles. It is interesting that modern Egypt still employs the Mesopotamian shaduf, a counterbalanced lever device for transferring large quantities of water from the Nile into Egypt's ever-thirsty irrigation system.
The Egyptians had not been altogether ignorant of the use of animals in place of men. They had learned from the Nubians that the long-horned Nubian cattle were of use in plowing, and scenes of crude wooden plows leashed to the horns of single cows are to be found in earlier Egyptian iconography. The introduction of the Aamu of the two-handled plow, of teams of zebu oxen with new methods of yoking made plowing far more efficient. The largest relief in the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, taken from the fore-hall of a Theban tomb, illustrates the radical changes that took place under the Hyksos. William C. Hayes notes that "The yoke of the interesting, two-handled plow is not lashed to the horns of the beast, as was the Egyptian custom, but rests upon their necks forward of the up-projecting humps. Even more extraordinary is the two-wheeled oxcart appearing in the [same] register."14
Thus, instead of carrying Asiatic grains such as wheat or barley in hampers hung over the shoulders of the fellahin, or in bulging bags slung over Asiatic donkey's backs, great loads were laded onto a wheeled cart with open-latticed sides and driven to the threshing floor. The cart moved on four-spoked wheels similar to those of chariots, but of sturdier construction.
The barnyard fowl, or chicken, had been, like zebu oxen, domesticated and bred in India, and had likewise been known in Akkadia for a thousand years and almost that long in Canaan. The cackling hens astonished the farmers of Egypt by their productivity as they were observed clucking with satisfaction as they daily deposited another egg. So astonishing was the proliferate performance of these fertile fowl that Thutmose III had inscribed in stone his perplexity and amazement at the fecundivity of this "foreign fowl which gives birth every day!"15
Another Asian animal that the Aamu introduced into Egypt during Hyksos rule was the camel, a beast that is now employed as an ikon of Egypt!
Asian fruit trees were planted in Egypt by the Aamu. Pomegranates and figs added sweetness and variety to Egypt's diet. Olive trees were introduced, the fruit of which improved that diet, and the oil of the olives enhanced Egypt's culinary arts. New grains and vegetables were cultivated, plants that could survive the dry heat of that climate, plants that adjusted the balance of Egyptian nutriment.
Some Asian plants permitted the rotation of crops, an agricultural innovation in Egypt. Several crops could be planted in turn, and because the climate in parts of Egypt stays warm all winter, crops could be rotated even within the space of a year. The balance of the soil was thus maintained, and a with irrigation water available during th dry season fuller use of the nutrients supplied by the Nile was made possible.
New and decorative floral plants from Canaan began to appear in Egyptian iconography during this period. The cornflower, a common Canaanite flower, became a favorite of future Pharaohs and their tomb painters employed them lavishly. The breadfruit tree (carob) arrived somewhat later from Canaan and its fruit became a staple of Egyptian diet.
The widespread use by Egyptian nobility and commoners alike of the anthropoid coffin made a noteworthy change in Egyptian burial customs. "Introduced in the last quarter of the Twelfth Dynasty (the presumed time of Joseph's tenure as viceroy)... the coffin as a sort of rectangular wooden house is replaced by the anthropomorphic case decorated to represent the deceased."16
These new coffins were made possible by the introduction of new woodworking techniques and imported woods. Egyptian craftsmen had heretofore carved coffins from the coarse-grained logs of the sycamore-fig tree, much as primitive canoes are carved. The more sophisticated Asiatic carpentry and the new availability of suitable woods quickly brought the anthropoid coffin into Egyptian popularity. The introduction of tenoning, and other advanced woodworking techniques made the intricately constructed sarcophagus possible and cheap enough so that even a moderately well-to-do Egyptian could afford a set of two nested one within the other.17 The joinery employed in Egyptian coffins from that time forward was in sharp contrast to the crude, adze-carved Egyptian coffins that had preceded them.
The decoration of the first of these coffins employed the enveloping wing of the fabled Mesopotamian griffin, This design and the coffin form survived and are universally and ironically recognized as "Egyptian" no less than is the Asiatic camel!
Tenons and dowels were newly employed in constructing furniture. Tables and chairs and other furnishings produced with new, well-ordered cabinetry appear during the Hyksos period. A typical table is well-represented in the Metropolitan Museum of art. Its top is composed of joined hardwood boards, miter-framed on four sides and supported by a crowned cavetto-and-torus cornice. Its legs are skillfully keyed into the aprons with pegged. tenons. Stools with plaited rush seats are also found in association with the Rishi, or man-shaped coffins. "An article of furniture which did not come into use in Egypt until well into the Eighteenth Dynasty."18. Veneering is another sophisticated Asiatic technique introduced during the Hyksos period . Chair legs and other surfaces were thereafter often overlaid with exotic Asiatic woods such as the tamarisk, as well as with ivory.
Even the wooden pillow was an innovation of the Hyksos period!
The Aamus also enhanced the gentler arts of Egypt, its music, its dance, and even its games. New musical forms appeared, made possible by the introduction of a variety of Mesopotamian musical instruments. The multi-fretted lute and the multi-stringed harp, both equipped with an elaborate system of tuning, gave music wider scope and flexibility of tone. The lyre was regarded as a "foreign" instrument long after Hyksos rule had come to an end. It was always represented in Egyptian iconography as being played by a Canaanite woman. The oboe, with numerous closely spaced finger-holes, and the tambourine and other variations of Asiatic instruments brought Aamu music rapidly into Egyptian fashion, for the beauty intrinsic to the musical arts is universally appreciated.
The names of the instruments were also borrowed from the Semites. Thus the Egyptians call the lyre a keniniur, a variation of its Semitic name With the new music came new forms of dance.. The graceful images of the performance by Asiatic dancers of these new dances decorate the eternal resting places of Egyptian nobility. Images of the "foreign" instruments being played by pretty Asiatic courtesans or slaves were thereafter incorporated into the iconography of Egyptian tombs, so that their Egyptian occupants might not lack the sweeter attributes of life in their netherworld existence.
Egyptian nobility also had Mesopotamian games placed in their tombs with which they could eternally amuse themselves. The Aamu had introduced games played with the astragal, a form of dice, made from the tarsal joints of some hoofed animals (and incorrectly dubbed "knucklebones"). They were employed in "twenty squares," a game similar to the Indian parchesi. They were also used in senet, "the game of thirty squares," an even more ancient Asiatic game. The back of some senet boxes sport the layout of another Asiatic introduction, a companion game called tjau ("robbers"?), a game that Akkadian traders had also introduced into Karums, trading settlements they established in Anatolia.
The signet ring and the earring were newly adopted by the Egyptians during the Hyksos tenure, and Mesopotamian toiletry became a new Egyptian art. The introduction of bronze made mirrors possible, and the new, far more utilitarian alloy made a number of delicate grooming instruments possible. Bronze tweezers first appear in Egypt, and a "tweezer razor" came into use in the ladies wardrobe. It was a hair-curling and trimming device in which a chisel-type razor is hinged to a hollow, pointed prong, allowing it to be maneuvered like a scissors or tongs. Combs and razors, heretofore a rarity appear in greater frequency in Theban tombs as the impact of the culture of the more hirsute Asiatics made itself felt up the Nile
Of all the events that took place in the time of the Asiatic chieftains, the most important was one that did not occur: There was no war of consequence in Egypt throughout the rule of the Semitic chieftains!
This singular fact has been misunderstood, or deliberately distorted, for it is said that during the time of Hyksos rule the power and influence of Egypt declined. How sad it is that power is measured by what is achieved by the force of arms, and not by what is obtained by peaceful intercourse. How unfortunate it is that prosperity of a country is measured by the quantity of loot wrested from neighbors and from subjected peoples, and not by the progressive principles and productive processes absorbed through amicable exchange. How absurd it is to gauge the wealth of a country by how many golden artifacts can be plucked from its ruler's tombs, rather than by the adequate diet of the dwellers in the land. How blind is judgement when the welfare of a country is assessed by the profligacy of its rulers rather than by the prosperity of its people!
The Adulteration of History How does it happen that the quintessential progressive period of Egyptian history is dismissed as irrelevant? That the peoples responsible for it are ignored?
It is painfully apparent that too often museums were concerned more with the accumulation of artifacts rather than of facts. Tomb-robbing became the prerogative of private collectors, museums, archaeologists and even governments. It is not surprising, therefore, that insofar as few grandiose monuments and exotic accouterments were collected from the period of Hyksos rule, the plunderers were prone to pronounce that little of value was contributed by the Aamus, and that, perforce, Egypt's civilization went into decline during the reign of their six "appointed" chiefs-of-chiefs, the Hyksos.
Not all scientific obtuseness can be attributed to an obsession with royal emoluments. Anti-Semitism, prevalent through the nineteenth century and well through the twentieth, fostered a willingness to uncritically accept the tendentious claims of conquerors. Historians might well heed the advice of Herodotus, who made a leisurely trip far up the Nile. He was privy to information given to him by the priests, to lists of kings, and to surviving documents Herodotus makes it abundantly clear that much of the information gathered was hearsay and unconfirmed fables. Herodotus presented this material honestly as material promulgated and probably adulterated by Egyptian warlords. He anticipated a slovenly reading of his work and contemptuously addressed those who would not heed his warning:
"Such as think the tales told by the Egyptians credible are free to accept them for history. As for myself, I keep to the general plan of this book, which is to record the traditions of the various nations just as I heard them and as they are related to me."19
It is inexcusable that in this presumably enlightened era, the proselyting of Egyptian warlords and priests referred to by Herodotus, and the tales flagrantly promulgated by Manetho are persistently echoed. It is inexcusable that to the present day, mention of the fundamental progress made in Egypt by Judaic progenitors, even when acknowledged, is seldom accorded more than a footnote.
It is also important to note that geopolitics in the form of pan-Arabism has become another effective muddier of historical waters.
Lastly, what is still more unjustifiable is that historians blithely continue to confuse conquest with progress. Objectivity is overwhelmed by pomposity. It has always been the case that, in lauding the glorious achievements of conquerors, and in clucking with satisfaction over the wealth of rich artifacts scavenged from grandiose monuments and tombs, historians are prone to speak of that culture or era as having reached a height of cultural development. They skip lightly over the thousands slaughtered in the process of conquest. It seems like quibbling to consider the cities decimated, the country-sides ravaged, the peoples enslaved. It seems unimportant that under despotic rule people are grievously taxed or forced into slave or corvee labor. It is deemed trivial that a great proportion of a country's gross national product is consumed not in promoting the general welfare but in touting the glory of conquerors through the creation of the very works that grace the halls of museums.
Must we continue to judge a civilization by the size and opulence of its palaces and the elaboration of lordly tombs? By how profligate are its rulers?
Or should we measure a civilization by its dedication to peaceful pursuits? By the economic well-being of its people? By its cultural and technological achievements? By the freedoms its citizens enjoy?
If the Hyksos period is judged by the latter criteria, then it becomes evident that during this unique historical interlude, Egypt was vaulted into a new era of peace and prosperity in which it advanced enormously in every field of knowledge and endeavor.
Note: This essay is largely a condensation of chapters 4, 5, and 6 of The Eighth Day; The Hidden History of the Jewish Contribution to Civilization, by Samuel Kurinsky, Jason Aronson, Inc., 1994, 59-128. An extensive bibliography is given in the book, covering facts not included in the sources given below. http://www.hebrewhistory.info/factpapers/fp010-2_egypt.htmPosts: 1554 | Registered: Jul 2006
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^ They suffer from a complex like their brothers the WASP. It is said that in Black Athena Martin Bernal's hidden intentions were to promote Jewish (Phoenicians) contributions to Greece. The "black" was just a smokescreen. [The Jewish Onslaught Tony Martin]
Posts: 4165 | From: jamaica | Registered: May 2008
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The Masonic legend describing the murder of Harim Abif is based on the Hykos desire and inability to be Pharoah.
A few years ago KMT magazine ( http://www.kmtjournal.com/ ) published pictures of the dicovery of an Egyptian mummy of an Egyptian priest who had been tortured and buried alive. The muumy is shown castrated, unwrapped, with it's mouth frozen open in a final scream of terror and agony and it's hands clutching it's severed groin. Easily, one of the most vivid illustrations of punishment in Egyptian burial history. One worthy of someone who had performed the most evil deed.
The Hykos did not suddenly sail up the nile and demand Egypts surrender. Instead, they infiltrated Egyptian society smoothly and over a period of time were in strong enough position to FORCE their control over the Two Lands. Uninitiated in the rituals of becoming Pharoah, the Hykos leaders reluctantly ruled as King behind the scene while Pharoah Seqenenre Tao II served as a leadership figurehead for Egypt's citizens. However, Hykos leaders yearned to be recognized as Pharoah. The would be Hykos leaders, for all their stately power and emulation of Egyptian religion, found themselves excluded from the ultimate accolade of styling themselves, Horus.
I believe this is what is behind the masonic legend of Hiram Abif (Seqenenre) and his murder by Hykos agents when he refused to reveil the highly secret ritual of becoming pharoah to the hykos. This initiation process was known only to the real kings of Egypt and their inner priestly sanctum. Absent of this secret information, the Hykos had little choice but to assume the empty title of king. The Hykos remained essentially different then Egyptians and the grafting of the Hykos onto Egypt was at best, superficial. The Hykos people were warlike and self centered. They adopted as their chief god, Set, the murderer of his brother, Osiris. By identifying themselves with Set, the Hykos demonstrated their distain for the Egyptian people through their allegiance with the forces of evil. The concept of MA'AT must have seemed foolish to Apophis and sympotmatic of the "softness" that had allowed his forebears to take the Egyptian country from them. Instead of MA'AT, the Hykos embraced Isfet, or selfishness, falsehood, and injuctice. According to Egyptian myth, the leader of this embodiment of Isfet was an evil, dragon-like, monstrous serpent God called, Apophis. The same name of the Hykos King. The epithets of this anti-MA'AT monster included "he of evil appearance" and "he of evil character", and for the Egyptians, he was the embodiment of primordial chaos. Found contained in many Egyptian temples was a secret book called, The Book Of Overthrowing Apophis.
In the city of Avaris, apart from Thebes, sat the Hykos King where his tax collectors collected demanded dues (taxes) from the Egyptians.
It is believed the recent mummy is this same priest who assisted the Hykos in attempting to acquire the secret ritual of Pharoah making. Found buried next to another mummy thought to be Seqenenre II, ambushed and murdered by the Hykos agents. The King's mummy was found to have died from receiving blows to the head as described in the Hiram Abif legend.
When the Egyptians discovered this act of betrayal by the Hykos on their King, they immediately captured the priest who assisted the Hykos in this act of treason, tortured him, and buried him alive alongside their murdered king. No long after, the Hykos were subdued and driven from Egypt.
Many researchers today draw parallels to the Hykos and modern Jews primarily due to the similairity boths groups deploy to infiltrate and dominate another society, as well as the methods the Hykos utilized to extract tribune contribution from Egyptian society.
Although they successfully infiltrated and replaced it, Jews have no connection to those the Egyptians called, Habiru (Hebrew) who eventually migrated and formed the land of Israel. This is not to be confused with the present religous group called Jews, who are not to be confused with the ancient group who called themselves, Hebrews, or the ancient Jews which described their residence in their designated homeland, Judaea, not religion. These peoples were very likely killed off in genecide during what Josephus documented as, The Jewish War where the romans murdered upwards of a million Judaeians, and who Josephus ultimately betrayed following his handing oer of Galilee.
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According to Manetho (who the jews call the "first anti-semite")the jews never had divinity among their chieftians before and while in Egypt, they were mere servants who briefly rose to power. But when the Hyksos were kicked out they back migrated en-masse to syria (240 000 individuals) and created a country called Judea and named their capital Jerusalem. Manetho means that these people were nothing while in Egypt but when they got driven out they suddenly became divine and created a nation in syria(palestine) based on what they learned from Egyptians. But the jews reject Manetho's claim of Jews being the Hyksos and dissmis him as an Egyptian nationalist who's "anti-semetic", the first one at that. But at the same time they want to claim Hyksos/Aamu "achievments" in Egypt, what a bunch of hypocrites.
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quote:Originally posted by akoben08: ^ They suffer from a complex like their brothers the WASP. It is said that in Black Athena Martin Bernal's hidden intentions were to promote Jewish (Phoenicians) contributions to Greece. The "black" was just a smokescreen. [The Jewish Onslaught Tony Martin]
Phoenicians were native Canaanites NOT Hebrews.
Yonis2 - It is always amusing how one can take a few historical facts and weave a truly outlandish scenario from it. Remembering that we are talking about two classes of Amorites. 1) The still nomadic type who migrated into the hill country of Canaan and launched raids on the Canaanite cities. 2) Those who had been part of the Amorite dynasty of Hammurabi in Sumer.
There can be no doubt that those from Sumer brought skills and knowledge acquired in Sumer to Egypt. The Chariot probably being one of them. The Sumerians were also expert canal builders, so perhaps they also brought some new expertise building canals with them.
But shipbuilding and governmental administration is going too far. You will note that the ship found in Khufu's was an ocean going vessel. Surely everyone knows that Egyptian expertise in administration is very old.
Historically there are many unanswered questions about the Hyksos period of rule in upper Egypt. And they obviously brought some good with them, otherwise how could one explain the average Egyptians friendly acceptance of them. But fiction like the above does not provide insight, it just serves to further confuse an already confused situation with pure B.S.
The only purpose for it would seem to be to further the modern myth of the benevolent genius Jew. But there are a few problems with that. 1) The Hebrews were NOT Jews, which is a modern term. 2) When the Hebrews finally took enough of Canaan to make their own country, they proved to be a bunch of disjointed, maladjusted, genocidal wantabe's. 3) Then there is the myth of "A" Hebrew religion. Has no one noticed that when the Hebrews split into two kingdoms, they named the second kingdom "Israel" meaning "God contented". EL was the chief god in the CANAANITE religion.
Inspection of the few Dead Sea Scrolls available demonstrate a variety in Hebrew beliefs belied by modern myth makers. Also notable, is the fact that their beliefs were SO different from that which the Romans were attributing to them in their new religion, that they found it necessary to hide theirs to keep the Romans from destroying them; so that future generations would know the difference. That would also explain why after fifty years, the Dead Sea Scrolls still have not been released to the public. It would be good if the author would deal with real issues like that.
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Phoenicians were native Canaanites NOT Hebrews.
It seems Bernal wanted to advance a semetic (mistakenly connected to the modern "Jewish") contributions to Greece. Underhand Jews like that hardly make the important distinctions you are making. As for the Hyksos I remember Ben-Jochannan describing them as a kind of "crude looking" black people, alluding to the mixed make up of the people we have come to see as simply "Asiatics".
their beliefs were SO different from that which the Romans were attributing to them in their new religion, that they found it necessary to hide theirs to keep the Romans from destroying them; so that future generations would know the difference.
I am not sure what you are refering to here. Is it the Essenes? Please elaborate. You always post some good pics of blacks in W.Asia though, where do you get them?
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Mike 111, The hebrews were never a people before they left Egypt, they were just a confederation of asian people in Egypt and only became united as a people when they had power and in particular when they lost the power and were forced to return into levant, here they created their own nation, Judea. An analogy in modern world could be for instance the AA's who one day all be forced to leave United States and after this create a new nation with a united people who originally came from different parts of Africa. That's how the Hebrew became a people. It's important to note that there were two types of Hyksos, those who invaded militarily (and grabbed power) and those who were already in Egypt peacefully as workers. But later Egyptians didn't distinguish between them, almost all got kicked out. Hyk-khAse In Egyptic means people from the east or simply put Canaanites. It's also important to note that all scripts in the levant(middel-east) are derived from the Egyptian heiratic or more accurate proto-sinaitic. And Sinai desert is the corridor that seperates Egypt from levant, a passage Hyksos had to pass.
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akoben08 - I copied this from realhistory, it covers my points.
....The Egyptians however, continued to intrigue in Canaan, whose native states were repeatedly induced to join anti-Babylonian coalitions. All of which collapsed of themselves, or were crushed by the Chaldean armies. Jerusalem was twice besieged in 597 and again in 589 B.C. Finally in about 587/586 B.C, it was stormed and destroyed. The prophet Jeremiah, who had foreseen this tragic end, and who had repeatedly warned his people against their suicidal policy, died in Egypt. Judah was devastated and almost depopulated, with most of it's people sent off to Mesopotamia.
This all changed with the victory and ascension of the Persian King Cyrus II (Cyrus the Great). After Cyrus had taken Babylon, he ordered that all the captives there be freed, and returned to their homelands, this was to be financed by Cyrus! He ordered the Hebrews restored to Jerusalem, and bade them to rebuild their temple. This period of peace lasted for almost three hundred years, but then the Persian Empire was destroyed by the armies of Alexander of Macedon.
After Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia, Judah first came under the rule of the Ptolemy's (Greek kings of Egypt), and later under that of the Seleucids, (Greek kings of Mesopotamia). Opposition to the Seleucid attempts to suppress the Hebrew ancestral faith, led to the rise of a family of Hebrew leaders known as the Maccabees. They gradually drove the Seleucids from the country, and set up a revived kingdom of Judaea. Family disputes however, led to Roman intervention in 63 B.C.
Now under Roman control, Herod the Great was made king of Judaea in 37 B.C, and later of all Canaan (20-4 B.C.). After Herod's death, the country was ruled alternately by Herod's direct descendants and by Roman procurators. As the result of a Hebrew revolt that broke out in 66 A.D, the city of Jerusalem was destroyed by Romans in 70 A.D.
The Zealots - who were a Hebrew sect which opposed the pagan rule of Rome, and the polytheism that it professed, were an aggressive political party. Their concern for the national and religious life of the Hebrew people, led them to despise even Hebrews, who sought peace and conciliation with the Roman authorities. Some extremists among the Zealots, turned to terrorism and assassination, they became known as Sicarii (“dagger men”). They frequented public places with hidden daggers, ready to strike down persons friendly to Rome. In the first revolt against Rome (66–70 A.D.) the Zealots played a leading role, and at the mountaintop fortress of Masada, they committed suicide, rather than surrender the fortress (73 A.D.).
One of the enduring mysteries of ancient Canaan is; what happened to the ancient writings of the Hebrews. The Hebrew’s were a very literate people, who wrote on many subjects. Yet today all that exists is the works of Josephus Flavius: who was a Hebrew traitor named Joseph, who upon going over to the Romans, was made a General and given the title Josephus Flavius. He subsequently commanded Roman troops in putting down the Hebrew rebellion.
Josephus, in his delusion, attempted to establish the greatness and antiquity of his people in his written works, even after he had aided in their destruction. His, and the works of a few other authors, written around the time of the fall of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. is all that survives today.
Certainly history is replete with instances of Khazar/Jewish texts, some claimed to be ancient? Being burned in Europe, But what about the genuine ancient texts of the Hebrews? How could it be, that the self-written history of an entire nation, with thousands of years of ups and downs: and a people with arguably the most convoluted and eventful path to nationhood, be lost to all mankind?
Stranger still; is the absence of the original Septuagint. This is a work that was commissioned by the second Greek king of Egypt Ptolemy II, in 323 B.C. Ptolemy arranged for six translators from each of the twelve tribes of Israel to come to Egypt and translate the Hebrew Scriptures into a volume for his library in Alexandria.
This book is known as the “Septuagint” derived from the Latin word for "seventy". It is the first Bible, and the prototype for all other Bibles including the Masoretic text, which was begun around 600 A.D. and completed in 1000 A.D. (the Bible of the Khazars or Jews). All that remains of the Septuagint today is copies of copies, which have been reinterpreted and reworked so often, that its relationship to the original cannot be judged. Roman desire to destroy anything and everything that might offer the Hebrew’s moral support is well known. Their destruction of Hebrew buildings and institutions is well documented. However, there is universal silence as to who destroyed all the Hebrew writings.
Roman culpability for at least some of it, was established with the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which the Hebrew’s successfully hid for 2000 years, in order to prevent them from being destroyed by the Romans, (the Romans also burned the writings of the Etruscans in Italy).
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The first of the Dead Sea Scroll discoveries occurred in 1947 in Qumran, a village situated about twenty miles east of Jerusalem on the northwest shore of the Dead Sea. A young Bedouin shepherd, following a goat that had gone astray, tossed a rock into one of the caves along the sea cliffs and heard a cracking sound: the rock had hit a ceramic pot containing leather and papyrus scrolls that were later determined to be nearly twenty centuries old. Ten years and many searches later, eleven caves around the Dead Sea were found to contain tens of thousands of scroll fragments dating from app. 300 B.C. to 68 A.D. and representing an estimated eight hundred separate works.
The Dead Sea Scrolls comprise a vast collection of Hebrew documents written in Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek, and encompassing many subjects and literary styles. They include manuscripts or fragments of every book in the Hebrew Bible except the Book of Esther, all of them created nearly one thousand years earlier than any previously known biblical manuscripts. The scrolls also contain the earliest existing biblical commentary on the Book of Habakkuk, and many other writings, among them religious works pertaining to Hebrew sects of the time.
The Controversy The shepherd who made the discovery at Qumran brought the seven intact scrolls that he had found to an antique dealer. Three were sold to a scholar at Hebrew University and four were sold to the Archbishop of Syria, who tried for years to place them with a reputable academic institution, but ultimately sold them in 1954, through a classified ad in The Wall Street Journal. The ad was answered by Israeli archaeologist Yigael Yadin, who donated these scrolls to the state of Israel, and established a museum for them, The Shrine of the Book, at Hebrew University.
Control of the remaining tens of thousands of scroll fragments however, was not soon resolved. But one year after the discovery at Qumran, the United Nations partitioned Palestine to allow for the creation of the state of Israel, and war began. Meanwhile, a U.N.-appointed, Jesuit-trained official had summoned Roland de Vaux, director of the Ecole Biblique, a French Catholic Theological School in Arab East Jerusalem, to oversee research on the scrolls. The slow pace of publication and the extreme secrecy of de Vaux's almost entirely Catholic group, fueled the theory that the Vatican wished to suppress information in the scrolls.
Then in 1967, Zionists seized East Jerusalem, and the Israel Antiquities Authority took control of the scrolls. Access however, was merely transferred to yet another small secretive group, which seemed determined to hide them from the rest of the world. Israeli officials told prominent visiting scholars, that they “would not see the scrolls in their lifetimes.”
The building media frenzy was furthered by the 1990 dismissal of the project's editor-in-chief, Harvard Divinity School professor Dr. John Strugnell, after he publicly criticized Judaism and the Israeli state. A breakthrough came in September 1990, when the Huntington Library in California, made available unauthorized photographs of the scrolls. The following year, text and translations of only fifty scrolls were published in book form.
Judaism, Christianity, and the Scrolls
The Dead Sea Scrolls offer unprecedented information about Hebrew religious and political life in Judea during the turbulent late Second Temple Period (200 B.C. to A.D. 70), a time of great corruption and conflict under Roman rule in Judea. Scholars estimate that the Dead Sea Scrolls were hidden in A.D. 68, when Roman legions reached the Dead Sea during the emperor Vespasian's campaign to Jericho.
The discovery of the scrolls established that Hebrew culture was far richer and more diverse at this time, than scholars had previously believed. Three main groups of Hebrews were prominent during the late Second Temple Period: the Pharisees, the Sadducees, and the Essenes. Many other sects and political parties also flourished. This pluralism ended in 70 A.D, when six years after the start of the First Hebrew Rebellion, the Romans sieged Jerusalem, killing or enslaving half the Hebrew population and destroying Herod's Temple. The capitol fell to the Romans, and only the Judaism of the dominant Pharisees survived.
The scrolls also shed light on the time when Jesus and John the Baptist lived and early Christians began to organize. Specifically, they offer evidence that early Christian beliefs and practices had precedents in the Hebrew sects of the time. Sectarian scrolls tell of people who, like the early Christians, did not believe in the Temple worship of the Pharisees, people who had their own literature, their own rituals—including baptism—and their own beliefs, most significantly beliefs in a messiah, a divine judgment, and an
apocalypse. Three different scrolls depict a sacred meal of bread and wine. These similarities as well as parallels between the literary style of certain scrolls and that of the New Testament have led some scholars to claim that Jesus and John the Baptist were either part of, or strongly influenced by a sect at the Dead Sea. But no direct link has been established, and it is likely that similarities can be attributed to each being derived from a like strain of Judaism. Still, this debate has furthered speculation about the historical Jesus, such as the claim that he was a Zealot rather than a pacifist, a theory that does not fit with New Testament tradition but does fit with the history of this period (note: Jesus is NOT mentioned in the scrolls). And one of the most important discoveries in the scrolls has been the use of the name “Son of God” to refer to someone other than Jesus, implying a cultural use of the term that was not itself synonymous with God.
Who Hid the Scrolls? Debate continues about who actually wrote, copied and stored the scrolls. The most prevalent theory is that this was done by an ascetic group of Essenes, who had retreated to the desert to await a Messiah, and who lived at Qumran in a community guided by the Manual of Discipline, or Community Rule, a scroll detailing the beliefs and practices of a messianic sect. In the 1950s, Roland de Vaux excavated a site between the Qumran caves and the Dead Sea that he claimed was a monastic library where Essenes had copied the scrolls.
Recent archaeologists, however, think that what de Vaux believed to be the remains of desks and inkbottles, are in fact remains of dining tables and perfume bottles, suggesting that the site was a Roman-style villa whose occupants were engaged in the lucrative perfume trade. Furthermore, not a single manuscript fragment has ever been found on this site. Some scholars believe that Sadducees lived at the Qumran site. Others believe that the scrolls were kept not by a religious sect but by a militant, nationalistic group, and that the Qumran site was in fact a fortress.
It has been argued also, that the people who lived at the Qumran site were not the same people who hid the scrolls in the caves. Still other scholars reject the idea that the scrolls can be identified with a single group, suggesting instead that the scrolls describe the beliefs and rituals of the many Jewish sects of the time. These scholars propose that the scrolls are copies of manuscripts from libraries throughout Jerusalem, that Jews sought to preserve as the Romans encroached upon the capitol. One scroll, called the Copper Scroll, offers a detailed description of efforts to hide documents.
The Scrolls Today More than fifty years after their discovery, no one can claim to know the absolute truth about the Dead Sea Scrolls, although academics and amateurs alike generate ever more intriguing theories, wild claims, and media attention. It is a complicating factor that almost all the scrolls are copies of other manuscripts—some perhaps historical, others certainly fictitious, and all together, transcribed over the course of nearly three hundred years. It will probably never be possible to know for sure what among the scrolls is fact, when exactly it was recorded, and why. Their origins, scribes, keepers, and meanings will likely remain a mystery.
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quote:Originally posted by Yonis2: Mike 111, The hebrews were never a people before they left Egypt, they were just a confederation of asian people in Egypt and only became united as a people when they had power and in particular when they lost the power and were forced to return into levant, here they created their own nation, Judea. An analogy in modern world could be for instance the AA's who one day all be forced to leave United States and after this create a new nation with a united people who originally came from different parts of Africa. That's how the Hebrew became a people. It's important to note that there were two types of Hyksos, those who invaded militarily (and grabbed power) and those who were already in Egypt peacefully as workers. But later Egyptians didn't distinguish between them, almost all got kicked out. Hyk-khAse In Egyptic means people from the east or simply put Canaanites.
The Hebrews group name was Amorite.
No part of the group militarily invaded Egypt. Unless you are aware of a new history of Egypt.
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^^^As to the Dead Sea Scrolls; it should be carefully noted that the purported contents are what people have been told, NOT seen.
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^ Thanks for the article. I think the Israelis are deliberately trying to mystify the scrolls. "would not see the scrolls in their lifetimes." lol Who cares. the scrolls are most likely just another example of syncretism, typical of the religions of that region, all originating from AE of course. Jews like to make the most of themselves. It's like the mystery the Ethiopians deliberately confer upon the "ark", when it is just a Hebrew copy of Egyptian model, if it exists at all.
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quote:Originally posted by Yonis2: Mike 111, The hebrews were never a people before they left Egypt, they were just a confederation of asian people in Egypt and only became united as a people when they had power and in particular when they lost the power and were forced to return into levant, here they created their own nation, Judea. An analogy in modern world could be for instance the AA's who one day all be forced to leave United States and after this create a new nation with a united people who originally came from different parts of Africa. That's how the Hebrew became a people. It's important to note that there were two types of Hyksos, those who invaded militarily (and grabbed power) and those who were already in Egypt peacefully as workers. But later Egyptians didn't distinguish between them, almost all got kicked out. Hyk-khAse In Egyptic means people from the east or simply put Canaanites.
The Hebrews group name was Amorite.
No part of the group militarily invaded Egypt. Unless you are aware of a new history of Egypt.
According to Manetho Hebrew's were the Hyksos who returned to Caanan. The Aamu could well have been the peacefull Hyksos preceeding the invading ones. Your problem is that you want to turn Hebrew's into some peacefull "blacks" of asia who got their identity stolen by "whites", which is ofcourse a bunch of BS based on ethnic biase and your abrahamic faith. Try to see things beyond your religion and ego. I think Manetho is more of an authority in this field than modern distorters. Be they Jew or "Black".
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: akoben08 - I copied this from realhistory, it covers my points.
....The Egyptians however, continued to intrigue in Canaan, whose native states were repeatedly induced to join anti-Babylonian coalitions. All of which collapsed of themselves, or were crushed by the Chaldean armies. Jerusalem was twice besieged in 597 and again in 589 B.C. Finally in about 587/586 B.C, it was stormed and destroyed. The prophet Jeremiah, who had foreseen this tragic end, and who had repeatedly warned his people against their suicidal policy, died in Egypt. Judah was devastated and almost depopulated, with most of it's people sent off to Mesopotamia.
This all changed with the victory and ascension of the Persian King Cyrus II (Cyrus the Great). After Cyrus had taken Babylon, he ordered that all the captives there be freed, and returned to their homelands, this was to be financed by Cyrus! He ordered the Hebrews restored to Jerusalem, and bade them to rebuild their temple. This period of peace lasted for almost three hundred years, but then the Persian Empire was destroyed by the armies of Alexander of Macedon.
After Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia, Judah first came under the rule of the Ptolemy's (Greek kings of Egypt), and later under that of the Seleucids, (Greek kings of Mesopotamia). Opposition to the Seleucid attempts to suppress the Hebrew ancestral faith, led to the rise of a family of Hebrew leaders known as the Maccabees. They gradually drove the Seleucids from the country, and set up a revived kingdom of Judaea. Family disputes however, led to Roman intervention in 63 B.C.
Now under Roman control, Herod the Great was made king of Judaea in 37 B.C, and later of all Canaan (20-4 B.C.). After Herod's death, the country was ruled alternately by Herod's direct descendants and by Roman procurators. As the result of a Hebrew revolt that broke out in 66 A.D, the city of Jerusalem was destroyed by Romans in 70 A.D.
The Zealots - who were a Hebrew sect which opposed the pagan rule of Rome, and the polytheism that it professed, were an aggressive political party. Their concern for the national and religious life of the Hebrew people, led them to despise even Hebrews, who sought peace and conciliation with the Roman authorities. Some extremists among the Zealots, turned to terrorism and assassination, they became known as Sicarii (“dagger men”). They frequented public places with hidden daggers, ready to strike down persons friendly to Rome. In the first revolt against Rome (66–70 A.D.) the Zealots played a leading role, and at the mountaintop fortress of Masada, they committed suicide, rather than surrender the fortress (73 A.D.).
One of the enduring mysteries of ancient Canaan is; what happened to the ancient writings of the Hebrews. The Hebrew’s were a very literate people, who wrote on many subjects. Yet today all that exists is the works of Josephus Flavius: who was a Hebrew traitor named Joseph, who upon going over to the Romans, was made a General and given the title Josephus Flavius. He subsequently commanded Roman troops in putting down the Hebrew rebellion.
Josephus, in his delusion, attempted to establish the greatness and antiquity of his people in his written works, even after he had aided in their destruction. His, and the works of a few other authors, written around the time of the fall of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. is all that survives today.
Certainly history is replete with instances of Khazar/Jewish texts, some claimed to be ancient? Being burned in Europe, But what about the genuine ancient texts of the Hebrews? How could it be, that the self-written history of an entire nation, with thousands of years of ups and downs: and a people with arguably the most convoluted and eventful path to nationhood, be lost to all mankind?
Stranger still; is the absence of the original Septuagint. This is a work that was commissioned by the second Greek king of Egypt Ptolemy II, in 323 B.C. Ptolemy arranged for six translators from each of the twelve tribes of Israel to come to Egypt and translate the Hebrew Scriptures into a volume for his library in Alexandria.
This book is known as the “Septuagint” derived from the Latin word for "seventy". It is the first Bible, and the prototype for all other Bibles including the Masoretic text, which was begun around 600 A.D. and completed in 1000 A.D. (the Bible of the Khazars or Jews). All that remains of the Septuagint today is copies of copies, which have been reinterpreted and reworked so often, that its relationship to the original cannot be judged. Roman desire to destroy anything and everything that might offer the Hebrew’s moral support is well known. Their destruction of Hebrew buildings and institutions is well documented. However, there is universal silence as to who destroyed all the Hebrew writings.
Roman culpability for at least some of it, was established with the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, which the Hebrew’s successfully hid for 2000 years, in order to prevent them from being destroyed by the Romans, (the Romans also burned the writings of the Etruscans in Italy).
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The Jewish Zoinist B.S is so ironic its funny. I saw an episode of "Exodus" uncovered on the History Channel. The fools were on there trying to say Ahmose means "Brother of Moses"...Trying to link their biblical fairy tales to Authentic Kemetic Records.
The only signifigance the Hebrews played in Pharonic Km.T was the Hyksos occupation. The Upper Egyptians delivered a swift kick out of their Land...LOL.
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quote:Originally posted by Jari-Ankhamun: The Jewish Zoinist B.S is so ironic its funny. I saw an episode of "Exodus" uncovered on the History Channel. The fools were on there trying to say Ahmose means "Brother of Moses"...Trying to link their biblical fairy tales to Authentic Kemetic Records.
The only signifigance the Hebrews played in Pharonic Km.T was the Hyksos occupation. The Upper Egyptians delivered a swift kick out of their Land...LOL.
Exactly! And this is what "the first anti-semite", "Egyptian nationalist" Manetho has been saying all along.
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Yonis2 wrote: According to Manetho Hebrew's were the Hyksos who returned to Caanan. The Aamu could well have been the peacefull Hyksos preceeding the invading ones. Your problem is that you want to turn Hebrew's into some peacefull "blacks" of asia who got their identity stolen by "whites", which is ofcourse a bunch of BS based on ethnic biase and your abrahamic faith. Try to see things beyond your religion and ego. I think Manetho is more of an authority in this field than modern distorters. Be they Jew or "Black".
Hey Yonis, are YOU Jewish? Anyway, I was going to say nice try. But on reflection, no it's not, it's pathetic. You are quoting Manetho?? Stop the B.S. there is all manner of modern scholarly history to reference, but instead you quote the fragmented esoteric work of Manetho. I know enough about you people to know that is purposeful.
But it won't help, I am NOT one of your favorite people; i.e. The ignorant Negro. I know that you are a Turk, a Khazar, a White person. Hebrews were ethnically Amorites, a BLACK people!!! But don't take my word for it, look up the NDA evidence, then take a look at the statues that they made of themselves. It seems that you ignored the picture of the Black Hyksos woman, but there's more. BTW - If you wish to challenge the authenticity of these reliefs, take it up with the British Museum.
quote:Originally posted by Yonis2: [b] [b]Aamu Technology and Culture The Aamu taught a people who had never known the wheel, nor bronze, nor the horse, nor the lyre. They brought these and more to a people who worshiped idols and prayed to beings with the heads of beasts and the beaked heads of birds.
During the tenure of the Hyksos chieftains Egypt leaped forward into a new era, advancing enormously in every field of knowledge and endeavor. The twelfth Dynasty Pharaohs had already employed Canaanite viziers to assist in the administration of affairs, the very process recalled in the Bible by the story of Joseph. Hundreds of scarabs bearing their names have been recovered from throughout Egypt. These and other evidences provide physical proof of the existence and function of such councilors to the subsequent Hyksos chiefs-of-chiefs, the elected rulers of all Egypt.
"People who worshipped Idols and prayed to beings with Animal Heads..."
LOL-The fact that this person acually has the NERVE to poke fun at the Ancient Egyptian Mythology, a RELIGION THAT HAD THE FIRST HOLY TRINIY, DEVINE MOTHER, ALL THE 10 COMMANMENTS IN THE RELIGION...ECT...Is REALLY...REALLY humourous to me.
People who UNTIL this day believe "god" greated the world in seven days, and such foolishness as Magical Apples.
The wheel was in Egypt and Kush way before any dirt scum Hysos Filth took the throne. The Chariot was what they intoduced to the "Primitive" Egyptians....despite that though....THE "HEBREWS"/HYKSOS....GOT THEIR ASSES KICKED BACK TO CANNAN OR UR OR JUDEA where ever they cam from...by the "Primitve" Egyptians.
funny how advanced these people were compared to the Kemmou but they failed to make a Nation of signigance compared to "Primitive" Km.t
the fact that their Fairy Tale Book..."the bible" is riddled with References to Km.t and the Kemmou BARLY reference them shows who was primitive and who was not...LOL.
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When the Hykos took control of the Delta, they saw in Set a strong similarity to the Leventine thunder-god Baal; and so they built a temple to the Egyptian deity and worshipped him under the name of their warrio-god, Sutekh. Perhaps it is this connection with their hated foreign occupiers that prompted the Egyptians to assign Set his Asiatic connections.
At the time, Set of old had been replaced in Egypt as religion as the face of pure evil. Set's head is that of a completely phantasmagorical creature with a down-curving pointed snout and upstanding long ears with squared-off ends. Set could also be represented by other threatening or unsavory beasts - the hippopotamus, boar, and ass.
While in pre-dynastic Egypt, Set was titled, Lord Of Upper Egypt and represented with favorable attributes, the evil and negative aspects of the God were not especially emphasized. Early on, Set was regarded as a companion to Re, often dwelling and defending him during their travels.
With the rise of the cult of Asar and the elaboration of the Osirian legend, Set transformed into the Asar's brother and his perpetual arch-enemy, eventually murdering his brother and cutting his body into fourteen pieces. Isis (Aset) found and reassembling Osiris who impregnates her before being reanimated in the Afterlife. Thus was born Horus (Hor) who avenged his father by defeating Set and regaining his father's crown.
Thus began the "Contendings of Hor and Set" for the throne of Asar which are numerous and elaborate. A few examples are;
-Set blinding his nephew Hor, by tearing out both his eyes while the young God slept.
-Set attempting to rape his newphew Hor, who fooled his uncle, catching the latter's semen in his hand and casting it and his hand into the nile.
-Aset (Isis) in retaliation, spreading her son's semen on Set's favorite garden vegetable, lettuce, which subsequently he ate, and as only Gods can do-thereby became pregnant with the seed of Hor, assuring the nephew's dominance over his uncle, Set.
-Set chammenging his nephew Hor to a boat race on the nile. When Set's stone boat sank as a result of Hor's trickery, Set turned himself into a raging hippopotamus and tore Hor's wooden boat to pieces, only escaping from being harpooned by Hor through the intervention of the other Gods.
These are the conditions in which the Hykos embraced Set, representing the assassin of Asar, total evil, and finally represented as an ass, with a knife sticking out of it's head. The Hykos may be that missing "integrated" element which whites are always claiming as the average Egyptian. The original (and now departed)semites.
Posts: 3595 | From: Moved To Mars. Waiting with shotgun | Registered: Dec 2006
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quote:Originally posted by Jari-Ankhamun: The Jewish Zoinist B.S is so ironic its funny. I saw an episode of "Exodus" uncovered on the History Channel. The fools were on there trying to say Ahmose means "Brother of Moses"...Trying to link their biblical fairy tales to Authentic Kemetic Records.
The only signifigance the Hebrews played in Pharonic Km.T was the Hyksos occupation. The Upper Egyptians delivered a swift kick out of their Land...LOL.
Exactly! And this is what "the first anti-semite", "Egyptian nationalist" Manetho has been saying all along.
Egyptian Nationalist...So what. Anti-semetic, the Kemmou spoke a languge simular to the Semetic tounge...
They might want to read about how the Kemmou felt about the "Asiatic"...LOL. Eurocentrics want everyone to believe the Egyptians only hated Nubians...LOL...The Egyptians HATED Asiatics. Manetho was only reciting the feelings of his people that goes back to Pharoah Ahmose and even further. The Kemmou saw no signifigance to the "Hyksos" in their culture, Everything found about the Hyskos shows they were a bunch of Egypanized wannabes.
I see so many books by Jewish scholars wanting to tie their Biblical Fairytales with Authentic Kemetic Records and rulers its sad. they want so bad to prove their Joseph or Moses was real.
Posts: 8804 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Yonis2 wrote: According to Manetho Hebrew's were the Hyksos who returned to Caanan. The Aamu could well have been the peacefull Hyksos preceeding the invading ones. Your problem is that you want to turn Hebrew's into some peacefull "blacks" of asia who got their identity stolen by "whites", which is ofcourse a bunch of BS based on ethnic biase and your abrahamic faith. Try to see things beyond your religion and ego. I think Manetho is more of an authority in this field than modern distorters. Be they Jew or "Black".
Hey Yonis, are YOU Jewish? Anyway, I was going to say nice try. But on reflection, no it's not, it's pathetic. You are quoting Manetho?? Stop the B.S. there is all manner of modern scholarly history to reference, but instead you quote the fragmented esoteric work of Manetho. I know enough about you people to know that is purposeful.
But it won't help, I am NOT one of your favorite people; i.e. The ignorant Negro. I know that you are a Turk, a Khazar, a White person. Hebrews were ethnically Amorites, a BLACK people!!! But don't take my word for it, look up the NDA evidence, then take a look at the statues that they made of themselves. It seems that you ignored the picture of the Black Hyksos woman, but there's more. BTW - If you wish to challenge the authenticity of these reliefs, take it up with the British Museum.
Nice illustrations Mike. Clearly black or "semites" in the true definition, pre jewish-zionists manipulation.
Posts: 3595 | From: Moved To Mars. Waiting with shotgun | Registered: Dec 2006
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quote:Mike111 wrote: I know that you are a Turk, a Khazar, a White person. Hebrews were ethnically Amorites, a BLACK people!!!
You just lost all your credibility. Me of all people being a Jew or Turk/khazar? Just Buzz off you ignorant fool and stop cluttering this thread with your intellectualy-deficient nonsense.
Posts: 1554 | Registered: Jul 2006
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quote:Mike 111 wrote: You are quoting Manetho?? Stop the B.S. there is all manner of modern scholarly history to reference, but instead you quote the fragmented esoteric work of Manetho.
. Manetho was an Ancient Egyptian who lived only some 900 years after the Hyksos were kicked out from Egypt, while we live some 3700 years after that event. So yes i'm more inclined to belive Manetho than some modern individuals who base their accounts on medevil authors that cite, citations of citaions of citations ad-infinitum. For me just a single citation by the author is much more creadible, as in Josephus case of quoting Manetho.
Posts: 1554 | Registered: Jul 2006
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quote:Mike111 wrote: I know that you are a Turk, a Khazar, a White person. Hebrews were ethnically Amorites, a BLACK people!!!
You just lost all your credibility. Me of all people being a Jew or Turk/khazar? Just Buzz off you ignorant fool and stop cluttering this thread with your intellectualy-deficient nonsense.
I have never meant you, or talked to you, I have only read other peoples description of you. But I do know that you folks are expert at fooling and manipulating ignorant Negroes. What you wrote spoke volumes, either you are Jewish, or you are one of their Negroes.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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^ mike, he talks that way because he doesnt like blacks very much. he hates the fact that we are reclaiming our stolen history even more. he lives with his aryan girlfriend in sweden and their mixed race off springs. but there will be a backlash against multiculturalism in europe and then he will have no where to run! lol
Posts: 4165 | From: jamaica | Registered: May 2008
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quote:Mike 111 wrote: You are quoting Manetho?? Stop the B.S. there is all manner of modern scholarly history to reference, but instead you quote the fragmented esoteric work of Manetho.
. Manetho was an Ancient Egyptian who lived only some 900 years after the Hyksos were kicked out from Egypt, while we live some 3700 years after that event. So yes i'm more inclined to belive Manetho than some modern individuals who base their accounts on medevil authors that cite, citations of citaions of citations ad-infinitum. For me just a single citation by the author is much more creadible, as in Josephus case of quoting Manetho.
Yonis2; Since you are so amored with Manetho, how do you explain this to your Christian Negroes.
Manetho writing about the events leading up to the second and final expulsion of the Hyksos.
Those sent to work in the quarries lived miserably for a long while, and the king was asked to set apart the city Avaris, which the Hyksos had left, for their habitation and protection; and he granted them their wish. But when these men had entered it, and found it suitable for a revolt, they chose a ruler from among the priests of Heliopolis, whose name was Osarsiph (Moses).
They swore an oath that they would obey him in all things. The first laws he gave them were that they should not worship the Egyptian gods, nor should they abstain from any of the sacred animals that the Egyptians held in the highest esteem, but could kill them, and that they should not ally themselves to any but those that were of their conspiracy.
After making such laws as these, and others contrary to Egyptian customs, he ordered that the many hands at their service to be employed in building walls around the city and prepare for a war with king Ahmose. He colluded with the other priests, and those that were polluted as well, (apparently many of the quarry workers were Lepers), and sent ambassadors to those Hyksos expelled by Kamose to Jerusalem, informing them of his own affairs, and of the state of those others that had been treated so shamefully, and desired that they would come united to his assistance in this war against Egypt.
He also promised their return to their ancient city and land of Avaris, and plentiful support for their people; that he would protect them and fight for them if need be, and that the land would easily be subdued. The Hyksos were delighted with his message, and assembled two hundred thousand men. Shortly they arrived at Avaris.
(Skipping the War)
The Egyptian historian "Manetho" (305–282 B.C.), writes about this expulsion: "And it was also reported that the priest, who ordained their polity and their laws, was by birth of Heliopolis, and his name was Osarsiph from Osyris, who was the god of Heliopolis; but that when he was gone over to these people, his name was changed, and he was called Moses". Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Mike111 wrote: I know that you are a Turk, a Khazar, a White person. Hebrews were ethnically Amorites, a BLACK people!!!
You just lost all your credibility. Me of all people being a Jew or Turk/khazar? Just Buzz off you ignorant fool and stop cluttering this thread with your intellectualy-deficient nonsense.
I have never meant you, or talked to you, I have only read other peoples description of you. But I do know that you folks are expert at fooling and manipulating ignorant Negroes. What you wrote spoke volumes, either you are Jewish, or you are one of their Negroes.
The Jews think they are running everything but they are pawns of the WASPs Posts: 2642 | Registered: Sep 2007
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^^^Blacks are so far below, that it really doesn't matter. That's why their continued ignorance is so pathetic.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by akoben08: ^ mike, he talks that way because he doesnt like blacks very much. he hates the fact that we are reclaiming our stolen history even more. he lives with his aryan girlfriend in sweden and their mixed race off springs. but there will be a backlash against multiculturalism in europe and then he will have no where to run! lol
Yonis2 is very rude. But I don't thing we need to say hateful things about his children.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^^^Blacks are so far below, that it really doesn't matter. That's why their continued ignorance is so pathetic.
Different groups often blame each other for mistreating "Negroes". This is for three reasons
1) if the other group is worse or more at fault you don't have to feel as guilty
2) As a way to attack the other group, make them look like the bad guy
3) To prove discrimination against black people is universal so it's ok to do so
Often ignorant "Negroes" play into it and blame all their problems on one group which is to the joy to one of the other groups.
In fact, all you have to do to manipulate an ignorant Negro is to tell him he is ignorant and being manipulated. Just curious, whats your ethnic background?
Posts: 2642 | Registered: Sep 2007
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quote:Originally posted by akoben08: ^ mike, he talks that way because he doesnt like blacks very much. he hates the fact that we are reclaiming our stolen history even more. he lives with his aryan girlfriend in sweden and their mixed race off springs. but there will be a backlash against multiculturalism in europe and then he will have no where to run! lol
I have no kids, I'm only 24 years old and my girl since 3 and 1/12 years i'm going to marry hopefully soon(probably 2009), and she is Somali. Unlike your type we are confident with our women, we don't hunt others females since ours don't suddenly become ugly as soon as we set our foot on western soil. Our loyalty goes all the way.
Posts: 1554 | Registered: Jul 2006
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Basically, the title of this thread is a load of bull, H* NO Yonis isn't Jewish Mike, and ^^^ danm it looks like I'm the Youngest guy on here with Tyranno gone.
I feel like I'm surrounded by a bunch of old ppl on this forum, except [not so -] Young Horus of course.
quote:Originally posted by Alive-(What Box): Basically, the title of this thread is a load of bull, H* NO Yonis isn't Jewish Mike, and ^^^ danm it looks like I'm the Youngest guy on here with Tyranno gone.
I feel like I'm surrounded by a bunch of old ppl on this forum, except [not so -] Young Horus of course.
I hate to tell you this Box, but the function of the board is to teach and be taught, ancient history. To most people, a community of mature learned people, would be most condusive to this goal. Perhaps you might want to reaccess your own goals. AOL has some really nice social boards.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by akoben08: ^ mike, he talks that way because he doesnt like blacks very much. he hates the fact that we are reclaiming our stolen history even more. he lives with his aryan girlfriend in sweden and their mixed race off springs. but there will be a backlash against multiculturalism in europe and then he will have no where to run! lol
I have no kids, I'm only 24 years old and my girl since 3 and 1/12 years i'm going to marry hopefully soon(probably 2009), and she is Somali. Unlike your type we are confident with our women, we don't hunt others females since ours don't suddenly become ugly as soon as we set our foot on western soil. Our loyalty goes all the way.
You know Yonis for all your other s**t, if what you say is true, then good for you and your Somali girlfriend. Really i thought you were one of those Africans who go for white women. But even in whitest land of Sweden you still remain loyal to the race. If nothing else you get respect for that. Good for you bro even though you don't want to identify as "black race" lol
Posts: 4165 | From: jamaica | Registered: May 2008
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Thank you very much, normaly i don't care about race but my girl means alot to me, and i feel i'm settled after a turbulent time during my younger crazy years. Anyway, We don't have racial cencus in Sweden as in UK and U.S.A therefor race doesn't really have an important role here, either you are a swedish citizen or you're not, that's the only two choice officialy in the society.
Posts: 1554 | Registered: Jul 2006
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markellion - How did you know that it was me, what gave me away?
Oh I know, it's just more of your sterling psychological expertise as demonstrated above. I guess I never really stood a chance against you.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: [QUOTE]Originally posted by Alive-(What Box): [qb] Basically, the title of this thread is a load of bull, H* NO Yonis isn't Jewish Mike, and ^^^ danm it looks like I'm the Youngest guy on here with Tyranno gone.
Perhaps you might want to reaccess your own goals. AOL has some really nice social boards - and they really dig youtube.
Manetho on the Hyksos Manetho, Aegyptiaca., frag. 42, 1.75-79.2
Tutimaeus, In his reign, for what cause I know not, a blast of God smote us; and unexpectedly, from the regions of the East, invaders of obscure race marched in confidence of victory against our land. By main force they easily overpowered the rulers of the land, they then burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of the gods, and treated all the natives with a cruel hostility, massacring some and leading into slavery the wives and children of others. Finally, they appointed as king one of their number whose name was Salitis. He had his seat at Memphis, levying tribute from Upper and Lower Egypt, and leaving garrisons behind in the most advantageous positions. Above all, he fortified the district to the east, foreseeing that the Assyrians, as they grew stronger, would one day covet and attack his kingdom.
A scholarly analysis of the period.
At the end of the 12th dynasty a people called "Hyksos" settled down in the eastern delta Their name is originally the Egyptian "heqa-khase" - rulers of foreign lands. After their presence in the country (the delta) for about 150 years, another hyksos dynasty (15) was possibly a new wave coming from the Canaanite region and they made the fortified capital of Avaris.
The rather peaceful dynasty 14 was thereby ended (like the Egyptian dynasty 13) and the new rulers of Avaris were acting in a more expansive and militarily active way. They had their own gods but never imposed these on the indigenous people and the language in the administration continued to be Egyptian. The only domestic god they worshipped was Set, who they identified as their own god of storms. They seem to have adopted Egyptian manners, laws, and had trade relations with the Minoans and Babylonians. They were recognized by later Egyptians and listed as legitimate kings, but no tombs from these half a dozen rulers have been found and their personal names were non-Egyptian. The kings claimed themselves pharaohs with all the regalia and tradition attached to that title and the more than hundred years they ruled northern Egypt was mainly a time of peace and prosperity.
At most they had control down to the middle Egyptian town of Hermopolis and thus divided the Nile Valley into two parts with the Egyptian dynasties 16 and 17 ruling the south. No hostility seems to have been between the two parts until the last 20 years after a century of relatively peace. The 16th dynasty of Egyptians (possibly from the Abydos region) may have been vassals of the Hyksos. They were then taken over by the Theban Kings who formed the 17th dynasty. It was the Thebans who started the liberation war that finally drove out the Hyksos from Egypt.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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It is worthy to note; that when Manetho wrote Aegyptiaca, Egypt was under Greek rule. Aegyptiaca was probably his attempt to preserve what he could of Egypt’s glorious past.
In that vein, it is interesting to note his apparent embarrassment with the Hyksos period. He attributes its beginnings to a phantom invasion, and describes the Hyksos derogatorily as an obscure race. To me, this suggests that the Greeks have already begun a campaign of marginalizing Egyptians and their culture. And this is his attempt to combat this assault by declaring that Egypt could only be taken by force.
Which of course, fly’s in the face of what gave Greeks the opportunity to question Egyptian character in the first place: i.e. the fact that they willingly gave themselves over to the Greeks, so as to spite the Persians.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: It is worthy to note; that when Manetho wrote Aegyptiaca, Egypt was under Greek rule. Aegyptiaca was probably his attempt to preserve what he could of Egypt’s glorious past.
In that vein, it is interesting to note his apparent embarrassment with the Hyksos period. He attributes its beginnings to a phantom invasion, and describes the Hyksos derogatorily as an obscure race. To me, this suggests that the Greeks have already begun a campaign of marginalizing Egyptians and their culture. And this is his attempt to combat this assault by declaring that Egypt could only be taken by force.
Which of course, fly’s in the face of what gave Greeks the opportunity to question Egyptian character in the first place: i.e. the fact that they willingly gave themselves over to the Greeks, so as to spite the Persians.
The Hatred for "Asiatics"(Hebrews, Persians..ect.) by the Kemmou was so strong that it lasted until the Greek occupation and manifested with Manetho. Just more BLATANT evidence(including Kadesh, Abu Simbel..ect) that the Kemmou HATED Asiatics("Arabs", Hebrews, Persians..ect) they wanted nothing of Km.t, its history or its people to do with an Asiatic. The fact that "people" discrace the Kemmou by saying they came from a group of people the Kemmou could not stand is beyond me....
Its like saying the White Spaniards decended from the Moors..LOL...Imagine the Racist dogma one would be told if he said that to a Spainard today.....Now Imagine telling a Kemmou they decended from Asiatic(Arabs)...LOL.
Regarding the Greeks, it obvious the Kemmou TRUSTED the Greek occupiers of their land due to their past relationship... but recieved an opressive slap in the face. While not as bad as the Roman dictators that Closed the Coffin and DESTROYED the culture of Km.t the Greeks were occupiers none the less, and occupiers that used the land of Km.t and eventually Northern "Nubia" to their own benifit and not to benifit the Kemmou.
Posts: 8804 | From: The fear of his majesty had entered their hearts, they were powerless | Registered: Nov 2007
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Jari-Ankhamun - That sounds like a fair interpretation of their motives. Where do you stand on “God promised this land to the Hebrews” Are they talking about Yahweh or Ahmose I?
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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"Aamu" is a just a variation of "Anu/Oru". There is nothing new the Jewish dude is telling us. Unfortunately, these people cannot speak without myths. Rather than relying on mythical stories, mybe he should learn about the Ancient "Anu/Oru" people in relations to reality. The ancient Anu/Oru where ancestors to Ancient Kemetians and is vividly remember by well known groups who now lived in West Africa:
quote:Originally posted by akoben08: ^ They suffer from a complex like their brothers the WASP. It is said that in Black Athena Martin Bernal's hidden intentions were to promote Jewish (Phoenicians) contributions to Greece. The "black" was just a smokescreen. [The Jewish Onslaught Tony Martin]
The most hilarious part of it all is that Jews didn't even exist in that time we're talking about, let alone claiming they were there. If Khazars were in Ancient Kemet then I dropped the bomb on the Japanese. And I know I didn't do it.
Posts: 213 | From: New York City, USA | Registered: Sep 2007
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