1. Convert to PDF file or jpg. If you have the software. 2. Upload to a pdf host site. Then link.
3. Or if it is a jpg, then use tinypic or something similar.
oh!! also I believe Bob_01(?) uses a file share site in many of his post.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Ancestry In 1901, little attention was given to the skeletal remains interred within the coffin (Boynton 1902; RCHM Ebvracvm 1962: 73). A re-assessment of ST60 showed that the skeleton is of a young female, aged between 18–23 years. Her height was calculated by means of regression formulae based on the correlation of limb-bone length to stature (Trotter 1970), suggesting a height of 5’1” (range: 5’0”–5’2” or 152-160cm) based on the maximum length of the femur (414mm). This makes her only slightly shorter than the average female from Roman Britain, where the average stature has been estimated at 5’2” (Roberts & Cox 2003: 142). The skeleton was gracile and did not exhibit pronounced muscle markings that would have suggested a strenuous lifestyle (Hawkey & Merbs 1995). There was no evidence of trauma, pathology or childhood stress, and no apparent cause of death. While some early craniometric studies were tainted by racism (Gould 1992; Arnold 2006: 15-19, Pl. 1; Gosden 2006), ancestry assessment is today an established method in forensic anthropology and offers valuable additional information on the identity of an individual. Ancestry assessment methods that evaluate cranial and facial morphology (Bass 1995) traditionally use simplified categories such as ‘mixed race’, ‘black’ and ‘white’, but it is understood that skeletal assessment does not give information about skin colour, and that discretely defined racial groups do not exist (Brace 1995; AAPA 1996). Instead, morphological and metrical assessments of the skull tell us about phenotypical variation of humans over geographic areas (Brace 1995; AAPA 1996). The remains of the ‘ivory bangle lady’ were analysed using standard methods for the assessment of ancestry in forensic anthropology (see Bass 1995; Byers 2005). During the osteological analysis it was noted that the facial characteristics of this female exhibited a mix of ‘black’ and ‘white’ ancestral traits (Figure 3). The skull exhibited a low, wide and broad nasal ridge and wide inter-orbital breadth suggestive of ‘black’ ancestry, while the nasal spine and nasal border demonstrated ‘white’ characteristics. The shape of the nasal aperture was inconclusive. Although some post-mortem damage had occurred, the cranium was complete enough to perform a craniometric analysis, which quantifies the characteristics on an objective scale in an attempt to further define the ancestral identity of an individual. Standard craniometric measurements were taken (Howells 1973, 1995; Bass 1995; Byers 2005; Jantz & Owsley 2005) and were compared to Howells’ worldwide reference populations and the forensic data bank, using FORDISC 3.0 discriminant functions software (Jantz & Owsley 2005). When using these multivariate analyses, similarity to a reference population does not indicate a specific identity, but rather a physical affinity of the unknown cranium to the closest population within the reference collection. It should be noted that this reference collection comprises only early modern populations, and that the recording of craniometric data of Roman-period skeletons from Britain and the Mediterranean is clearly a research priority (Leach et al. 2009). The degree of similarity of the unknown cranium to the populations included inHowells’ samples is provided by the Mahalanobis Distance (MD), a value best expressing the overall similarity of the test cranium to the reference populations (Table 1; Figure 4). The closer the MD score is to 0, the more similar the unknown cranium is to the reference group. In the current study, scores over 10 were not considered significant. FORDISC 3.0 also provides calculations of ‘typicality’ and ‘posterior’ statistical probabilities; however, as the latter assume that the test cranium must belong to one of the reference populations, only the former are appropriate for the current investigation. Typicality probabilities express the likelihood of a cranium belonging to a particular group, based on its distance from that group, and the variability of all the populations tested (Jantz & Owsley 2005). They are represented as values from 0 to 1; the higher the number, the more similar are the values of the test cranium to the mean of the reference population. Typicality probabilities of less than 0.05 would indicate no affinity to the reference population (Jantz & Owsley 2005), whereas scores greater than 0.7 would suggest a strong association with the group. The results of the craniometric multivariate analysis of ST60 suggest greatest affinity with two reference populations of African-American females, particularly BF19 which comprises individuals from the nineteenth-century Terry and Hamann-Todd collections (Table 1; Figure 4). The MD is under 10 at 8.3 and the typicality probability is just below 0.7 at 0.6 (Table 1). It should be stressed that similarity to African-American reference populations does not indicate a specific identity or regional origin, but rather a physical affinity to the closest population within the reference collection. The African-American populations in Howell’s database are characterised by a much larger element of genetic admixture than the Sub-Saharan African groups and it is likely that ST60’s affinity to the African-Americans is also the result of mixed ancestry. The suggestion of mixed ancestry for ST60 is also supported by the results of the anthroposcopic assessment of morphological traits, which gave both ‘white’ and ‘black’ traits. The fact that ST60 shows only little or no affinity to any of the ‘white’ populations in Howell’s database further underlines her unusual ancestry within the north-west European context. Roman North Africa is well known for its mixed populations (e.g. Mattingly & Hitchner 1995: 171-4) reflecting Phoenician, Berber and generally Mediterranean influences, and individuals from Roman North Africa are therefore more likely to display mixed rather than strongly Sub-Saharan features. The presence of a possibly North African individual in Roman York may be at odds with popular preconceptions of a typical northern Romano-British population, but North Africans are well documented in the epigraphic record of Roman Britain (Thompson 1972; Birley 1979). However, this historical and epigraphic evidence largely predates the burial; this woman’s suggested origin would thus provide rare evidence for late Roman long-distance migration. In order to confirm whether this woman was a foreigner who may have migrated to York, oxygen and strontium isotope analysis was employed.Posts: 26280 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
So your comparison was not too far DJ But somethings they are trying to correct somethings they will get tripped-up on and that is the wide amount of morphological traits one will find in Africa with-out a case of the individuals being "white" or "mixed" if the features are narrow not saying that she couldn't be of mixed back-ground. Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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posted
^ Yes you are right about the comments on nose such as nasal spine and nasal border. There are Africans in Sub-Sahara that have nasal vaults narrower than many Europeans and nasal spines that are higher as well. Again, because craniofacial features vary so greatly among human populations and especially those of Africa, I question their claim of the lady being "mixed" unless that have some other data say skeletal measurements showing intermediate status between tropical and cold-adapted traits or something to that effect.
Posts: 26280 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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posted
Not really O.T but not dealing with the Ivory Bangle Lady directly.
But it is possible that she was an Isiac worshipper as females were the ones mostly attracted to Isis but not exclusively. so she and others like her could feel right at home even if a little damp and cold at times..because the Romans did import their own Gods/Goddesses that included Mithras Jupiter,Mars and Isis and others
The Temple of Isis
A temple to the great Egyptian goddess Isis was tantalizingly suggested by the discovery of an earthenware jug at Southwark on the opposite side of the Thames from the Londinium settlement, close to the line of the Watling Street through Cantium. This object was inscribed with the words LONDINI AD FANVM ISIDIS or "From London at the temple of Isis", and has been dated to the latter half of the second century. It was not until the mid-1970's that a Roman altarstone dedicated to the goddess was finally discovered (vide RIB 39b infra) http://www.new-dimension-software.com/milano/london.php A scene like this Roman Isiac Temple in Pompaii was being played out in Londonium..quite possible that a similar scene was also being played out in York.(capitol of Britain minor)
Posts: 6546 | From: japan | Registered: Feb 2009
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posted
somebody start the Twilight Zone music, the nuts are running everywhere. Roman British negroids...... Posts: 2036 | From: Texas | Registered: Sep 2009
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Go on with yuh bad self!! Those fughking scientist don't know what they are talking about. Correct them Hammer, she is not black or mixed as they said she was. You know better.
She is a cocoa-soid!!!
BTW-in case you missed the sarcasm. Afro-Centric did NOT create this rendition.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
I'll be glad to correct them moron if indeed you are not jumping the gun as you usually do. So since we found some Roman coins in Kansas we can assume Caesar was fighting in America? When are you going to grow up and stop drawing major conclusions from ever piece of info that comes down the road?
Posts: 2036 | From: Texas | Registered: Sep 2009
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posted
^ Hammered, again for the nth time we are doing nothing but repeating what the author of the article as well as the author of the archaeological paper stated. Nobody is jumping the gun or jumping to conclusions, but repeating the conclusions the experts made themselves!
Now you are even less an expert than the other veterans in this forum, but we'll give YOU a chance to offer an explanation for these findings. Can you??
Posts: 26280 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Now you are even less an expert than the other veterans in this forum, but we'll give YOU a chance to offer an explanation for these findings. Can you??
Can't wait. I need a good laugh.
Posts: 1038 | From: Franklin Park, NJ | Registered: Aug 2005
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posted
23 seems rather young and all the incisors a bit unusual to be missing from an upper class lady.
Don't know how it may apply here but some North Africans were known to remove the upper median incisors in childhood. Occasionally lower median and upper lateral incisors were also removed.
I don't know the cultural implications of incisor removal but it appears to be another factor in a possible North African origin of Ivory Bangle Lady.
quote:Originally posted by Brada-Anansi:
quote:Originally posted by alTakruri:
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
Anymore relevant snippets from the report or any raw hard data like tables, charts, graphs, or figures, etc.?
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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quote:Originally posted by Brada-Anansi: So your comparison was not too far DJ But somethings they are trying to correct somethings they will get tripped-up on and that is the wide amount of morphological traits one will find in Africa with-out a case of the individuals being "white" or "mixed" if the features are narrow not saying that she couldn't be of mixed back-ground.
A Lady of York: migration, ethnicity and identity in Roman Britain S. Leach,1 H. Eckardt1, C. Chenery1,2, G. Mu ̈ldner1 & M. Lewis1 March 2010,
The remains of the ‘ivory bangle lady’ were analysed using standard methods for the assessment of ancestry in forensic anthropology (see Bass 1995; Byers 2005). During the osteological analysis it was noted that the facial characteristics of this female exhibited a mix of ‘black’ and ‘white’ ancestral traits (Figure 3). The skull exhibited a low, wide and broad nasal ridge and wide inter-orbital breadth suggestive of ‘black’ ancestry, while the nasal spine and nasal border demonstrated ‘white’ characteristics. The shape of the nasal aperture was inconclusive.
The craniomorphometric analysis suggests that she may have been of ‘mixed race’ ancestry.
The case of the ‘ivory bangle lady’ contradicts assumptions that may derive from more recent historical experience, namely that immigrants are low status and male, and that African individuals are likely to have been slaves. Instead, it is clear that both women and children moved across the Empire, often associated with the military (James 2001: 80).
Artefactual evidence also suggests that ‘the Roman north was a cosmopolitan place with a great mixing of people from all over the empire’ (Cool 2002: 42). For example, Swan (1992) argued for the presence of North Africans in York on the basis of braziers and other vessels typical of North African food-ways but made in local fabrics.
Roman North Africa is well known for its mixed populations (e.g. Mattingly & Hitchner 1995: 171-4) reflecting Phoenician, Berber and generally Mediterranean influences, and individuals from Roman North Africa are therefore more likely to display mixed rather than strongly Sub-Saharan features.
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
Figure 4 shows IBL in an unique, non-overlapping cluster with two Black American females despite Berbers included in the author's definition of European.
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] The first documented Black royal of Europe is the Bangle lady of Britain.Her grave indicates her high status.
Was she African, Roman or European?
Posts: 8675 | From: Tukuler al~Takruri as Ardo since OCT2014 | Registered: Feb 2003
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quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] The first documented Black royal of Europe is the Bangle lady of Britain.Her grave indicates her high status.
Was she African, Roman or European?
LOL Pathetic individual you are. lol
Posts: 8675 | From: Tukuler al~Takruri as Ardo since OCT2014 | Registered: Feb 2003
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quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] The first documented Black royal of Europe is the Bangle lady of Britain.Her grave indicates her high status.
Was she African, Roman or European?
I'm asking Clyde
She may have been one of the Black Europeans discusssed by McRitchie in his work.
A few family names:
Posts: 8675 | From: Tukuler al~Takruri as Ardo since OCT2014 | Registered: Feb 2003
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