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Are you all hostile to me?? This is because you have prejugements.
I don't hate blacks at all. I don't mind if they were inferior or not. I only try to survive, i've no interesting in judging the ethnicities.
Unfortunately, the blacks were enslaved, but slavery is not black. But since, the blacks were strong, but without state to defend them, they became enslaved. The Berbers were enslaved too...
By Mexican i mean Mexican (nationality) and not the natives of early America. The blacks of today in Morocco are involved in illegal immigration through morocco to Europa.
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quote:Originally posted by Yonis2: Yes they were, egyptian berbers originally of the western desert close to the the nile.
Egyptians/thebians didn't like them and their heretic worship that's why the sanctioned Piye of Napata to overthrow the 24th berber dynasty and establish the 25th kushite dynasty.
Journal of Genetic Genealogy, 5 (1):35-65, 2009
Y Haplogroups, Archaeological Cultures and Language Families: A
Review of the Possibility of Multidisciplinary Comparisons Using the Case of Haplogroup E-M35
Scenario 3. More recent Afroasiatic, originating in Africa. Despite its large impact, the founding population.
Our review of the E-M35 evidence gives many insights useful for multidisciplinary consideration in both linguistics and archaeology:
Berber populations, while overwhelmingly dominated by specific E-M35 male lineages, are not the same sub-clades as found along the Nile and into the Horn of Africa.
"The evidence strongly suggests that the male lineage most strongly associated with Afroasiatic, E-M35, clearly has an origin far from the Levant, in Africa."
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An examination of Nubian and Egyptian biological distances: Support for biological diffusion or in situ development?
K. Goddea, b, Corresponding Author Contact Information, E-mail The Corresponding Author
aDepartment of Anthropology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 250 South Stadium Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
bDepartment of Science, South College, 3904 Lonas Dr, Knoxville, TN 37909, USA
Received 31 July 2008; accepted 10 August 2009. Available online 19 September 2009.
Abstract
Many authors have speculated on Nubian biological evolution. Because of the contact Nubians had with other peoples, migration and/or invasion (biological diffusion) were originally thought to be the biological mechanism for skeletal changes in Nubians. Later, a new hypothesis was put forth, the in situ hypothesis. The new hypothesis postulated that Nubians evolved in situ, without much genetic influence from foreign populations. This study examined 12 Egyptian and Nubian groups in an effort to explore the relationship between the two populations and to test the in situ hypothesis. Data from nine cranial nonmetric traits were assessed for an estimate of biological distance, using Mahalanobis D2 with a tetrachoric matrix. The distance scores were then input into principal coordinates analysis (PCO) to depict the relationships between the two populations. PCO detected 60% of the variation in the first two principal coordinates. A plot of the distance scores revealed only one cluster; the Nubian and Egyptian groups clustered together. The grouping of the Nubians and Egyptians indicates there may have been some sort of gene flow between these groups of Nubians and Egyptians. However, common adaptation to similar environments may also be responsible for this pattern. Although the predominant results in this study appear to support the biological diffusion hypothesis, the in situ hypothesis was not completely negated.
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The nubian mesolithic: A consideration of the Wadi Halfa remains
References and further reading may be available for this article. To view references and further reading you must purchase this article.
Meredith F. Small*
Department of anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80302, U.S.A.
Received 4 June 1980; accepted 30 October 1980. Available online 5 April 2006.
Morphological variation of the skeletal remains of ancient Nubia has been traditionally explained as a product of multiple migrations into the Nile Valley. In contrast, various researchers have noted a continuity in craniofacial variation from Mesolithic through Neolithic times. This apparent continuity could be explained by in situ cultural evolution producing shifts in selective pressures which may act on teeth, the facial complex, and the cranial vault.
A series of 13 Mesolithic skulls from Wadi Halfa, Sudan, are compared to Nubian Neolithic remains by means of extended canonical analysis. Results support recent research which suggests consistent trends of facial reduction and cranial vault expansion from Mesolithic through Neolithic times.
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How everything came about, and not just popped out of thin air!!!!!!?
The continuum!
Nubia's Oldest House?
Some of the most important evidence of early man in Nubia was discovered recently by an expedition of the Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, under the direction of Dr. Kryzstof Grzymski, on the east bank of the Nile, about 70 miles (116 km) south of Dongola, Sudan. During the early 1990's, this team discovered several sites containing hundreds of Paleolithic hand axes. At one site, however, the team identified an apparent stone tool workshop, where thousands of sandstone hand axes and flakes lay on the ground around a row of large stones set in a line, suggesting the remains of a shelter. This seems to be the earliest "habitation" site yet discovered in the Nile Valley and may be up to 70,000 years old.
What the Nubian environment was like throughout these distant times, we cannot know with certainty, but it must have changed many times. For many thousands of years it was probably far different than what it is today. Between about 50,000 to 25,000 years ago, the hand axe gradually disappeared and was replaced with numerous distinctive chipped stone industries that varied from region to region, suggesting the presence in Nubia of many different peoples or tribal groups dwelling in close proximity to each other. When we first encounter skeletal remains in Nubia, they are those of modern man: homo sapiens.
Nubia's Oldest Battle?
From about 25,000 to 8,000 years ago, the environment gradually evolved to its present state. From this phase several very early settlement sites have been identified at the Second Cataract, near the Egypt-Sudan border. These appear to have been used seasonally by people leading a semi-nomadic existence. The people hunted, fished, and ground wild grain. The first cemeteries also appear, suggesting that people may have been living at least partly sedentary lives. One cemetery site at Jebel Sahaba, near Wadi Halfa, Sudan, contained a number of bodies that had suffered violent deaths and were buried in a mass grave. This suggests that people, even 10,000 years ago, had begun to compete with each other for resources and were willing to kill each other to control them.
Professor of African American Studies and History, Northeastern University
Timothy Kendall
Former Associate Curator, Dept. of Ancient Egyptian, Nubian, and Near Eastern Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston; and Vice President, International Nubian Studies Society
Mission archéologique suisse au Soudan Université de Neuchâtel Institut de Préhistoire et des Sciences de l’Antiquité Matthieu Honegger
Three scale models—of the Mesolithic hut of el-Barga (7500 B.C.), the proto-urban agglomeration of the Pre-Kerma (3000 B.C.) and the ancient city of Kerma (2500-1500 B.C.)—give a glimpse of the world of the living. They show the evolution of settlements for each of the key periods in Nubian history. Huts indicate the birth of a sedentary way of life, the agglomeration confirms the settling of populations on a territory and the capital of the Kingdom of Kerma marks the culmination of the complexification of Nubian architecture with its ever more monumental constructions. The three models were created in Switzerland by Hugo Lienhard and were installed in the museum in January 2009.
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Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the University of Alberta
BACKGROUND
Nubia served in antiquity as an important north-south corridor for trade and military contacts with civilizations of Egypt and the Ethiopian highlands, and as a route east to the Red Sea and west through the Chad depression to West Africa. Much of our knowledge of ancient Nubia comes from a series of archaeological surveys and salvage excavations that began in 1907, prior to the raising of the first Aswan dam. The last salvage campaign was directed by UNESCO and involved 27 countries in excavation and preservation work during the 1960s and 1970s along a stretch of the Nile River that was to be flooded by the construction of the Aswan High Dam, south of Aswan.
The skeletal remains examined in this study of biological affinities and palaeopathology were excavated by the Scandinavian Joint Expedition in 1963-1964 and are now curated at the Laboratory of Biological Anthropology at the University of Copenhagen. The A-Group sample is from Site 277 and dates to the Classic/Terminal A-Group, corresponding to the Egyptian protodynastic or Archaic periods, the time of Egyptian unification.
The C-Group remains are from Site 179, which is most likely contemporaneous with the First Intermediate Period or early Middle Kingdom of dynastic Egyptian civilization
One of the oldest remains from Upper Egypt, shows strong sub-Saharan affinities, and early northern Egypt also shows sub-Saharan affinities through cultural traits- the 'Nubian complex' of technology and production.
"The morphometric affinities of the 33,000 year old skeleton from Nazlet Khater, Upper Egypt are examined using multivariate statistical procedures.. The results indicate a strong association between some of the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens, and the Nazlet Khater mandible. Furthermore, the results suggest that variability between African populations during the Neolithic and Protohistoric periods was more pronounced than the range of variability observed among recent African and Levantine populations." (PINHASI Ron, SEMAL Patrick (2000). The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations. Journal of human evolution. 2000, vol. 39, no3, pp. 269-288 )
"..Middle Paleolithic and the transition to the Upper Paleolithic in the Lower Nile Valley are described... the Middle Paleolithic or, more appropriately, Middle Stone Age of this region starts with the arrival of new populations from sub-Saharan Africa, as evidenced by the nature of the EarlyOne of the oldest remains from Upper Egypt, shows strong sub-Saharan affinities, and early northern Egypt also shows sub-Saharan affinities through cultural traits- the 'Nubian complex' of technology and production.
"The morphometric affinities of the 33,000 year old skeleton from Nazlet Khater, Upper Egypt are examined using multivariate statistical procedures.. The results indicate a strong association between some of the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens, and the Nazlet Khater mandible. Furthermore, the results suggest that variability between African populations during the Neolithic and Protohistoric periods was more pronounced than the range of variability observed among recent African and Levantine populations." (PINHASI Ron, SEMAL Patrick (2000). The position of the Nazlet Khater specimen among prehistoric and modern African and Levantine populations. Journal of human evolution. 2000, vol. 39, no3, pp. 269-288 )
"..Middle Paleolithic and the transition to the Upper Paleolithic in the Lower Nile Valley are described... the Middle Paleolithic or, more appropriately, Middle Stone Age of this region starts with the arrival of new populations from sub-Saharan Africa, as evidenced by the nature of the Early to Middle Stone Age transition in stratified sites. Throughout the late Middle Pleistocene technological change occurs leading to the establishment of the Nubian Complex by the onset of the Upper Pleistocene." (Van Peer, Philip. Did middle stone age moderns of sub-Saharan African descent trigger an upper paleolithic revolution in the lower nile valley? Anthropologie. vol. 42, no3, pp. 215-225 ) to Middle Stone Age transition in stratified sites. Throughout the late Middle Pleistocene technological change occurs leading to the establishment of the Nubian Complex by the onset of the Upper Pleistocene." (Van Peer, Philip. Did middle stone age moderns of sub-Saharan African descent trigger an upper paleolithic revolution in the lower nile valley? Anthropologie. vol. 42, no3, pp. 215-22 Posts: 447 | Registered: Apr 2010
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Egypt, 8000–2000 b.c. Encompasses ancient Egypt and northern ancient Nubia
ca. 4500–3800 B.C.(Badarian Period) Although most sites of this period are cemeteries located in the low desert of the Nile valley proper, the Delta site of Merimde Beni Salama is the largest known in Egypt from this time. The Nile valley sites located in Middle Egypt in the vicinity of the modern town of Badari give the period its name. The numerous Badarian cemeteries reveal a formal burial program that includes constructing a tomb, positioning the body, and supplying the deceased with equipment for an afterlife. The most common burial objects are finely made bowls of Nile clay in brown or red. Tombs occasionally contain jewelry—including the earliest glazed stone beads—and sometimes small human figures of ivory.
Some Notes about an Early African Pool of Cultures from which Emerged Egyptian Civilization
These archaeological data outline a new map of the formation of ancient Egypt: Tasian and Badarian Valley sites were not the centres of a predynastic culture, but peripheral provinces of a network of earlier African cultures where Badarians, Saharans, Nubian and Nilotic peoples regularly circulated along (Darnell 2008) and Nabta Playa could be one of the ceremonial high circles.
The pottery collection consists of 14,285 pottery sherds, including some worked sherds used as tools, four entire vessels and half of a big pot. There are also thin sections of prehistoric sherds and clay samples, both from the Western Desert....etc
Determination of optimal rehydration, fixation and staining methods for histological and immunohistochemical analysis of mummified soft tissues
A-M Mekota1, M Vermehren2
Biotechnic & Histochemistry 2005, 80(1): 7_/13
"Materials and methods In 1997, the German Institute for Archaeology headed an excavation of the tombs of the nobles in Thebes-West, Upper Egypt. At this time, three types of tissues were sampled from different mummies: meniscus (fibrocartilage), skin, and placenta. Archaeological findings suggest that the mummies dated from the New Kingdom (approximately 1550_/1080 BC)...... The basal epithelial cells were packed with melanin as expected for specimens of neriod origin."
History in the Interpretation of the Pattern of p49a,f TaqI RFLP Y-Chromosome Variation in Egypt: A Consideration of Multiple Lines of Evidence,
"ABSTRACT"
The possible factors involved in the generation of p49a,f TaqI Y-chromosome spatial diversity in Egypt were explored. The object was to consider explanations beyond those that emphasize gene flow mediated via military campaigns within the Nile corridor during the dynastic period. Current patterns of the most common variants (V, XI, and IV) have been suggested to be primarily related to Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom political actions in Nubia, including occasional settler colonization, and the conquest of Egypt by Kush (in upper Nubia, northern Sudan), thus initiating the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty. However, a synthesis of evidence from archaeology, historical linguistics, texts, distribution of haplotypes outside Egypt, and some demographic considerations lends greater support to the establishment, before the Middle Kingdom, of the observed distributions of the most prevalent haplotypes V, XI, and IV. It is suggested that the pattern of diversity for these variants in the Egyptian Nile Valley was largely the product of population events that occurred in the late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene through the First Dynasty, and was sustained by continuous smaller-scale bidirectional migrations/interactions.
The higher frequency of V in Ethiopia than in Nubia or upper (southern) Egypt has to be taken into account in any discussion of variation in the Nile Valley. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 17 : "
Haplotypes and percentages
Region (n) IV V XI VII VIII XI XV Lower Egypt (162) 1.2 51.9 11.7 8.6 10.5 3.7 6.8 Upper Egypt (66) 27.3 24.2 28.8 4.6 3.0 0.0 6.1 Lower Nubia (46) 39.1 17.4 30.4 2.2 2.2 0.0 0.0 1
From Lucotte and Mercier (2002).
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"Despite the difference, Gebel Ramlah [the Western Desert- Saharan region] is closest to predynastic and early dynastic samples from Abydos, Hierakonpolis, and Badari.."
the Badarians were a "good representative of what the common ancestor to all later predynastic and dynastic Egyptian peoples would be like"
"A comparison of Badari to the Naqada and Hierakonpolis samples .. contradicts the idea of a foreign origin for the Naqada (Petrie, 1939; Baumgartel, 1970)"
Evidence in favor of continuity is also demonstrated by comparison of individual samples. "Naqada and especially Hierakonpolis share close affinities with First-Second Dynasty Abydos.. These findings do not support the concept of a foreign dynastic ''race''"
"Thus, despite increasing foreign influence after the Second Intermediate Period, not only did Egyptian culture remain intact (Lloyd, 2000a), but the people themselves, as represented by the dental samples, appear biologically constant as well."
(Joel D. Irish (2006). Who Were the Ancient Egyptians? Dental Affinities Among Neolithic Through Postdynastic Peoples. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2006 Apr;129(4):529-43.)
Africans have the highest dental diversity "Previous research by the first author revealed that, relative to other modern peoples, sub-Saharan Africans exhibit the highest frequencies of ancestral (or plesiomorphic) dental traits... The fact that sub-Saharan Africans express these apparently plesiomorphic characters, along with additional information on their affinity to other modern populations, evident intra-population heterogeneity, and a world-wide dental cline emanating from the sub-continent, provides further evidence that is consistent with an African origin model."
(Irish JD, Guatelli-Steinberg D.(2003) Ancient teeth and modern human origins: an expanded comparison of African Plio-Pleistocene and recent world dental samples. Hum Evol. 2003 Aug;45(2):113-44.)Posts: 447 | Registered: Apr 2010
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NUBIA AND EGYPT- Nubians and Egyptians were so close in various eras that they were virtually indistinguishable
“The ancient Egyptians referred to a region, located south of the third cataract the Nile River, in which Nubians dwelt as Kush.. Within such context, this phrase is not a racial slur. Throughout the history of ancient Egypt there were numerous, well documented instances that celebrate Nubian-Egyptian marriages. A study of these documents, particularly those dated to both the Egyptian New Kingdom (after 1550 B.C.E.) and to Dynasty XXV and early Dynasty XXVI (about 720-640 BCE), reveals that neither spouse nor any of the children of such unions suffered discrimination at the hands of the ancient Egyptians. Indeed such marriages were never an obstacle to social, economic, or political status, provided the individuals concerned conformed to generally accepted Egyptian social standards. Furthermore, at times, certain Nubian practices, such as tattooing for women, and the unisex fashion of wearing earrings, were wholeheartedly embraced by the ancient Egyptians." (Bianchi, 2004: p. 4)
'It is an extremely difficult task to attempt to describe the Nubians during the course of Egypt's New Kingdom, because their presence appears to have virtually evaporated from the archaeological record.. The result has been described as a wholesale Nubian assimilation into Egyptian society. This assimilation was so complete that it masked all Nubian ethnic identities insofar as archaeological remains are concerned beneath the impenetrable veneer of Egypt's material; culture.. In the Kushite Period, when Nubians ruled as Pharaohs in their own right, the material culture of Dynasty XXV (about 750-655 B.C.E.) was decidedly Egyptian in character.. Nubia's entire landscape up to the region of the Third Cataract was dotted with temples indistinguishable in style and decoration from contemporary temples erected in Egypt. The same observation obtains for the smaller number of typically Egyptian tombs in which these elite Nubian princes were interred.(Bianchi, 2004, p. 99-100)
Robert Bianchi ( 2004). Daily Life of the Nubians. Greenwood Publishing Group Posts: 447 | Registered: Apr 2010
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Mazigh u are from Magrib and u think that Abid means black slave ahahhhahhah u are not even a original arabic speaker so dont use this knew 7th centruy definition during Islamic expansion.
If u want to find the meaning of Abd look to the root of the word but u are Mazigh u are not a original arabic speaker try the word for white in arabic and u might find something special
Abd means black ahhahahahhahhahah Men Hareef Men Reef
Posts: 410 | From: Al-Ard | Registered: Jun 2009
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You think i'm not arabic speaking? you're wrong!
Abd means "slave" in arabic. I do know that. It is you who don't know that the word "slave" got the cannotation of "black". Therefore, it might happen in Morocco that a black would be called "abd" (slave) while meaning "black".
"It was a case of once an 'abd always an 'abd, whether manumitted or not. And while not all 'abid were black, the terms for negro and slave were used interchangeably" Note from: Slavery in the Islamic Middle East - page 63 by Shaun Elizabeth Marmon. (You can find the page on google books).
The use of the word "3bid" (3 = 'ayn of arabic) as "black" is not widespread, maybe because of the cultural/language changes because of school?
I read a book of someone, the author noted that a Berber was calling a black (Berber) 3bid, while someone others (Berbers too) asked "how 3bid" wherafter he answered "3bid" or "black" i don't mind. The author got the story of the second Berber as calling the black Berber as slave, since this second Berber (his disapproaving of the word "3bid" is not due to his education, but he wanted to make the first look bad) was not aware of the use of the word "3bid" as "black" (somehow innocent).
The remain of such cannotation is found in this puzzle: (This is a variety of the story) "جزيرة خضرا دماءها حمراء مفتاحها حديد سكانها عبيد " A green island, with red bloods. Her key's is metal, and it inhabitands are slaves" What is it? Watermelon.
Thus, since this story is not only Moroccan, i believe that the cannotation is not Moroccan, but was possibly introduced by the arab culture. But,like i said such cannotation does also exist in the Berber language, possibly under the influence of the medieval times of slavery.
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The word "3bd" is composed in Arabic of three letters "A'een, Ba and Dal".
Abd means Endurance and Fortitude of the Worshiper Abdul Karim.
When diversifies to singular ABD "Servant" in a non-derogatory form, whereas, the Theo-Islamic doctrine considers every living soul a "servant" of the divine supernatural being and creator Allah. The usage of "Abd" harkens back to this sense.
3bd has never ever been used as referring to color of skin Hence the Word Bilad al Sudan Bilad Al Aswad Bilad Al Asmar this is the word for black not 3bd.
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quote: Abdullah ("servant of God", also spelled Abdullah, Abdulah, Abd Allah, Abdallah, Abdellah, Abdulla and Abdalla) is a common Arabic name. Humility before God is an essential value of Islam, hence Abdullah is a favorite name among Muslims.
I knew that it was bogus from the moment I heard. This black slavery in the middle east is another piece of fiction that people go along with either from stupidity or their own race fantasies.
Anyone with half a brain knows that most of the slaves in west/central/south asia were those same people from west/central/south asia as well as significant number of europeans (west europe included).
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Wikipedia is a joke. I know that your dumb berber ass didn't go to the best schools since your country is 3rd world backward, but you could at least give thinking and research the old college try.
You should take the time you spend chasing race fiction and use it to learn reality.
Findo the descendants of your berber ancesters who came to Brazil, Cuba, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, and America as slaves.
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Of course Islam took slaves in every region of the world they conquered, from Eastern and Western Europe, Turkey, Southern Russia, Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Arabia and Africa.
It did not originate with blacks and was not synonymous with it. Also all people labeled as slaves in Islam were not slaves. But beyond all of that, slavery and taking war captives is old in all parts of the world and somewhat a universal practice among ALL populations. Whites took white slaves, Africans took African slaves, Asians took Asian slaves.
Of course wikipedia promotes this nonsense that blacks were the only slaves or somehow synonymous with slaves which is pure nonsense.
quote: The Arab slave trade was the practice of slavery in the Arab World, mainly Western Asia, North Africa, East Africa and certain parts of Europe (such as Iberia and southern Italy) during their period of domination by Arab leaders. The trade was focused on the slave markets of the Middle East and North Africa. People traded were not limited to a certain color, ethnicity, or religion and included Arabs and Berbers, especially in its early days.
Later, during the 8th and 9th centuries of the Islamic Caliphate, most of the slaves were Slavic Eastern Europeans (called Saqaliba), people from surrounding Mediterranean areas, Persians, Turks, peoples from the Caucasus mountain regions (such as Georgia, Armenia and Circassia) and parts of Central Asia and Scandinavia, Berbers from North Africa, and various other peoples of varied origins as well as those of Black African origins.
Later, toward the 18th and 19th centuries, slaves increasingly came from East Africa, until slavery was officially abolished by the end of the 19th century.[1][2][3][4] It still continues today in a smaller form in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf, where women and children are trafficked from the post-Soviet states, Eastern Europe, Far East, Africa, South Asia and other parts of the Middle East.
The article starts off and points out the fact that most slaves in Islam were European, Central Asian or Turkic, yet they turn around and focus the entire article on the African trade which came much later, primarily because the Turkic and European populations became stronger and better able to resist Islamic forces and their conquests.
But of course that won't be mentioned.
And if any group is synonymous with the word slaves it is white Europeans named slavs, where the word slavery derives from.
Abd in Islam is simply a reflection of the fact that all Muslims are servants of allah, therefore the term does not explicitly mean "black slave" and if the term was used to refer to actual slaves or servants it had nothing to do with any specific ethnic group as opposed to being a generic label.
Another wiki article that touches on the various forms of slavery.
quote: Slavery in Asia Main article: History of slavery Persian slave in the Khanate of Khiva, 19th century
As late as 1908, women slaves were still sold in the Ottoman Empire.[75] A slave market for captured Russian and Persian slaves was centred in the Central Asian khanate of Khiva.[76] According to Sir Henry Bartle Frere (who sat on the Viceroy's Council), there were an estimated 8 million or 9 million slaves in India in 1841. In Malabar, about 15% of the population were slaves. Slavery was abolished in both Hindu and Muslim India by the Indian Slavery Act V. of 1843.[11][77] In Istanbul about one-fifth of the population consisted of slaves.[69]
In East Asia, the Imperial government formally abolished slavery in China in 1906, and the law became effective in 1910.[78] Slave rebellion in China at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century was so extensive that owners eventually converted the institution into a female-dominated one.[79] The Nangzan in Tibetan history were, according to Chinese sources, hereditary household slaves.[80] Indigenous slaves existed in Korea. Slavery was officially abolished with the Gabo Reform of 1894 but remained extant in reality until 1930. During the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910) about 30% to 50% of the Korean population were slaves.[81] In late 16th century Japan, slavery was officially banned; but forms of contract and indentured labor persisted alongside the period penal codes' forced labor.[82]
In Southeast Asia, a quarter to a third of the population of some areas of Thailand and Burma were slaves.[11] The hill tribe people in Indochina were "hunted incessantly and carried off as slaves by the Siamese (Thai), the Anamites (Vietnamese), and the Cambodians."[83] The Siamese military expedition had been converted into a slave hunting operation on a large scale.
Again, wikipedia is not a true scholarly resource and is only as good as the people who edit it. In most cases it is only good as a potential starting point for further research. In terms of slavery it was much more widespread and involved more whites and other populations than simply blacks. The focus on black slavery is a legacy of the EuroImperial domination of the slave trade for the last 400 years, which is only the latest aspect of slavery and certainly not the entire scope of the practice throughout the world or in history.
However, all that said, slavery has had a horrendous impact on black people as a result of the rise of slavery among blacks by white Europeans, Asians and others.
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@argyle104, While you acknowledge that i'm copying you insist to attack me. It is because you don't like it, you personalize it to make the illusion that it is me who is inventing the facts.
@ Doug M, I didn't say that slavery originate with blacks, i stated it became associated with blacks in Morocco (and Irak... according to WK), whether it is historically true or false.
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In my opinion if you want to see the problem in Africa, you have to look at the lack of resources on a bigger scale.
The K for kmt, is essential in discovering the true identity of the true Egyptians. The other K is for Kush and the Kushite empire written in ancient times. The other K is another but an unknown tribe (Kedar) that no one seem to have any info on. To aid in this research check out this site, we have a few of online researchers doing online research for us at this time. Just take a look at it see what you think. Thanks
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The book is a perfect example of the nonsense one way migration theory and population interaction theory championed by Euro racists in the last few centuries. Notably that the migrations only occurred in one direction, from outside Africa into Africa and that Africans were only the passive recipients of this non African stock. Never ever is any notion of black African movements in the other direction ever considered or its impact on populations outside of Africa.
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quote:Originally posted by Doug M: The book is a perfect example of the nonsense one way migration theory and population interaction theory championed by Euro racists in the last few centuries. Notably that the migrations only occurred in one direction, from outside Africa into Africa and that Africans were only the passive recipients of this non African stock. Never ever is any notion of black African movements in the other direction ever considered or its impact on populations outside of Africa.
This
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