posted
Here's what the study says about the Fulani's ancestry:
"Although sampled in Nigeria, the very distinct Fulani are part of a nomadic pastoralist population that occupies a broad geographical range across Central and Western Africa. Analyses of microsatellite and insertion/deletion polymorphisms indicate that they share ancestry with Niger-Kordofanian, North African, and Central African Nilo-Saharan populations, as well as low levels of European and/or Middle Eastern ancestry."
"HMost of the haplotypes belong to haplogroups of West African origin, such as L1b, L3b, L3d, L2b, L2c, and L2d (79.6% in total), which are all well represented in each of the four geographically separated samples. The haplogroups of Western Eurasian origin, such as J1b, U5, H, and V, were also detected but in rather low frequencies (8.1% in total)."
Hassan et al (2008) tested 26 Fulani Y-Chromosomes and over 1/2 had Eurasian Caucasoid Y-DNA.
Tishkoff (2009)
"When two clusters are assumed in the STRUCTURE analysis (K = 2), individuals can primarily be assigned to African (orange) or non-African (blue) clusters"
Fulani also don't consider themselves Black. They are against mixing with Negroid populations around them, calling them "hyenas, apes, and asses" (Dupire 1962) and intermarriage is considered "eating the fruit of the bitter black plum tree" (Stenning 1959)
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posted
The following is based on these excellent anthropological studies.
The Fulani consist of a few million people speaking dialects of the Fulfulde language, and are spread across several countries of North-West Africa. Traditionally they were nomadic cattle herders, moving around the grasslands of the savannah south of the Sahara. Over the past few hundred years many Fulani have settled down as farmers and intermarried with other peoples of the region. But some Fulani remain as nomads, and the Wodaabe [singular: Bodaado] are one of the largest tribes of these ‘pastoral’ Fulani. The Fulani, including the Wodaabe, are now at least nominally Muslims, though the Wodaabe have retained many of their pagan traditions.
From early times explorers and anthropologists have been intrigued by the appearance of the Fulani, which differs from that of the Negroid peoples around them. According to Stenning:
“The Fulani are not basically of Negro stock, although it is clear that through the centuries Fulani populations have interbred in various degrees with the Negro populations among whom they are dispersed...[the pastoral Fulani] retain non-Negroid physical characteristics to the greatest extent, speak the purest Fulfulde, and in general have been the least amenable to conversion to Islam...
The desirable physical qualities of a Fulani are a light colour, slight bone structure, straight hair, thin lips, and, above all, a long narrow nose...” (pp. 2-4 and 56; see also Dupire, pp. 1-10, but Dupire points out that only a minority of Wodaabe have all of these features).
These are obviously ‘Caucasian’ characteristics, and the natural explanation is that the Fulani have a partly Caucasian ancestry, either from East Africa (e.g. Ethiopean) or more likely from the North (e.g. Tuareg). The Fulani themselves believe they are related to the Tuaregs and Arabs. They despise the Black populations to their South, describing them as ‘hyenas, apes, and asses’ (Dupire, p. 322). Intermarriage with Blacks is deplored, and described as ‘eating the fruit of the bitter black plum tree’ (Stenning, p. 57). (Sorry, that’s not very PC, but don’t blame me, blame the Wodaabe!)
The social organisation of the Wodaabe is based on patrilineal (agnatic) lineages. The Wodaabe depend entirely on their cattle, feeding on their meat and milk, and trading for other commodities with the settled people around them. According to Stenning, ‘The traditional aim of a Bodaado elder was, and still is, to pass on more cattle to more sons than his father was able to do’ (p.46).
Marriage practices reflect these interests. A man may have up to four wives. A man with more cattle can marry and keep more wives. If he loses cattle, his wives may divorce or desert him. Divorce by both men and women is relatively easy, though compensation may be required.
There are two main forms of marriage. The most prestigious form is by betrothal (kooggal). In kooggal marriage the boy and girl are betrothed as children and marry when the girl reaches puberty. The marriages are arranged by their paternal relatives. Various exchanges of cattle and gifts are required. To keep cattle within the lineage, there is a strong preference for betrothal between close patrilineal relatives, often cousins. The great majority of first marriages are by kooggal.
Subsequent marriages, by people who are divorced or widowed (or by men acquiring an extra wife) are usually by contract (teegal). In contrast to kooggal marriage, teegal marriage is usually between lineages not closely related (or between Wodaabe and non-Wodaabe). In principle, teegal involves an element of hostility (the wife is regarded as being ‘stolen’), so it is not thought desirable among closely related lineages.
So where, if anywhere, does the gere wol dance come into this?
The gere wol is a ceremony involving two unrelated maximal lineages (clans). At irregular intervals the elders of a clan will decide ‘time for a gere wol’, and choose another clan to visit, the choice depending on how long since they last met, whether there is a duty to reciprocate, and so on. Clan leaders will then take the young men (above puberty but not yet heads of families) on a visit. The ceremony itself is described thus by Stenning:
“Gerewol... is a dance before the elders: youths dressed in their finery... dance to a slow stamping rhythm unaccompanied by drums, while praising in song the charms of the maidens [of the other clan]. In this way the girls are graded in an order of beauty. Meanwhile the maidens, who dance in a circle nearby, choose the most handsome and best-dressed youth and point him out by oblique references in song. This goes on until three or four of the best-looking youths and maidens have been paired. At the hirde [evening] gathering which now takes place, the couples are expected to spend the evening together, the rest of the dancers pairing off as they may.
“Although the gerewol is connected with courtship it does not regulate or determine betrothal and first marriage, which have been decided on, often some years previously, by the parents or guardians of the partners. Gerewol has the effect of ranging the youths and maidens of a particular age group into a generally recognized order of physical desirability by which the status of a young man or woman in that age group is assessed. But after marriage this status is unimportant, for that of men - and in reciprocal terms that of women - is measured by the number of cattle and children they possess.” (Stenning p. 157; see also the more elaborate account in Dupire, pp. 312-19).
From this description it is clear that gere wol can have at most a marginal effect on the reproductive success of Wodaabe men. It does not affect the normal course of marriage arrangements, and the selection of the most handsome men in itself has little impact, since they get only one partner for the evening. (It is all rather reminiscent of the Senior Prom in an American high school, as portrayed in countless teen dramas!) This is not to say that the gere wol meetings have no effect at all. According to Dupire, they provide opportunities for flirtation and adulterous affairs, which may lead to divorces and sometimes to teegal marriages between members of the unrelated clans. But there seems to be no basis for Miller’s claim that sexual selection at the gere wol is responsible for the distinctive physical appearance of the Wodaabe.
This is more simply explained by their mixture of Caucasian and Negroid ancestry. The gere wol may however have some indirect influence by reinforcing Wodaabe conceptions of beauty, which emphasise precisely those aspects of Fulani appearance, such as a narrow nose, which differentiate them from the neighbouring Negro populations.
The gere wol would therefore help to perpetuate the Wodaabe preference for mating among themselves, and prevent or delay their merging into the surrounding gene pool.
posted
The above comments are just proof of how racially-minded have been Western anthropologists in Africa. I know the Peul people very well. The idea that the Peul do not consider themselves "black" is just absurd. The Peul are black using any definition of black. And in places like Guinea, the Peul(the majority ethnic group) have intermarried extensively with other groups such as the Malinke and Sussu. In terms of the genealogy of the Peul the research that they are essentially West African--as their language demonstrates--is correct and resemble other Savannah area Africans in terms of the complexity of their genome. Compare the Peul with the Dogon and their non-West African variations on their genomic profile.
For those who don't know here are 3 examples of Peuls who have been known internationally. Recall Amadu Diallo--the man who was killed in a hail of bullets by NY police some years ago. Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal is Peul but of the Tucoleur branch. And Yar Adua, the ill President of Nigeria is also Peul.
Western anthropologists have spent much research ink commenting on the phenotype of the Peul but there is less to their observations than meets the eye. In parts of West Africa their complexion varies quite a lot from brown/fair to very dark. The hair type also varies with the modal type being slightly less than fully kinky. With reference to two of the phenotypical traits that Western anthropologists love to obsess about--prognathism, labial indices, and nasal indices--the Peul in general are just moderate in this regard.
Given the fact that the Peul are not in any way markedly different from other groups where they live in West Africa, I want to believe that the present Peul self conception derives the way in which they were psychologically manipulated during the colonial era.
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posted
lamin - I am surprised that you responded to Doctor Scientis nonsense troll thread.
I see that he has just changed to the Pride screen name - Damn White people are stupid!
But anyway, this is all about haplogroup R1. That is supposed to the the definitive White haplogroup, problem is, here it is that all of these Black people have it also.
So now you have all of these White idiots trying desperately to come up with explanations of how Blacks happen to have White haplogroups. Some of the really stupid, have even suggested that the Fulani may have White ancestors who moved back to Africa.
Of course common sense tells you that because Black Africans are many times OLDER than Whites, R1 is a Black haplogroup which SOME Whites share.
But as is typical with the White man, you can't tell if he is really that stupid, or if he is just telling a big lie to cover up what it really means.
Which is of course that those Whites who carry R1 are Fulani Albinos who were part of the Out of Africa migrations, circa 55,000 B.C.Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: lamin - I am surprised that you responded to Doctor Scientis nonsense troll thread.
I see that he has just changed to the Pride screen name - Damn White people are stupid!
But anyway, this is all about haplogroup R1. That is supposed to the the definitive White haplogroup, problem is, here it is that all of these Black people have it also.
So now you have all of these White idiots trying desperately to come up with explanations of how Blacks happen to have White haplogroups. Some of the really stupid, have even suggested that the Fulani may have White ancestors who moved back to Africa.
Of course common sense tells you that because Black Africans are many times OLDER than Whites, R1 is a Black haplogroup which SOME Whites share.
But as is typical with the White man, you can't tell if he is really that stupid, or if he is just telling a big lie to cover up what it really means.
Which is of course that those Whites who carry R1 are Fulani Albinos who were part of the Out of Africa migrations, circa 55,000 B.C.
^LOL@whoever you are!
Thank GOD for EgyptSearch Reloaded!
Posts: 341 | Registered: Feb 2010
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So the Fulani who traded with the Taureg are somehow not suppose to have had genetic flow from them? And the Taureg didn't have genetic flow from Eurasians?
If we are going to call Fulani mixed race then we should also call Italians, Iberians and Greeks mixed race and not White.
-------------------- Across the sea of time, there can only be one of you. Make you the best one you can be. Posts: 4028 | From: NW USA | Registered: May 2005
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What I know about the Peul is that the Fula from Nigeria have E3a at 100%. There language is linked to other Africans like the wolof, Yoruba etc.
They look the way they do because they are adapted to a Dry Climate, and lets not forget the drawings of Ancient people on rocks that look just like the wodaabe.
Osirion has it right about calling Fula mixed, If they are "Mixed" then so are the Greeks and Italians etc. The truth is that europeans are desperate to seperate Africans from one another and have them thinking simple because one has a narrow nose, he is not the same "Race" as a broad nosed Africans. It's this kind of sick thinking that has the Hutu and the Tutsi at each others throats.
Stop the genocide in the Congos and actually try and help not harm the Africans. Europe bails out Greece with 140+billion money, yet they stand and ignore the violence happening in the Congos. One of the main reasons why I will never support the UN and the EU. They are corrupt cowards who say "Never Again" when it comes to genocide and stand and watch while it happens again(Rwanda) and again(Cambodia) and Again(Sudan). Europeans are good people but there leaders are all sick and corrupt who destroy countries for their own gain. Sad.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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posted
But King, the so-called genocides in Rwanda and Sudan are highly exaggerated by the white media. Even after 16 years of what happened in Rwanda, the white press still keeps at it--while coddling the Tutsi dictator, Kagame.
Note the following and refute if you don't agree: the Tutsis were at most 10% of Rwanda's 6.5 million in 1994, Today they are 15% of Rwanda's 8.8 million population. If "800,000 mostly Tutsis" were killed in just 90 days in 1994 by Hutu militia, explain the present numbers and explain why the Hutus lost the war then fled to Congo in the aftermath.
Darfur was essentially a Jewish/Israeli fueled attack on Islamist strongman Bachir. Many people were displaced and killed but hardly the 300,000 that the white media loves to shout about.
Posts: 5492 | Registered: Nov 2004
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What you have said is probably true. I have no records to speak of and I sadly go by what I read from the media.
It would be strange to think that the Tutsi's jumped from 10% to 15% following the genocide. Also what happened in Darfur is something I agree with you in that the number of deaths is more then they were. What I see is that Bashir is a horrible president, but sadly he is a long line of corrupt leaders that govern Africa.
Hopefully Africa wakes up and puts leaders that care more for the people then there pockets.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: But King, the so-called genocides in Rwanda and Sudan are highly exaggerated by the white media. Even after 16 years of what happened in Rwanda, the white press still keeps at it--while coddling the Tutsi dictator, Kagame.
Note the following and refute if you don't agree: the Tutsis were at most 10% of Rwanda's 6.5 million in 1994, Today they are 15% of Rwanda's 8.8 million population. If "800,000 mostly Tutsis" were killed in just 90 days in 1994 by Hutu militia, explain the present numbers and explain why the Hutus lost the war then fled to Congo in the aftermath.
Darfur was essentially a Jewish/Israeli fueled attack on Islamist strongman Bachir. Many people were displaced and killed but hardly the 300,000 that the white media loves to shout about.
Maan u is getting just too wise!
Posts: 7419 | From: North America | Registered: Mar 2009
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posted
King, You are right on Bachir, but for the West(including Israel) it's not whether he is a good or bad leader for the Sudanese people but whether he is obstructing them in their goals in terms of what they want. If you obstruct them in any significant way then watch out for the "rogue state" label.
Posts: 5492 | Registered: Nov 2004
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America and some times Isreal they really try and push their agenda on countries they claim as terrorist states.
Why I feel for Sudan, and let me just say that I hope the south does not seperate. I see these "Arabs" in Sudan as people who will kill their own people in the south, just to be associated to other Arab countries and less the fact that not much seperates them from their Kin from the south.
I thought things was changing in the Sudan with these "Arabs" when I read a article that claimed they stopped building a dam over the rest of the Nubians homeland, yet one poster laughed like that was not true, I was hoping this poster would show me something that refuted that but I am still waiting. While I wait, I will try and find the article I read that claimed the Sudanese government was not building a dam over the rest of Nubian countries.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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posted
Well All I could find was this Article from Nubian-Forum that says the Sudanese "Arabs" changed their minds on building a dam over Nubian Lands. Maybe their is hope for these "Arabs" still. Really though why would you destroy your own Heritage? As much as sudans "Arabs" think so lowly of themselves they really should realize that they are related to the Nubians and are really arabized. Moving on.
Read and Learn: Written by Louis Werner Photographed by Michael Nelson
The region of Upper Nubia in Sudan, lying between the Nile’s Second Cataract near the Egyptian border and the river’s distinctive S-bend some 350 kilometers (200 mi) to the south, is a land where the clock ticks to non-Arab time. Within Upper Nubia, north of the Third Cataract near Kerma, where the Mahas district begins and the asphalt and electricity end, Nubian villagers maintain their linguistic and cultural differences with great pride. To be Mahasi means to be a true Nubian, to speak a pure Nubian language and to live in the Nubian heartland.
But Mahas was recently spared a project whose benefits would surely have despoiled it, a project aimed dead center at the village of Kajbar at the Third Cataract and the Nubian fields and homesteads upstream. The government had planned a hydroelectric dam at Kajbar that would have flooded out tens of thousands of families and covered countless archeological sites in and around Kerma, the ancient Kushite capital. This, all agree, would have been a tragic reprise of the losses in Lower Nubia, on the Egyptian side of the border, with the building of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960’s. Luckily, the Kajbar dam never got past the blueprint stage. An international campaign publicized the threat and successfully petitioned the Sudanese government to reconsider. A dam now under construction at an alternative site, at the Fourth Cataract of the Nile near Karima, will displace fewer non-Nubian farmers and will not disturb the archeological sites at Napata and Jebel Barkal.
If the Kajbar dam had been built, perhaps its saddest casualty would have been not a site but a type: the Nubian house, a mud-walled, stand-alone family compound centered on a courtyard and surrounded by an extensive layout of men’s and women’s quarters. The Sudanese novelist Tayyib Salih has compared such a house, often built on heights above the flood plain, to “a ship that has cast anchor in mid-ocean.”
Above: Dried crocodile heads, one dried and one painted fish and geometric plaster-carving decorate the doorway and wall of a home in the village of West Sahel, near Abu Simbel in Egypt. In the courtyard of another home, top left, the wings of a dried pelican echo the arches behind it. Top right: The village of West Sahel hugs the bank of the Nile. Many of its residents, ethnic Nubians, were displaced during the building of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960’s. Even more distinctive than the floor plan of a Nubian house is the decoration of its exterior doorway, or bawaba, which mixes vivid color, adobe brick filigree, figurative and geometric images in mud and white lime-plaster relief, and wall-mounted objects like ceramic plates, automobile headlights, mirrors, cow horns and dried crocodiles. While the full range of these decorative materials has shrunk in recent years, the impulse to draw attention to one’s home, and to its doorway as a symbol of the family, remains strong.
posted
Doctoris Scientia - Sorry for the mistake, I glanced at the avatar without reading the name and thought that it was you. With all of their name and avatar changes, Trolls do cause problems.
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posted
LOL This 'Pride' character is nothing more than a distgruntled white man greatly disturbed by the FACT that his white European people are mixed with on average one-third of them having black African ancestry, so in his solace he seeks blacks in Africa who have mixed-ancestry.
Too bad even the Fulani with their so-called "caucasoid" features are overwhelmingly of indigenous ancestry with populations in some areas having 100% homogeneity in African lineages as some have pointed out.
Posts: 26237 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: lamin - I am surprised that you responded to Doctor Scientis nonsense troll thread.
I see that he has just changed to the Pride screen name - Damn White people are stupid!
But anyway, this is all about haplogroup R1. That is supposed to the the definitive White haplogroup, problem is, here it is that all of these Black people have it also.
So now you have all of these White idiots trying desperately to come up with explanations of how Blacks happen to have White haplogroups. Some of the really stupid, have even suggested that the Fulani may have White ancestors who moved back to Africa.
Of course common sense tells you that because Black Africans are many times OLDER than Whites, R1 is a Black haplogroup which SOME Whites share.
But as is typical with the White man, you can't tell if he is really that stupid, or if he is just telling a big lie to cover up what it really means.
Which is of course that those Whites who carry R1 are Fulani Albinos who were part of the Out of Africa migrations, circa 55,000 B.C.
I think you are crazy Posts: 1502 | From: Dies Irae | Registered: Oct 2010
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"The Fulani and Cushitic AACs(Associated Ancestral Clusters), which likely reflect Saharan African and East African ancestry, respectively, are closest to the non-African(Eurasian)AAC, consistent with an East African migration of modern humans out of Africa or a back-migration of non-Africans(Eurasians)into Saharan and Eastern Africa." Tishkoff et al. 2009
Seems like AA have the Fulani fever due to a mtDNA test some falsely claim makes them Wodaabe when in fact Tishkoff found AA average only 1% shared Autosomal(22 of 23 chromosome pairs)DNA ancestry with Fula.
Posts: 644 | Registered: May 2010
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Thanks for this Quote. I don't know where we can find the rest of the post, but if someone can find it, then that would be good.
Fulani madness is definetly what some people have, Since Fulbe don't look like the majority of West Africans they make up ANYTHING to seperate Fula from there West African Homelands. Not even knowing that Fulani are some of the oldest people to live in WA. Keep up the Good work.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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Nothing I nor Tishkoff stated or quoted previously contradicts your post. Tishkoff discovered at least 15 distinct AAC groups and Africa has the greatest heterogeneity and admixture of any continent. In fact most world populations are admixed and the 'purest' groups are isolated hunter-gatherers like the Khoesan or Pygmies. This is the best evidence that Africans are NOT one race. Don't equate the scientific process with Clyde Winter's sociopolitical agenda.
Posts: 644 | Registered: May 2010
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Clyde Winters prompted the Tishkoff co-wriiten letter clarifying for the confused that Fulani are not immigrants into Africa as some may have mistakenly used her report in support of nonsense. How does that make me a subscriber to anybody's "sociopolitical agenda?"
I don't see what put you on edge about my previous post. Could it be because you posted something from a Tishkoff study strongly suggesting Fulani migrated to Africa from somewhere else?
And for sure Africans are one race, the human race, the only Homo sapiens race that exists on this Earth.
quote: "The Fulani ... AACs(Associated Ancestral Clusters), ... likely reflect Saharan African ..., ancestry ..., are closest to the non-African(Eurasian)AAC, consistent with an East African migration of modern humans out of Africa or a back-migration of non-Africans(Eurasians)into Saharan ... Africa."
I'm well pleased that Dr. Winters wrote and got a flat out straight up reply from Tishkoff unambiguously locating Fulani origins.
quote:Originally posted by NonProphet:
quote:Originally posted by alTakruri: Can anyone share the rest of this?
=====
Reply to Winters: The origins of the Fulani remain unknown Laura B. Scheinfeldt, Sameer Soi, and Sarah A. Tishkoff1
+ Author Affiliations University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
Nothing I nor Tishkoff stated or quoted previously contradicts your post. Tishkoff discovered at least 15 distinct AAC groups and Africa has the greatest heterogeneity and admixture of any continent. In fact most world populations are admixed and the 'purest' groups are isolated hunter-gatherers like the Khoesan or Pygmies. This is the best evidence that Africans are NOT one race. Don't equate the scientific process with Clyde Winter's sociopolitical agenda.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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Haplogroup R originated in Africa. The Eurasians carry African genes because of the Kushite spread into Eurasia after 3000BC and resulting gene flow between African and Eurasian populations.
The archaeological evidence does not support a recent common ancestor for both groups.
The idea that the Fulani are mixed has no support at all. Eurasians carry African genes due to the Kushite expansion into Eurasia 5000 years ago.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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Tishkoff et al. 2009 was very clear in NOT determining Fula origins to anyone who reads and understands the study. She only alludes to a Saharan origin for Fula and EA for Cushitic. The Fula and 14 AACs were separate/distinctive groups that numerous ethnicities SHARE in the admixture Structured analysis. If anyone confuses partial SHARED ancestry with ORIGIN of ancestry then maybe they shouldn't read peer-reviewed technical papers and learn some basic reading comprehension skills.
Posts: 644 | Registered: May 2010
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Nothing I nor Tishkoff stated or quoted previously contradicts your post. Tishkoff discovered at least 15 distinct AAC groups and Africa has the greatest heterogeneity and admixture of any continent.
Simple. Africa has got the greatest diversity phylogenetically than those anywhere else. This doesn't make one African group less authentically African than another, as your "admixture" might suggest. It simply means Africans have more contrasts in their gene pools than non-Africans, which goes back to the fact that it is the original home of homo sapiens sapiens.
As for this:
Reply to Winters: The origins of the Fulani remain unknown Laura B. Scheinfeldt, Sameer Soi, and Sarah A. Tishkoff1
+ Author Affiliations University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
We would like to first point out that we never interpreted any genetic data in our review article to support a Middle Eastern or European origin for the Fulani (1). We agree with Winters that the Fulani do not originate from the Middle East or Europe (2). Furthermore, we do not maintain that there is a predominance of Eurasian markers in the Fulani; we merely point out that there is some evidence of shared recent ancestry (i.e., gene flow) between the Fulani and Eurasian populations …
There is a difference between saying "shared" recent ancestry, and claiming uni-directional gene flow. Clearly from the language of Tishkoff et al.'s piece below, the latter more immediately comes to mind. The former can be interpreted to mean "sharing" the same source population before bifurcation event(s), but not necessarily mean that one living group derives from another living one, and the below will at a quick glance demonstrate why.
The Fulani cluster with the Chadic and Central Sudanic speaking populations at K <13>Fulani show low to moderate levels of European/Middle Eastern ancestry (blue), consistent with mtDNA (S93) and Y chromosome (S89) analyses, as well as the presence at low frequency of the -13910 mutation associated with lactose tolerance in Europeans in this population (S94). Additionally, we observe moderate to high levels of Niger- Kordofanian ancestry in the Fulani populations (Figs. 3, 4, S13;Tables S8, S9). These results do not enable us to determine the definitive origin of the Fulani, although they indicate shared ancestry with Saharan and Central Sudanic populations and suggest that the Fulani have admixed with local populations, and possibly adopted a Niger-Kordofanian language, during their spread across central and western Africa. The origin of European (possibly via the Iberian peninsula) and/or Middle Eastern ancestry in the Fulani requires further exploration with additional genetic markers.
Elsewhere I noted:
...the Fula uniparental gene pool specifics, whether maternal or paternal, simply do not bear out "moderate" ancestry from "Middle East" or "Europe".
It is interesting to note that while the authors carry themselves as very confused individuals about Fulani ancestry, their own tables (see S8) show very little AAC sharing with Europeans; their Nigerian Fulani sample supposedly shared ~5 % or so AACs placed under "European", while the Cameroonian Fula samples shared about 2.5% and 2.6% respectively. Nothing "moderate" about these.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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I make my point by the Paintings on the stones that Show PreFulbe like the wodaabe in West Africa and North Africa.
I have no pics to show but you know about those paintings since you have been on this forum from the Jump.
Also Like I said Fulbe have narrow features like the Tuareg. As we know about the Tuareg, They originally came from East Africa(Linked with Beja) meanwhile the Fula have links mostly with West Africans. Most not all WA have broad features and fulani are the exception.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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I make my point by the Paintings on the stones that Show PreFulbe like the wodaabe in West Africa and North Africa.
How does that make Fula some of the "oldest" West Africans?
quote: I have no pics to show but you know about those paintings since you have been on this forum from the Jump.
Yes, I think I know what images you are referring to. I don't see how they suggest that the Fulani are some of the "oldest" western Africans though.
quote: Also Like I said Fulbe have narrow features like the Tuareg.
What do you mean by "narrow" features?
quote: As we know about the Tuareg, They originally came from East Africa(Linked with Beja) meanwhile the Fula have links mostly with West Africans. Most not all WA have broad features and fulani are the exception.
What do you mean by "most" and likewise, by "broad features". What are you basing your understanding of these terms on?
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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Thanks for this Quote. I don't know where we can find the rest of the post, but if someone can find it, then that would be good.
Fulani madness is definetly what some people have, Since Fulbe don't look like the majority of West Africans they make up ANYTHING to seperate Fula from there West African Homelands. Not even knowing that Fulani are some of the oldest people to live in WA. Keep up the Good work.
Peace
Here's the entire Reply to Winters:
Reply to Winters: The origins of the Fulani remain unknown We would like to first point out that we never interpreted any genetic data in our review article to support a Middle Eastern or European origin for the Fulani (1). We agree with Winters that the Fulani do not originate from the Middle East or Europe (2). Furthermore, we do not maintain that there is a predominance of Eurasian markers in the Fulani; we merely point out that there is some evidence of shared recent ancestry (i.e., gene flow) between the Fulani and Eurasian populations based on the presence of particular mtDNA (J1b, U5, H, and V) (3) and NRY (RM173) (4) haplogroups, and the T-13910 European-specific lactase persistence allele (5) in the Fulani. The combined linguistic and genetic data, however, support an African origin for the Fulani, as we discuss in our work (1). We have pointed out that the maternal and paternal population histories of the Fulani, as evidenced by the distribution of mtDNA and NRY variation, are different from one another. The pattern of mtDNA variation suggests a West African Niger-Kordofanian origin for the Fulani (3), and the pattern of NRY variation suggests the Fulani are more closely related to Afroasiatic and Nilo-Saharan speakers in Africa (4). These observations may reflect a sex-biased pattern of admixture in the Fulani. Furthermore, mitochondrial and NRY data represent only a small portion of the whole genome and are particularly susceptible to the effects of genetic drift, so we also discuss the patterns of genome-wide autosomal variation in the Fulani. Consistent with the distribution of NRY variation, the autosomal data demonstrate that the Fulani, who form a distinct population cluster, are more closely related to Chadic- and Central Sudanicspeaking African populations than to other Niger-Kordofanian speakers, although they clearly have high levels of Niger- Kordofanian ancestry and low levels of Eurasian ancestry (1, 6). This pattern is unusual given that most of the African populations included in our sample cluster by linguistic affinity (1). There is not enough information to specifically locate a geographic region of origin for the Fulani within Africa. However, as we and others have discussed (1, 6), there has been detectible gene flow between the Fulani and other African populations, including Niger-Kordofanian speakers, Nilo-Saharan speakers, and Afroasiatic speakers, and with Eurasians. What emerges from this discussion is that the population history of the Fulani is complex, and further work is required to disentangle the past population demographics of the Fulani (6).
Posts: 2595 | From: Vicksburg | Registered: Feb 2006
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Atta Way Charlie, Study Man. I hope you have more studies to show the forum.
What I got from reading the rest of that study is that they make claims that Fula are not "Invaders" to WA but they can't really pin down there Origin within Africa.
What is Kinda confusing is when they say that mtDNA says they are linked to Niger-Kordofanian and the Paternal links them to Afro Asiatics. I guess when a Origin in Africa is not disputed, they then make claims that the Women are different from the Men just to muddy up the situation some more. Kind of like how they Break down E3b because it's found in Greeks(Trying to explain away why Greeks have African genes so they call E3b nonsense terms like e1b1b1b1b1b1 blah blah blah). I hope the fulani don't get broken down like E3b genes was broken down by scientists.
I will finish by thanking you for finding these studies and posting them on this forum. Do Dat Dey Charlie.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote: we merely point out that there is some evidence of shared recent ancestry (i.e., gene flow) between the Fulani and Eurasian populations based on the presence of particular mtDNA (J1b, U5, H, and V)
Tishkoff et al. are basing this on Cerny et al. 2006, who point out that Fula maternal gene pool is predominantly western African in origin. As I noted both here and on my blog, they note that this western African maternal gene pool suggests very little contribution from other western African groups, which means that one cannot use this huge component of the Fula gene pool to suggest that they only recently got it from local western Africans. They have the same sub-haplogroups as other western Africans that have been deemed to have developed in loco in western Africa, but generally in distinctive clusters. So one must ask, how did the Fula come to have a predominantly "western African" maternal gene pool, when they have only picked up very little from their western African neighbors?
quote:
(3) and NRY (RM173)
I also noted this on the blog. They reference Hassan et al. 2008 on this. No wonder Tishkoff et al. have a warped view of the Fulani gene pool, whereby they show some kind of linguistic-oriented taxanomic type of dichotomy between NRY data and mtDNA. I point out the ridiculous nature of their mindset, which is essentially patching together two different studies, with different contexts, while ignoring other published data out of this equation. Take for instance, they make no note of Cruciani et al.'s much more geographically comprehensive study of Fulani groups, which when taken together with that of say, Hassan et al. 2008, starts to give one a better understanding of what is going on with the Fula paternal gene pool.
You see, in the piece I sighted, they imply gene flow from "Eurasia", not merely "shared" ancestry. They don't tell us presumably from where this gene flow came from, considering that African hg R markers are primarily specific to Africa.
quote: (4) haplogroups, and the T-13910 European-specific lactase persistence allele (5) in the Fulani.
Also discussed on the blog. What Tishkoff et al. take for granted as "European-specific" lactase persistence allele was a matter of head-scratching affair for researchers who actually first-hand studied this allele, in exploring a supposed "European" connection. For instance, as I note elsewhere, the European origin for the lactase persistence allele was ruled out, forcing the authors to seek out a yet unnamed and undetermined supposed non-African source, all the while the simple fact that the Fula have traditionally been pastarolists have alluded them. Common sense incites that a pastoralist group is very likely to develop lactase persistence, without having to rely on external gene flow; quote:
For a moment there, it would appear that the authors saw a correlation between R1*-M173 bearers and the prevalence of the −13.9kb*T allele. However, they run into this:
However, haplogroup R1* is also found at high frequencies in several non-Fulbe groups in the Extreme North Province of Cameroon, where the −13.9kb*T allele is found at low frequencies
And they write:
Thus, the demographic processes leading to the presence of the −13.9kb*T allele in Cameroon may not be the same as those leading to the Y-chromosome introgression but could instead relate more specifically to Fulbe migration history
Ps: ...not to speak of that little matter that the dominant hg R type in these Africans are absent in Europeans.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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quote: The combined linguistic and genetic data, however, support an African origin for the Fulani, as we discuss in our work (1). We have pointed out that the maternal and paternal population histories of the Fulani, as evidenced by the distribution of mtDNA and NRY variation, are different from one another.
The pattern of mtDNA variation suggests a West African Niger-Kordofanian origin for the Fulani (3), and the pattern of NRY variation suggests the Fulani are more closely related to Afroasiatic and Nilo-Saharan speakers in Africa (4). These observations may reflect a sex-biased pattern of admixture in the Fulani.
With all due respect, Tishkoff et al. collect data like amateurs. How the heck does one merely rely on secondary source studies, ignore the contexts in which they were made, and expect not to remain in the dark? For instance, does the Cruciani et al.'s 2002 Burkina sample's predominantly E3a, or say that of Rosa et al.'s E3a rich Guinean Fula sample or yet Cruciani et al.'s 2002 northern Cameroonian E1-M33 rich Fulani sample, tie these samples more closely to "Afroasiatic and Nilo-Saharan speakers in Africa"? Anyone familiar with these samples will be puzzled by Tishkoff et al.'s rationale.
I also made note of the fact that Tishkoff et al.'s blanket statement is misleading:
The Sudanese Fula sample here, as noted in the main post above, predominantly featured Hg R1*-M173 markers in the uniparental paternal gene pool. This marker is in fact generally quite rare in "Afro-Asiatic" speaking populations; rather, its highest incidences has thus far been reported in Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan and "Afro-Asiatic" (Chadic) speaking groups in northern Cameroon, with smaller occurrences in the rest of central Africa [see Luis et al. 2004]. Nilo-Saharan groups in Sudan itself, it should be noted, did NOT share this ancestry with the Sudanese-based Fulbe at all.
With context, something that is apparently of little importance to Tiskhoff et al, we realize that these so-called "Afro-Asiatic" speakers are primarily those situated in western/central Africa [like northern Cameroon], Chadic speakers. The same goes for the Nilo-Saharan speakers.
Again, I go into detail on these matters on my blog, to save time and the need for repetition here.
quote:Furthermore, mitochondrial and NRY data represent only a small portion of the whole genome and are particularly susceptible to the effects of genetic drift
They may be susceptible to drift, but so are other segments of the genome. If there is significant amount of a [geographically] designated ancestry in the other segments of the genome, this should reasonably be reflected in uniparental marker distribution.
quote: , so we also discuss the patterns of genome-wide autosomal variation in the Fulani. Consistent with the distribution of NRY variation, the autosomal data demonstrate that the Fulani, who form a distinct population cluster, are more closely related to Chadic- and Central Sudanicspeaking African populations than to other Niger-Kordofanian speakers, although they clearly have high levels of Niger- Kordofanian ancestry and low levels of Eurasian ancestry (1, 6). This pattern is unusual given that most of the African populations included in our sample cluster by linguistic affinity (1).
Well of course, their Fulani samples will by and large cluster with what they call "Chadic and Central Sudanic-speaking" populations, because much of their samples came from central Africa, duh. Their largest Fulani samples came from central Africa and they only had one from western Africa-proper, with a mere sample size of 4! So, naturally, this will cloud their judgement.
Despite this, note the keywords:
they clearly have high levels of Niger- Kordofanian ancestry - Tishkoff et al.
quote: There is not enough information to specifically locate a geographic region of origin for the Fulani within Africa.
That is because, as I have amply demonstrated here, they have an appalling approach to integrating data, from sources other than their own. Studies are cherry-picked, while context is left out in those that were picked. Appropriate gathering of available data would have relieved them of this handicap.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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Atta Way Charlie, Study Man. I hope you have more studies to show the forum.
What I got from reading the rest of that study is that they make claims that Fula are not "Invaders" to WA but they can't really pin down there Origin within Africa.
What is Kinda confusing is when they say that mtDNA says they are linked to Niger-Kordofanian and the Paternal links them to Afro Asiatics. I guess when a Origin in Africa is not disputed, they then make claims that the Women are different from the Men just to muddy up the situation some more. Kind of like how they Break down E3b because it's found in Greeks(Trying to explain away why Greeks have African genes so they call E3b nonsense terms like e1b1b1b1b1b1 blah blah blah). I hope the fulani don't get broken down like E3b genes was broken down by scientists.
I will finish by thanking you for finding these studies and posting them on this forum. Do Dat Dey Charlie.
Peace
King, I take it that your having time to write this piece, may be suggestive that you are unable to defend the matters I queried you on.
Unless demonstrated otherwise, I generally take graveyard silence to follow-up questions as somebody not trustworthy of their own claims, nothing more or less.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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Also Sadly I could not find a website that had more of the Rock Paintings of the Fulanis.
Yes, I think I know what images you are referring to. I don't see how they suggest that the Fulani are some of the "oldest" western Africans though.
Why I think that the paintings show Fulas as being some of the oldest west Africans is because it was when the Sahara(If It's True) was fertile and not a desert.
What do you mean by "most" and likewise, by "broad features". What are you basing your understanding of these terms on?
I base it on the Pics I have seen of WA. I may be wrong in saying it but I just think that Most WA have a more Broad Features then Fulanis. Look at these Pics of Fulanis:
Now Compare to other WA:
Thats all I have to say about this for now. Hope it helped.
Peace
Posts: 9651 | From: Reace and Love City. | Registered: Oct 2005
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The Saharan rock art post-dates the source populations of living western Africans, be it hgs E1b1a, E1 or A1. Furthermore, Fula language is a derivative that falls into the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo phylum. This means that the Fula came only after the source population of Niger-Congo speakers arrived in western Africa.
Posting photos selectively picked from the internet does not serve as either an unequivocal or objective perspective.
And even with the supposed posting of visual aids, your terms remain undefined as you understand them.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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quote: With all due respect, Tishkoff et al. collect data like amateurs. How the heck does one merely rely on secondary source studies, ignore the contexts in which they were made, and expect not to remain in the dark? For instance, does the Cruciani et al.'s 2002 Burkina sample's predominantly E3a, or say that of Rosa et al.'s E3a rich Guinean Fula sample or yet Cruciani et al.'s 2002 northern Cameroonian E1-M33 rich Fulani sample, tie these samples more closely to "Afroasiatic and Nilo-Saharan speakers in Africa"? Anyone familiar with these samples will be puzzled by Tishkoff et al.'s rationale. - The Explorer
This is basically what it comes down to. White people got "Fulani fever" after the Hassan et al memo came out and did not know there were other studies detailing the NRY diversity (or lack there of) of Fulani populations. I think anyone actually interested in African genetics would immediately know from memory there are other Fulani samples available while reading Hassan 2008. For some of us it was like a reflex. So while Euroclows are having orgasms over the one Pn2* guy they found in Turkey....we know from memory it reaches damn near 20% in Sub Saharan Africa.
They have a lot of learning to do. Sometimes I wonder of how the publications would read if they were written the right way, using multiple sources, putting knowledge in proper context.................Then I think of Keita.
Posts: 2463 | From: New Jersey USA | Registered: Dec 2007
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Your reading comprehension is superior to none and your ad hominem is quite beside the point.
Some of us didn't obtain the report when it was issued and so haven't read it in its full context leaving us to rely on posted snippets.
I appreciate you sharing quotes but the judgementals are uncalled for and unnecessary potential flame fodder.
quote:Originally posted by NonProphet: alTakruri,
Tishkoff et al. 2009 was very clear in NOT determining Fula origins to anyone who reads and understands the study. She only alludes to a Saharan origin for Fula and EA for Cushitic. The Fula and 14 AACs were separate/distinctive groups that numerous ethnicities SHARE in the admixture Structured analysis. If anyone confuses partial SHARED ancestry with ORIGIN of ancestry then maybe they shouldn't read peer-reviewed technical papers and learn some basic reading comprehension skills.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
Not sure what you're referring to but maybe this is in order.
quote: Response to Misleading Comments in the Sarah Tishkoff Paper Published in Science April 30, 2009
Recently a paper, “The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans” was published in Science magazine by Tishkoff et al. This paper studied 1,327 nuclear microsatellites in 121 African populations, 4 African populations and 60 non-African populations. One analysis in the study explored the use of these nuclear markers for tracing ancestry of AAs. The markers failed to allow differentiation of AAs into various west African ethnic groups. The statement in the paper that has been depicted by the media is: “Thus, most African are likely to have mixed ancestry from different regions of western Africa. This observation, together with the subtle substructure observed among Niger-Kordofanian speakers, will make tracing ancestry of African Americans to specific ethnic groups in Africa challenging, unless considerably more markers are used.”
This statement is in reference to the use of microsatellite markers for inferring African ancestry for AAs. This study has no relevance to what we do at African Ancestry. The study did not study Y chromosome and mtDNA. We do not use nuclear markers like Tishkoff et al. did in this study. Each nuclear marker is found on one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes, varies, and has two copies (alleles), inherited one from each parent. Due to this complex inheritance pattern it is difficult to determine which allele is inherited from which parent. The mixing of alleles make their use for tracing ancestry difficult.
In fact, over 5 years ago I discovered that using these types of nuclear markers will not be informative for tracing ancestry of African Americans given their mode of inheritance and the diverse west African ancestors who were enslaved in the Americas. During the research for the PBS special African American Lives it was found that the markers are not informative for WA ancestry. When scientists used nuclear markers to trace AAs, like Dr. Henry Louis Gates and tried to place them in a group or region he and the other AAs always clustered in the middle of the groups suggesting that AAs have very mixed West African ancestry.
The problem with testing nuclear markers reveals the importance of lineage based markers for uncovering ancestry. It is the same logic as traditional genealogy tracing for family history. You start with one person, one lineage and build the tree by adding additional lineages. This is practical and reveals that we all have multiple ancestors in which can identify with. For mtDNA and Y chromosome tests these lineages represent those maternal and paternal ancestors. They allow for a more focused connection (a single direct lineage) with ethnic populations.
We educate our customers about the multiple lineages that make up our ancestry. Given our mixed ancestries it is best to test as many lineages as possible in order to get a better picture of your overall ancestries. You will be more successful if you have as much information about your family tree (pedigree) as possible. This will allow us to identify different people in the family to test for more information.
quote:Originally posted by NonProphet: Seems like AA have the Fulani fever due to a mtDNA test some falsely claim makes them Wodaabe when in fact Tishkoff found AA average only 1% shared Autosomal(22 of 23 chromosome pairs)DNA ancestry with Fula.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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posted
Knowing peoples can shed and adopt languages, Fulfulde is the universal language of the Fulani although Hausa is replacing it in N. Nigeria.
Fulfulde is classified with languages along the Atlantic coast of W. Africa from the Senegal to the Casamance. Even the highly distinctive Bororo have this language.
So where is the data on Pulaar/Fulfulde speakers of Senegal and Mauritania and the general region where the language apparently originates? I ask because I don't remember seeing much if any of it in population genetics studies.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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Your reading comprehension is superior to none and your ad hominem is quite beside the point.
quote:Originally posted by NonProphet: alTakruri,
Tishkoff et al. 2009 was very clear in NOT determining Fula origins to anyone who reads and understands the study. She only alludes to a Saharan origin for Fula and EA for Cushitic. The Fula and 14 AACs were separate/distinctive groups that numerous ethnicities SHARE in the admixture Structured analysis. If anyone confuses partial SHARED ancestry with ORIGIN of ancestry then maybe they shouldn't read peer-reviewed technical papers and learn some basic reading comprehension skills.
Sorry Al, the general comprehension remark was not directed to you or anyone specific. Many have politicized the study. I respect your opinions because you are one of the few serious seekers.
My point is the Tishkoff study was an African and not a comprehensive Fula or any specific ethnic origins study. The Fula are interesting due to many unusual markers and they only could test Fula living in Nigeria and Cameroon when they live all across Africa(Senegal, Mali, Sierra Leone, Niger, Chad, Mauritania, Sudan, Togo, etc.) and have mixed with local populations. DNA alone can't determine origins but only inferred migration patterns with other lines of evidence in linguistics, domesticates, geology, climatology, archeology, etc. are needed as well. This is why Tishkoff said Fula are LIKELY of Saharan(green phase)origin probably based on their herding lifestyle and their origins have yet to be definitely confirmed. The back migration quote was misinterpreted to be the ONLY migration which it clearly is not nor does it specify what percentage contribution to overall Fula migration patterns.
Posts: 644 | Registered: May 2010
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posted
And note too that the Fula are the largest ethnic group in Guinea(Conakry), West Africa. They are approximately 40% of the population. And they are strictly West African in phenotype. Ever since colonial times the Fula have acquired a certain specificity--and this essentially because of Eurocentric exaggerations of who the Fula people are. One thing about them though is that historically they have been nomadic. But that has changed, given that many have settled permanently in the urban areas of West Africa.
Google the photos of Conde and Diallo, the 2 main presidential contenders for the presidency in Guinea. Conde is Malinke and Diallo is Fula, but in terms of phenotype who could tell the ethnic difference?
Posts: 5492 | Registered: Nov 2004
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Your reading comprehension is superior to none and your ad hominem is quite beside the point.
quote:Originally posted by NonProphet: alTakruri,
Tishkoff et al. 2009 was very clear in NOT determining Fula origins to anyone who reads and understands the study. She only alludes to a Saharan origin for Fula and EA for Cushitic. The Fula and 14 AACs were separate/distinctive groups that numerous ethnicities SHARE in the admixture Structured analysis. If anyone confuses partial SHARED ancestry with ORIGIN of ancestry then maybe they shouldn't read peer-reviewed technical papers and learn some basic reading comprehension skills.
Sorry Al, the general comprehension remark was not directed to you or anyone specific. Many have politicized the study. I respect your opinions because you are one of the few serious seekers.
My point is the Tishkoff study was an African and not a comprehensive Fula or any specific ethnic origins study. The Fula are interesting due to many unusual markers and they only could test Fula living in Nigeria and Cameroon when they live all across Africa(Senegal, Mali, Sierra Leone, Niger, Chad, Mauritania, Sudan, Togo, etc.) and have mixed with local populations. DNA alone can't determine origins but only inferred migration patterns with other lines of evidence in linguistics, domesticates, geology, climatology, archeology, etc. are needed as well. This is why Tishkoff said Fula are LIKELY of Saharan(green phase)origin probably based on their herding lifestyle and their origins have yet to be definitely confirmed. The back migration quote was misinterpreted to be the ONLY migration which it clearly is not nor does it specify what percentage contribution to overall Fula migration patterns.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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So where is the data on Pulaar/Fulfulde speakers of Senegal and Mauritania and the general region where the language apparently originates? I ask because I don't remember seeing much if any of it in population genetics studies.
Indeed studies on the Fulani of that area are rare to non-existent. The only example that immediately comes to mind, is that of Cerny et al.'s 2006 mtDNA study, which has found that the Gambian and Senegalese Fula have mtDNA genepools that are virtually identical to the sedentary non-Fulani locals of that area. This was the exception to the rule in their study, wherein despite the Fula's predominant western African ancestry, their markers fell into distinctive clusters peculiar to the Fula...likely because of their tradition of being nomadic, and hence, not exchanging too many genes with the sedentary locals.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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the simple fact that the Fula have traditionally been pastarolists have alluded them. Common sense incites that a pastoralist group is very likely to develop lactase persistence, without having to rely on external gene flow; quote...
Some differences of the maternal gene pool between the nomadic and sedentary Fulani populations are also apparent from research conducted in physiological characteristics, for example, lactase persistence; the incidence of this trait among sedentary Fulani is far lower than among their nomadic counterparts (Holden and Mace 2002). - Cerny et al. (2006), mtDNA of Fulani Nomads and Their Genetic Relationships to Neighboring Sedentary Populations
This is the sort of thing one would expect, if lactase persistence trait was driven by lifestyle, i.e. pastoralist lifestyle, rather than exogenous gene flow.
Posts: 7516 | From: Somewhere on Earth | Registered: Jan 2008
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posted
Rosa (2004?) also has some data on Guinea Bissau Fula.
quote:Originally posted by The Explorer:
quote:Originally posted by alTakruri:
So where is the data on Pulaar/Fulfulde speakers of Senegal and Mauritania and the general region where the language apparently originates? I ask because I don't remember seeing much if any of it in population genetics studies.
Indeed studies on the Fulani of that area are rare to non-existent. The only example that immediately comes to mind, is that of Cerny et al.'s 2006 mtDNA study, which has found that the Gambian and Senegalese Fula have mtDNA genepools that are virtually identical to the sedentary non-Fulani locals of that area. This was the exception to the rule in their study, wherein despite the Fula's predominant western African ancestry, their markers fell into distinctive clusters peculiar to the Fula...likely because of their tradition of being nomadic, and hence, not exchanging too many genes with the sedentary locals.
Posts: 8014 | From: the Tekrur in the Western Sahel | Registered: Feb 2006
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