posted
The Mogao Caves or Mogao Grottoes also known as the Caves of the Thousand Buddhas, form a system of 492 temples 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the center of Dunhuang, an oasis strategically located at a religious and cultural crossroads on the Silk Road, in Gansu province, China.
Dunhuang was established as a frontier garrison outpost by the Han Dynasty Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 B.C. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce along the Silk Road, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as Buddhism.
The history of these caves is inseparably linked with that of the first Chinese expeditions against the nomads of the Mongolian steppes and Central Asia.
After the almost complete failure of the expedition of Zhang Qian in the ancient country of Bactria in 139-126 BC, a long section of great walls was built to protect the northern frontier. In 117 BC, military posts, like that of Dunhuang, were established. Two years later, the number of these command posts was doubled. Control of the Hexi pass and the oases route, which was the central segment of the Silk Route that connected China with the Mediterranean world, was the motivating factor in the incessant conflicts between the Chinese sovereigns and the nomads.
Dunhuang would remain cut off from the Middle Empire for long periods at a time, and so constituted a cosmopolitan enclave where all the peoples of Asia mingled together. Many foreign religions were represented, and devotees of Buddhism, Nestorianism and Islam could be found in this caravan oasis. According to an inscription, Buddhist monks first began work on the caves of Mogao in AD 366, whereas the state officially recognized Buddhism as a religion only in 444.
The majority of the cells and temples were constructed, however, from the 5th century up through the 14th century, when the region began to decline. Several great moments of the history of Central Asia are illustrated in the caves and frescos that illustrate doctrinal themes, reflecting transcendental teaching, correspond to the period in the 7th century when the Tang dynasty tightened its control of the Silk Route.
posted
Clyde - I know that modern Chinese claim they are Han, and I know that modern Chinese are mulattoes, but the people pictured above appear to be full Blacks, any ideas?
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Clyde - I know that modern Chinese claim they are Han, and I know that modern Chinese are mulattoes, but the people pictured above appear to be full Blacks, any ideas?
Early murals showed a strong Indian and Central Asian influence in the painting techniques used, the composition and style of the paintings as well as costumes worn by the figures. A distinct Dunhuang style however began to emerge during Northern Wei Dynasty.[Motifs of Chinese, Central Asian and Indian origin may be found in a single cave, and Chinese elements increased during the Western Wei period Many of the figures have turned dark due to oxidation of the lead-based pigments from exposure to air and light. Many early figures in the murals in Dunhuang also used painting techniques originated from India where shading was applied to achieve a 3-dimensional or chiaroscuro effect.
^^^ ok Mike if this guy is the black you mean
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posted
HERE IS WHAT THE CHINESE GOVERNMENT WEBSITE HAS TO SAY ABOUT IT.
The Han empire began in 206BC when Liu Bang, prince of the Han, defeated the Qin army in the valley of the Wei. The defeat was part of a larger rebellion that began after the First Emperor's death. The people were dissatisfied with the tyranny of the Qin leaders and their legalist form of government. However, while Chinese history portrays the Han as having implemented many changes to the government, evidence shows that the Han continued to rule in the tradition of the Qin, only gradually incorporating Confucian ideals into their legalist form of government. Economic expansion, changing relationships with the people of the steppes, strengthening the palace at the expense of the civil service, weakening the state''s hold on the peasantry and the rise of the rich and the gentry were all factors that led to the adoption of Confucian ideals.
Under this new form of legalism and Confucianism, rewards and punishments were still used for the common people. However, the administrators were judged according to Confucian principles with the justification for these different sets of standards as they were educated. As a last resort, the ruler could use punishment for both the people and the officials. It was believed that force alone was not sufficient enough to rule, so the emperor needed the help of the Confucians to guide him morally. Evidence of rulers using power to punish is found in records of beheaded officials.
When Liu Bang conquered the Qin, he created his capital at Chang'an. He kept most of the laws and regulations from the Qin, made many of his friends nobles and gave them fiefs. However, the land was still divided into commanderies and prefectures. Even the fiefs were treated like commanderies. Han power was based on direct control of people by the state.
Like the Qin before them, the main goal of the Han was to unify China. This goal led to the eventual breakup of the fiefs and the downfall of the imperial nobility. This process was finally completed during Emperor Wudi''s reign (141-87BC) -- a period of great military expansion. Emperor Wudi expanded China's borders to Vietnam and Korea and pushed the Huns to the south of the Gobi. Emperor Wudi transferred an estimated two million people to the northwestern region to colonize those areas.
The expansion also led to trade with the people of inner Asia. Thereafter, the Silk Road was developed. The Silk Road actually consisted of more than one possible route through the mountains that traders followed. Agriculture grew with the development of better tools. Iron tools were of a better quality and oxen-drawn ploughs were commonly used. Irrigation systems were increased to help develop the areas of North China. Crop rotation was also incorporated from 85BC onwards. The state attempted to monopolize the production of iron and salt, which were the two biggest sectors of the economy, but they only succeeded to do this for less than a century. Silk weaving and copper work were also important activities.
Education became more important during this period as a new class of the gentry was introduced. A result was the compilation of many encyclopedias. The best known is the Book of the Mountains and Seas, which contained everything known at the time about geography, natural philosophy, the animal and plant world, and popular myths. Sima Qian, one of China''s greatest historians, wrote his famous Records of the Great Historian (Shiji) during this time. The history book became the model by which all other histories followed. It was one of the first attempts in China to record the past in a book form.
The Han Dynasty actually consists of two separate dynasties. It is considered as one dynasty by the Chinese because the second dynasty was founded by a member of the former Han dynasty who declared that he had restored the Han Dynasty. The original Han Dynasty was overthrown when wealthy families gained more power than the emperor. The families became allies through marriage and were responsible for the selection of officials. The widow of Emperor Yüandi succeeded in placing all of her relatives in government and ruled in place of her son. Her nephew, Wang Mang, eventually declared himself emperor of a new dynasty, the Xin (new). His rise as emperor is unusual because he gained much public support and began the ceremony where a seal of the precious stone was passed to the emperor. From then on, whoever held the seal was the official emperor. Wang was overthrown by a secret society of peasants known as the Red Eyebrows (they painted their eyebrows red). Descendents of the Han eventually joined in the uprising, and it was the armies of these nobles, under the leadership of Liu Xiu, who killed Wang in the year 22. The fighting continued until the year 25 when Liu became emperor. As emperor Liu was called Emperor Guang Wudi. Millions of people died during the fighting, leaving land behind for peasants, and often freedom from debt as lenders passed away.
The second Han Dynasty had much success with its foreign policy. Part of this success was due to luck rather than any great accomplishments. The Huns, previously one of the most dangerous enemies of the Chinese, were defeated by the Xiangbei and the Wuhuan. Half of the Huns moved south and became part of the Chinese empire. The Huns appeared to be trying to reunite and form a large empire comprising of Turkestan. Thus, in 73, the Chinese began a campaign in Turkestan. The whole of Turkestan -- which would have ensured a trading monopoly although Emperor Mingdi died and Changdi became emperor -- was quickly conquered. The emperor favored an isolationist policy so that much of what was gained in Turkestan was now lost. Banchao, the deputy commander who led the invasion, stayed in Turkestan to try and hold onto what was won. Eventually, in 89, a new emperor came to power with a renewed interest in holding Turkestan. Despite this military success, economic and political struggles arose in China. Internal struggles for power taxed the peasants until in 184, when another peasant uprising occurred. This movement was initiated by the Yellow Turbans and served to unite the factions that had previously been fighting because they needed to unite to defeat the Yellow Turbans. Although China had conquered them, the country did not return to a united state. Rather, three kingdoms emerged and the Han Dynasty came to an end.
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Clyde - I know that modern Chinese claim they are Han, and I know that modern Chinese are mulattoes, but the people pictured above appear to be full Blacks, any ideas?
China has been a center for many different populations after 1500BC. The first unified nation of China was Han, as a result the Chinese leaders took this title for themselves.
The majority of people in Central and East Asia up to 1000BC were Elamites/Mande and Dravidian speaking people. The original Chinese invaders of North China were the Hua and Bak tribes. In southern South East Asia we find Claasical mongoloid people like the Indonesians, South Asians and etc.
posted
^ So you're saying that China is very much like modern Egypt; where the modern people took the name of the ancients, even though they are not necessarily direct descendants?
Okay - In Egypt we know the major contributors:
The Black Egyptians and the White Turks.
In China - The Black Han - and who?
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^ So you're saying that China is very much like modern Egypt; where the modern people took the name of the ancients, even though they are not necessarily direct descendants?
Okay - In Egypt we know the major contributors:
The Black Egyptians and the White Turks.
In China - The Black Han - and who?
Correct. Each Chinese Dynasty was founded by a different Asian tribe. The Europeans teach that the Chinese are one people this is false. Like most confederations they are united by a Lingua Franca, in the case of China Mandarin.
The Chinese have slowly taken over China. There were millions of aboriginal people that the Chinese absorbed or murdered as they took over China.
The probable original Chinese are the people that live in Indo-China today. They were mainly hunter-gatherers until the Elamites/mande and Dravidianas entered the land raiding their chariots. The Mande/Elamites founded the Xia Dynasty. They were replaced by the Dravidian speaking Shang.
The Dravidian Shang Dynasty was defeated by the Indo-Chinese Shang-Anyang Dynasty. The Indo-Chinese and Blacks were slowly pushed southward by the Hua tribes that founded the Zhou Dynasty (1050-255 BC).
The Chinese have always stolen the history and civilization of the n0n-Hua tribes. Like Europeans they are great liars about their history.
In the Chinese text there were five principal tribes in China, the Yi (Indo-Chinese), Man or Mon (this group included some pygmy groups), Jung or Nagas (this would be the Dravidian and Mande/Elamite tribes), and the Tek (Turko-Tatar people). Through slow infiltartion the Hua (Chinese) tribes slowly conquered the various non-Chinese states and absorbed them into their Empire/nation.
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posted
The Xia Dynasty was founded by the Mande/Elamite [Yueh,Kushite] people. Their country in the Ku-wen speling was Ketchi,Ketsu,Ketsi, Kutche, Kotchi=Kush. Lacouperie believes these people were the Kashu of Mesopotamia.
The main Kushite Empires in China after the Zhou defeated Shang-Anyang, the Kushites mainly lived in the Gansu/Kansu and Kuei(t)chou/Guizhou. The Chinese did not conquer Guizhou until the 10th Century. Other Black tribes, especially the Yueh were in South China especially Yunnan.
The pygmy or Twa people lived in the Anhui province. The pygmies were called Diaoyao ‘Dark Pygmies’
Two of the last great Black States in southern China was Ba-Shu. These states were founded by Yueh [Black] tribes. They were conquered by the Qin Dynasty(c.255-206BC).
The presence of negroid people in the Qin Army suggest that many Blacks lived in Qin China under Hua rule.
I discuss the Ba-Shu in my paper on pages 232-234. See Quick View.
posted
I am not sure what your point is. These people still look like this today. Plenty of people that look like this. Its a boorish debate.
-------------------- Across the sea of time, there can only be one of you. Make you the best one you can be. Posts: 4028 | From: NW USA | Registered: May 2005
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quote:Originally posted by osirion: I am not sure what your point is. These people still look like this today. Plenty of people that look like this. Its a boorish debate.
^Actually Clyde chose a poor picture. BTW our discussion is about "History" and the Albino and Mulatto worlds efforts to obfuscate and falsify it.
.
Just as modern Egypt tries to project itself as a nation which looks like this:
But those people are actually derived from THESE people.
Modern China tries to project itself as a nation which looks like this:
But those people are actually derived from THESE people.
posted
^Above I mentioned "History" and the Albino and Mulatto worlds efforts to obfuscate and falsify it.
From a China travel site:
The Soldiers faces, quote: experts have confirmed that these facial features were reproductions of individual Qin warriors.
The figures were gaily colored. The hair buns were reddish brown, faces were pink, hands were dark red or white, legs were pinkish green or dark red and they wore pinkish green robes and reddish brown shoes.
As one would expect from A Black, Albino, and Mulatto society.
It should be noted that originally, the Chinese were stripping the paint from all the soldiers. UNISCO demanded that they stop, not sure if they did completely. Like the Turks in Egypt, they are not anxious to publicize their true history.
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posted
Looking at Amenhotep III's statue, I couldn't help but remember Keita's words:
Keita quote: "Without an analysis of histology of the skin and accurate portraits one cannot say exactly how they looked. We can only extrapolate by looking at the variability of the modern Egyptian with a focus on Upper Egypt, considering a predictive approach based on latitude, and imagining what they would have been like without the gene flow from the Near East and Europe over thousands of years. This will help you conceptualize the variability of the Nile indigenous population.
Keita
It just goes to show, not only are the Albinos and their Mulattoes obfuscating and falsifying history. They have also hired some "Broken-Down" Negroes to help them do it too.Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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posted
Prof Keita stop selling out your ancesters history to the albino hypocrite racist for money,good job and award .You dont need to do that .You have a bachelor degree or a master degree you can make money writing fiction book of romance,sex,gay under a secret name while writing true history book under your real name.Its a global economy you can find a university teaching job in east Asia.Better yet if you are realy smart you can be an investor in East Asin,Indian and African company .The sale out game is outmoded,played out. Use your brain Prof/doctor Keita .
^^^^notice here there are only tiny bits of paint, basically we are looking at the natural clay color which ranges from gray to light brown.
.
^^^here we see orangish skin and red lips paint that is covering part of the face on top of the natural gray color of the clay. Some of it is worn off in the forehead area
.
^^^here we see most of the paint has fallen off the grey clay. you can only see a little bit left on the forehead,ear and around the mouth
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posted
Mike Exellent work. This find of Black Chinese Emperor WuDi is as good as the find of black Holy Roman Emperor Charle V .Wikipedia only show the black Chinese explorer Zhang Qian not the black emperor Wudi .Im waiting for the update of the chinese section of realhistoryww.com .Thanks
quote:Originally posted by osirion: I am not sure what your point is. These people still look like this today. Plenty of people that look like this. Its a boorish debate.
^Actually Clyde chose a poor picture. BTW our discussion is about "History" and the Albino and Mulatto worlds efforts to obfuscate and falsify it.
**sigh**
Even though those people look like West Africans far more than a Black person like me, they are not politically Black. Just like the fact that my wife who is Korean has typical West African features that are considered Negroid (whatever) it doesn't matter, she is not politically Black. Though to me and you it is obvious that these people were and many are still superficially Black people they are treated differently than us.
Are you trying to change that in this discussion? You are obviously correct but you use politically incorrect jargon and I don't see how you are going to be successful in persuading anyone except people who are already part of the political makeup of Blackness.
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The Zhou Dynasty existed approximately from the 11th century BC to 221BC, lasting more than 800 years, with 34 kings. In the 11th century BC, King Wu of the Zhou vanquished the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty, founding the capital in Hao (southwest of Xi'an City in Shaanxi Province). In 256BC, the Zhou was conquered by the Qin.
The Zhou was originally a dependent state to the Shang Dynasty (17th-11th century BC). According to legend the ancestor of the Zhou tribe was Di Ku. The Zhou grew strong and extended its power during the reign of King Wen and King Wu. King Wu launched an attack on Muye, overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty, which is known as the Western Zhou in Chinese history.
Agriculture, economy, religion, education and art continued to prosper in the Zhou, especially the rites, which not only inherited that of the Shang but also had their own innovations. In the early Zhou, the ruler prohibited people from excessive drinking to put an end to the popularly extravagant practices of the late Shang. Bronze metallurgy continued to develop, but drinking vessels commonly seen in the Shang gradually vanished. The oracle-bone divination method was still popular in the Zhou. Unearthed oracle bones, which date back as far as King Wen, are similar to those of the Shang in shape and material.
Towards the end of the Western Zhou, the intensification of internal contradictions within the ruling class grew sharper and land and power was seized. Uprisings in the kingdom shook the ruling class to its very foundations. In 771BC, King You was killed by the Quan Rong tribe, sounding the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The Qin came to power in 221BC as one of the western states that existed during the Warring States Period. Its leaders conquered the other warring states and unified China for the first time. A ruler, the First Emperor, or Qin Emperor Shihuang, was named inciting the long emperor tradition in China. The Qin, which was not the most culturally advanced of the Warring States, was the strongest in terms of military. The empire utilized many new technologies in warfare, especially the cavalry. The Qin is most likely where the name China originated.
The Qin
The Qin made many changes in their efforts to unify China and aid in administrative tasks. First, the Qin implemented a legalist form of government under which the former Qin territory was governed. The area was divided into 36 commanderies which were then subdivided into counties. The commanderies had a civil governor, a military commander and an imperial inspector who had to report to the Emperor in writing. The legalist form of government involved rewards and punishments to maintain order. Also, the state had absolute control over its people and the former nobility lost all of its power. The nobility was also transferred from their homes to the capital. Groups of five to 10 family units were formed which were held responsible for the wrongdoings of any individual within the group.
(He,he, note this bogus scratch drawing these lying mulattoes use to depict Qin Emperor Shihuang). It's hard to know who lies more, the Albinos, or their mulattoes.
Question - this is a copy of the Emperors terracotta figure.
WHERE IS THE REAL ONE?
The achievements of the Qin are numerous. They standardized the language and writing of China, which had varied greatly from area to area during the Warring States Period. This was done partially out of the need for a consistent way to communicate across the country; administrators also had to be able to read the writing of the commandery to which they were sent. Also, currency became standardized as a circular copper coin with a square hole in the middle. Measurements and axle lengths were also made uniform because cartwheels made ruts in the road and the ruts had to be the same width, otherwise carts with a different axle length could not travel on them. Many public works projects were also undertaken. The Great Wall was built in the north, to protect against invaders and roads and irrigation canals were also built throughout the country. Also, a huge palace was built for the Qin Emperor Shihuang for which the dynasty is famous: an extensive terra cotta army was found at the emperor's burial site. The army consisted of 6,000 clay soldiers protecting the tomb a possible substitute for the living people who were previously buried with the rulers.
Despite all of these accomplishments, the Qin Emperor was not a popular leader. The public works and taxes were too great a burden for the population. It seemed the emperor could not be satisfied. Also, the nobility disliked him because they were deprived of all of their power and relocated. Finally, the emperor banned all books that advocated forms of government other than the current one. The writings of the great philosophers of the One Hundred Schools period were burned and more than 400 opponents were executed.
The Qin reign came to an end shortly after the First Emperor's death. The Qin Emperor Shihuang only ruled for 37 years; he died suddenly in 210BC. His son took the throne as the Second Emperor, but was quickly overthrown, and the Han dynasty began in 206BC.
From Wu-di, we know that the Han were originally a Black dynasty.
Decline and Collapse of the Jin Dynasty
Jin Dynasty
The Jin (or Kin) Dynasty (265-420) was established by Wanyan Aguda of the Jurchen (Nuzhen) tribe and was headed by nine successive emperors.
A peaceful yet uneasy period between the rival Jin and Southern Song dynasties was made possible when the Jin became an ally of the Western Xia. This gave the Jin a dominant position in which it was able to demand tributes from the Song. However, the Jin underestimated the growing threat from its ancient enemies, the Mongolians.
With Mongolia to the north, the Western Xia to the west and Southern Song to the south, the Jin was in an unfavorable situation. Rather than uniting with the Western Xia and Song to oppose the Mongols, the Jin foolishly attacked the Song while attempting to resist the Mongols. This move resulted in the Jin's isolation with no possibility for assistance. To counter threats from the west and north, the Jin moved its capital from Zhongdu (Beijing city) to Bianjing (Kaifeng City, Henan Province). It sought to make gains in the south by compensating for the loss of its northern territory. Leaving the northern territory to the mercy of the Mongols the Jin began a campaign against the Southern Song with little, if any, success. In 1233, the Mongolian army led by Ogodei conquered Bianjing and the Jin emperor fled to Caizhou (Runan County, Henan Province). The following year the Mongolian army, assisted by the Song army, captured Caizhou and put an end to the Jin Dynasty.
Is this man with Kublai Khan a Song?
During the Jin's 155-year span, nine emperors had occupied the throne. At its peak, the population numbered some 44.7 million as the territory expanded from the Outer Hinggan Mountain in the north to the Huai River in the south, and from the coast in the east to Shaanxi in the west.
Quote: Rather than uniting with the Western Xia and Song to oppose the Mongols, the Jin foolishly attacked the Song while attempting to resist the Mongols.
Doesn't that sound like the Jin, Xia, and Song are different ethnically from the Mongols?
The Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) ended to the 370-year divisive period following the downfall of the Tang Dynasty and again unified the whole country, paving the way for a lasting unification through the Ming-Qing period.
During the Yuan Dynasty, economic and cultural exchanges were frequent among different nationalities, and the Hui nationality was formed during this period. The Yuan had an extremely vast territory, drawing a basic outline of present China's territory.
These figures could be Black
The Yuan regime can be roughly divided into three periods: the early, middle and late periods. The early period began from the reign of Kublai Khan, Yuan Emperor Shizu, until 1294. During this period rulers adopted laws from the Han nationality and set up political, economic and cultural systems that promoted social development.
The middle years (1307 to 1323) marked a period of decline. During this period, social conflicts and the competition for imperial power became intensified and included continuous uprisings all around the country. The New Deal carried out by Emperor Yingzong was like a flash in the pan, but it could not save the Yuan Dynasty from declining. Finally, the New Deal failed and Emperor Yingzong died an unnatural death.
From 1329 in the late-Yuan period, peasant uprisings accelerated the decline of the regime. Zhu Yuanzhang joined a peasant force and later took command to defeat other forces and rebuild the dynasty of the Han nationality, namely the Ming Dynasty.
Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang, Ming Emperor Taizu, carried out a comprehensive reform of previous political, military and other systems. Zhu grasped the political, military and judicial powers that pushed the feudal centralization to a high level, which was carried on by the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). In the early Ming, the nation's economy soon recovered and progressed to its highest level. Zhu's achievements made him one of the most outstanding statesmen in Chinese history, along with Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.
The golden age of the Ming Dynasty thrived under Emperor Chengzu's reign, known as the Yongle period (circa 1402). During this period, foreign relations were further strengthened via Zheng He's voyage to Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. The Ming regime also strengthened its relations with ethnic minority groups, promoting the economic and cultural exchanges among different nationalities. Its jurisdiction extended to the inside and outside of the Hinggan Mountains, Tianshan Mountains and Tibet.
When Emperor Yingzong ascended to the throne in 1436, the Ming Dynasty began its decline, mainly due to the monopoly of eunuchs. Corruptive officials levied heavy taxes on peasants, triggering countless uprisings. At the same time, the Ming Dynasty faced the danger of attacks from external forces. During the reign of Emperor Jiajing (circa 1521), Zhang Juzheng was appointed to carry out a comprehensive reform in politics, the economy and military. For some time, things had changed for the better but, before long, a eunuch named Wei Zhongxian seized and abused his power, which accelerated the Ming's decline. At the same time, the Nüzhen of the northeast became powerful and finally overthrew the Ming Dynasty during a storm of peasant uprisings. Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself at the foot of the Coal Hill behind the imperial palace.
Qing Dynasty
Exactly speaking, the Qing Dynasty lasted from 1644 until the founding of the Republic of China in 1911.
posted
Mike I can't really argue with you at this time because the zhou did conquer the Shang-anyang (classical mongoloid people, who sacrifice Blacks on holiday.
Lacouperie called the Zhou, Bak tribesmen and said they came from the West.
.
-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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These people were Kushan or Yuezhi Blacks who formerly ruled Gansu and Yunnan provinces in China.
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: mena7 - Do not be fooled into believing that China has been solved, as indicated by Clyde's response, China is very complicated.
The artifacts tell us that the Shang and Xia were Black dynasties.
They were replaced by the Zhou, who were Black too.
The Zhou Dynasty existed approximately from the 11th century BC to 221BC, lasting more than 800 years, with 34 kings. In the 11th century BC, King Wu of the Zhou vanquished the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty, founding the capital in Hao (southwest of Xi'an City in Shaanxi Province). In 256BC, the Zhou was conquered by the Qin.
The Zhou was originally a dependent state to the Shang Dynasty (17th-11th century BC). According to legend the ancestor of the Zhou tribe was Di Ku. The Zhou grew strong and extended its power during the reign of King Wen and King Wu. King Wu launched an attack on Muye, overthrew the Shang Dynasty and established the Zhou Dynasty, which is known as the Western Zhou in Chinese history.
Agriculture, economy, religion, education and art continued to prosper in the Zhou, especially the rites, which not only inherited that of the Shang but also had their own innovations. In the early Zhou, the ruler prohibited people from excessive drinking to put an end to the popularly extravagant practices of the late Shang. Bronze metallurgy continued to develop, but drinking vessels commonly seen in the Shang gradually vanished. The oracle-bone divination method was still popular in the Zhou. Unearthed oracle bones, which date back as far as King Wen, are similar to those of the Shang in shape and material.
Towards the end of the Western Zhou, the intensification of internal contradictions within the ruling class grew sharper and land and power was seized. Uprisings in the kingdom shook the ruling class to its very foundations. In 771BC, King You was killed by the Quan Rong tribe, sounding the fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
The Qin came to power in 221BC as one of the western states that existed during the Warring States Period. Its leaders conquered the other warring states and unified China for the first time. A ruler, the First Emperor, or Qin Emperor Shihuang, was named inciting the long emperor tradition in China. The Qin, which was not the most culturally advanced of the Warring States, was the strongest in terms of military. The empire utilized many new technologies in warfare, especially the cavalry. The Qin is most likely where the name China originated.
The Qin
The Qin made many changes in their efforts to unify China and aid in administrative tasks. First, the Qin implemented a legalist form of government under which the former Qin territory was governed. The area was divided into 36 commanderies which were then subdivided into counties. The commanderies had a civil governor, a military commander and an imperial inspector who had to report to the Emperor in writing. The legalist form of government involved rewards and punishments to maintain order. Also, the state had absolute control over its people and the former nobility lost all of its power. The nobility was also transferred from their homes to the capital. Groups of five to 10 family units were formed which were held responsible for the wrongdoings of any individual within the group.
(He,he, note this bogus scratch drawing these lying mulattoes use to depict Qin Emperor Shihuang). It's hard to know who lies more, the Albinos, or their mulattoes.
Question - this is a copy of the Emperors terracotta figure.
WHERE IS THE REAL ONE?
The achievements of the Qin are numerous. They standardized the language and writing of China, which had varied greatly from area to area during the Warring States Period. This was done partially out of the need for a consistent way to communicate across the country; administrators also had to be able to read the writing of the commandery to which they were sent. Also, currency became standardized as a circular copper coin with a square hole in the middle. Measurements and axle lengths were also made uniform because cartwheels made ruts in the road and the ruts had to be the same width, otherwise carts with a different axle length could not travel on them. Many public works projects were also undertaken. The Great Wall was built in the north, to protect against invaders and roads and irrigation canals were also built throughout the country. Also, a huge palace was built for the Qin Emperor Shihuang for which the dynasty is famous: an extensive terra cotta army was found at the emperor's burial site. The army consisted of 6,000 clay soldiers protecting the tomb a possible substitute for the living people who were previously buried with the rulers.
Despite all of these accomplishments, the Qin Emperor was not a popular leader. The public works and taxes were too great a burden for the population. It seemed the emperor could not be satisfied. Also, the nobility disliked him because they were deprived of all of their power and relocated. Finally, the emperor banned all books that advocated forms of government other than the current one. The writings of the great philosophers of the One Hundred Schools period were burned and more than 400 opponents were executed.
The Qin reign came to an end shortly after the First Emperor's death. The Qin Emperor Shihuang only ruled for 37 years; he died suddenly in 210BC. His son took the throne as the Second Emperor, but was quickly overthrown, and the Han dynasty began in 206BC.
From Wu-di, we know that the Han were originally a Black dynasty.
Decline and Collapse of the Jin Dynasty
Jin Dynasty
The Jin (or Kin) Dynasty (265-420) was established by Wanyan Aguda of the Jurchen (Nuzhen) tribe and was headed by nine successive emperors.
A peaceful yet uneasy period between the rival Jin and Southern Song dynasties was made possible when the Jin became an ally of the Western Xia. This gave the Jin a dominant position in which it was able to demand tributes from the Song. However, the Jin underestimated the growing threat from its ancient enemies, the Mongolians.
With Mongolia to the north, the Western Xia to the west and Southern Song to the south, the Jin was in an unfavorable situation. Rather than uniting with the Western Xia and Song to oppose the Mongols, the Jin foolishly attacked the Song while attempting to resist the Mongols. This move resulted in the Jin's isolation with no possibility for assistance. To counter threats from the west and north, the Jin moved its capital from Zhongdu (Beijing city) to Bianjing (Kaifeng City, Henan Province). It sought to make gains in the south by compensating for the loss of its northern territory. Leaving the northern territory to the mercy of the Mongols the Jin began a campaign against the Southern Song with little, if any, success. In 1233, the Mongolian army led by Ogodei conquered Bianjing and the Jin emperor fled to Caizhou (Runan County, Henan Province). The following year the Mongolian army, assisted by the Song army, captured Caizhou and put an end to the Jin Dynasty.
Is this man with Kublai Khan a Song?
During the Jin's 155-year span, nine emperors had occupied the throne. At its peak, the population numbered some 44.7 million as the territory expanded from the Outer Hinggan Mountain in the north to the Huai River in the south, and from the coast in the east to Shaanxi in the west.
Quote: Rather than uniting with the Western Xia and Song to oppose the Mongols, the Jin foolishly attacked the Song while attempting to resist the Mongols.
Doesn't that sound like the Jin, Xia, and Song are different ethnically from the Mongols?
The Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) ended to the 370-year divisive period following the downfall of the Tang Dynasty and again unified the whole country, paving the way for a lasting unification through the Ming-Qing period.
During the Yuan Dynasty, economic and cultural exchanges were frequent among different nationalities, and the Hui nationality was formed during this period. The Yuan had an extremely vast territory, drawing a basic outline of present China's territory.
These figures could be Black
The Yuan regime can be roughly divided into three periods: the early, middle and late periods. The early period began from the reign of Kublai Khan, Yuan Emperor Shizu, until 1294. During this period rulers adopted laws from the Han nationality and set up political, economic and cultural systems that promoted social development.
The middle years (1307 to 1323) marked a period of decline. During this period, social conflicts and the competition for imperial power became intensified and included continuous uprisings all around the country. The New Deal carried out by Emperor Yingzong was like a flash in the pan, but it could not save the Yuan Dynasty from declining. Finally, the New Deal failed and Emperor Yingzong died an unnatural death.
From 1329 in the late-Yuan period, peasant uprisings accelerated the decline of the regime. Zhu Yuanzhang joined a peasant force and later took command to defeat other forces and rebuild the dynasty of the Han nationality, namely the Ming Dynasty.
Ming Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang, Ming Emperor Taizu, carried out a comprehensive reform of previous political, military and other systems. Zhu grasped the political, military and judicial powers that pushed the feudal centralization to a high level, which was carried on by the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911). In the early Ming, the nation's economy soon recovered and progressed to its highest level. Zhu's achievements made him one of the most outstanding statesmen in Chinese history, along with Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty.
The golden age of the Ming Dynasty thrived under Emperor Chengzu's reign, known as the Yongle period (circa 1402). During this period, foreign relations were further strengthened via Zheng He's voyage to Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean. The Ming regime also strengthened its relations with ethnic minority groups, promoting the economic and cultural exchanges among different nationalities. Its jurisdiction extended to the inside and outside of the Hinggan Mountains, Tianshan Mountains and Tibet.
When Emperor Yingzong ascended to the throne in 1436, the Ming Dynasty began its decline, mainly due to the monopoly of eunuchs. Corruptive officials levied heavy taxes on peasants, triggering countless uprisings. At the same time, the Ming Dynasty faced the danger of attacks from external forces. During the reign of Emperor Jiajing (circa 1521), Zhang Juzheng was appointed to carry out a comprehensive reform in politics, the economy and military. For some time, things had changed for the better but, before long, a eunuch named Wei Zhongxian seized and abused his power, which accelerated the Ming's decline. At the same time, the Nüzhen of the northeast became powerful and finally overthrew the Ming Dynasty during a storm of peasant uprisings. Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself at the foot of the Coal Hill behind the imperial palace.
Qing Dynasty
Exactly speaking, the Qing Dynasty lasted from 1644 until the founding of the Republic of China in 1911.
Anyone notice that nowhere are the Huns mentioned?
Mike here is an albino researcher who claims the exact same things as you do, that is the modern Chinese are basically a mixed race mulatto people of Central Asian Whites and native Chinese blacks:
quote: Nobody knows what became of the Yuezhi and Xianbei peoples who lived in the mountains West of China. We can only guess.
I think, they lost their ethnic and national identity and their language and became mixed up with all the other Chinese - those who were not in the past persecuted and exterminated as devils. We must consider that a very large part of the devils descriptions in the classic novel "Journey to the West" includes red hair, big eyes and big nose, which are typical caucasian features.
The fight against the devils is an old and central theme in Chinese culture, and it can not have been completely taken out of thin air.
An old Taoist picture board was shown in a flight magazine from Southern China, "Blue Sky Aviation" in connection with a tourism promotion of Sichuan scenic mountains. It was brought without any special comments.
A En taoist picture board from Aba county in Sichuan The modern province Sichuan Left: A taoist picture board from Aba county in Sichuan, which represent a typical devil surrounded by secondary devils. Right: The modern province Sichuan.
Note the head just above the main diabolical figure. It has yellow hair Note also the little demons bottom right, who have brown hair.
It is from Aba County near the Sichuan border of Qinghai and Gansu, which today is Qiang area. So it could also have been Yuezhi area in a remote past, later Tuyuhun område and in late middle age Dan Xiang area.
The existence of such picture proves, that such persons with light hair must have lived there in the past. From where else should the painters get the idea?
Today, one cannot find persons in this area with light or brown hair, they are all black haired. People which were genetically disposed for light or brown hair seem to have had a very high mortality rate during the history. Only the Chinese-Japanese Silk Road Expedition in the eighties could show a little blond girl from a nomadic people high up in the Qilian mountains.
Modern Chinese is not a pure mongolid people. Often one can see persons, who have strikingly Caucasian features, such as big eyes and big nose. A very large part of Chinese have completely white skin. Therefore, I believe, that the remains of Yuezhi and Xianbei tribes were also among the modern Chinese people ancestors.
Note the head just above the main diabolical figure. It has yellow hair Note also the little demons bottom right, who have brown hair.
It is from Aba County near the Sichuan border of Qinghai and Gansu, which today is Qiang area. So it could also have been Yuezhi area in a remote past, later Tuyuhun område and in late middle age Dan Xiang area.
The existence of such picture proves, that such persons with light hair must have lived there in the past. From where else should the painters get the idea?
Today, one cannot find persons in this area with light or brown hair, they are all black haired. People which were genetically disposed for light or brown hair seem to have had a very high mortality rate during the history. Only the Chinese-Japanese Silk Road Expedition in the eighties could show a little blond girl from a nomadic people high up in the Qilian mountains.
Modern Chinese is not a pure mongolid people. Often one can see persons, who have strikingly Caucasian features, such as big eyes and big nose. A very large part of Chinese have completely white skin. Therefore, I believe, that the remains of Yuezhi and Xianbei tribes were also among the modern Chinese people ancestors.Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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Apologies to tawk, last week I told him that European Albinos were called "White Devils" by the rest of the world. As we see from the quote below, I was not completely accurate.
Brother Monkey is fighting with one of the red haired devils of the West. A theme from the classical novel - The Journey to the West.
The big nosed White people mentioned in the article were the Turkic, so-called "White Huns" (Hephthalites) who had no direct connection with the Huns, these were White tribes who deliberately called themselves Huns, in order to frighten their enemies.
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quote:Originally posted by Mindovermatter: Mike here is an albino researcher who claims the exact same things as you do, that is the modern Chinese are basically a mixed race mulatto people of Central Asian Whites and native Chinese blacks:
As you can see, nowhere is Black researchers credited with the original idea.
In the future, Black history as discovered by Black researchers, will be taught as Albino altruism. Soon it will be all their idea, and discovery.
In the words of the lying Albino bastards at Museo de Cadiz, Spain (the Phoenician bust):
"We are Proud of our diversity (paraphrase)"
Can you imagine what a lying degenerate you need to be, to let words like that come out of your mouth - AFTER HUNDREDS OF YEARS OF LIES AN RACISM!!!
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quote:Originally posted by Mindovermatter: Mike here is an albino researcher who claims the exact same things as you do, that is the modern Chinese are basically a mixed race mulatto people of Central Asian Whites and native Chinese blacks:
quote: The White Huns were steppe nomads who grew to power in Central Asia, China (where they were called Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu), and northern India during the fourth and fifth centuries c.e. Different from the Huns organized under Attila, the White Huns were believed to have had white skin and elongated heads.
Although it is unknown what the White Huns called themselves; they may have assumed the name Hua or Huer. Other names attributed to them include Hephthalites, Hephthal, Ephthalites, Yanda, Urar, Avars, and Huna.
The most well known writing about the White Huns is by Procopius, a contemporary of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. Procopius recorded the remarks and observations from an ambassador who was traveling with the Persians who were warring with the White Huns.
He wrote that the White Huns "are the only ones among the Huns who have white bodies". The Mongolian Huns’ origins are unclear. For the White Huns to have white skin indicates the possibility of a different origin than the Huns of Attila.
The White Huns may not have been related to the Hunnish tribes at all. The White Huns are often considered unrelated, physically and culturally, to the Huns. The Huns belonged to a group of Central Asian and Eastern Caucasian steppe nomad warriors who also have murky origins.
White skin and elongated heads? Christ these really do sound like albino's straight out of Africa
Also this:
quote: Some scholars believe that the White Huns were of Turkish origin, while some place the White Huns’ origin near the Hindu Kush region. What little is known of White Hunnish culture favors an Iranian origin. A common custom for Iranians was also common for the White Huns—the practice of polyandry, having several husbands to one wife.
quote:Originally posted by Mindovermatter: The White Huns were steppe nomads who grew to power in Central Asia, China (where they were called Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu), and northern India during the fourth and fifth centuries c.e. Different from the Huns organized under Attila, the White Huns were believed to have had white skin and elongated heads.
These people were Kushan or Yuezhi Blacks who formerly ruled Gansu and Yunnan provinces in China.
Do you mean they looked like this following:
No. This women looks Indonesian. .
She's not indonesian, however she's Asian. Btw, I know very well what Indonesian people look like. This country in particulair has a history of VOC (Dutch East India Company).
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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This woman is of the Aeta, "Negritos" of the Philipines
The Aeta people in the Philippines are Australo-Melanesians, which includes other groups such as Aborigines in Australia; Papuans; and the Melanesians of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and the French overseas special collectivity of New Caledonia. The history of the Aeta continues to confound anthropologists and archaeologists. One theory suggests that the Aeta are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines, who, contrary to their seafaring Austronesian neighbors, arrived through land bridges that linked the islands with the Asian mainland.
The White Huns were steppe nomads who grew to power in Central Asia, China (where they were called Xiongnu (Hsiung-nu), and northern India during the fourth and fifth centuries c.e. Different from the Huns organized under Attila, the White Huns were believed to have had white skin and elongated heads.
.
Why are you calling the Huns "white" ?
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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This woman is of the Aeta, "Negritos" of the Philipines
The Aeta people in the Philippines are Australo-Melanesians, which includes other groups such as Aborigines in Australia; Papuans; and the Melanesians of the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, and the French overseas special collectivity of New Caledonia. The history of the Aeta continues to confound anthropologists and archaeologists. One theory suggests that the Aeta are the descendants of the original inhabitants of the Philippines, who, contrary to their seafaring Austronesian neighbors, arrived through land bridges that linked the islands with the Asian mainland.
This woman is not Aeta,nor is she Australo-Melanesians. Compare her picture to the Australo-Melanesians in the picture you posted. A cursory examination of the two picture show they lack affinity in hair texture and facial features. Stop lying you white racist.
Sweat flows down the cheeks of Belinda Sibal, an indigenous Filipino living around the slopes of Mount Pinatubo volcano known as Aetas, as she votes in the country's midterm election at a polling precinct in a remote village of Zambales province.
posted
Zambales province, Philipines Ambon island, Moluccas, Indonesia Boodie cave, barrow island, Australia
Seram, Ambon, and most of Maluku are part of Wallacea, the group of Indonesian islands that are separated by deep water from both the Asian and Australian continents and have never been linked to the continents by land. wiki ---
is this the original Aboriginal name for the island??
Boodie Cave on Barrow Island is yielding an ancient secret of global significance: resourceful, well-fed humans were living in its limestone chambers more than 50,000 years ago, several thousand years earlier than archaeologists had estimated.
The Ambo, also Amvon or Ambon, is an architectural feature of an Orthodox Christian church building. Historically, the ambo was originally a *raised platform... wiki
ambon may refer to volcanic island, some mountains/volcanos in Papua are called Bo, which may also link to Borneo.
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The island was visited by indigenous Australians before and after its separation from the mainland, approximately 8000 years ago.[4] Stone artefacts including several weathered flakes and fragments made of igneous and metamorphic rocks and chert were collected from Barrow Island in the 1960s.[4] Thevenard Island also has evidence of Aboriginal visitation,[4] and it is likely that the nearby Montebello Islands were utilized as well, however there have been no archaeological finds from these islands.
Whalers were known to operate in the area from about 1800 onwards. The first recorded visit by whalers was in 1842 with continued visits occurring until 1864. The island was used as a slave trading centre for Aborigines during the 1870s by Captain William Cadell until he was arrested and removed from the colony in 1876. Slave labour was used in the nearby mainland pearling industry.[5]
Another picture of Belinda Sibal The child seems to be expressing what Clyde is feeling right now
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"The peach was a witness to the human colonization of China," Wilf said. "It was there before humans, and through history we adapted to it and it to us."
Su brought the fossils to Penn State and analyzed them while working there as a visiting scholar and collaborating with Wilf. Several tests confirmed that the fossils are indeed more than 2.5 million years old and not from recent contamination. In addition to their having been found in the Pliocene rocks along with many other plant fossils, the seeds inside the pits are replaced by iron, and the walls of the pits are recrystallized. A modern peach pit would have a recent radiocarbon date, but radiocarbon analysis of the fossil peaches showed them to be older than the limit of radiocarbon dating, which is about 50,000 years.
Possible link of Mogao to Botai(Horse domestication) : Xya.Mbo.tlaya, Mbo + gua(M:cave), Mbo + tlaya/tai:tie/tali(M:rope)/lariat(Sp:the rope)
The Botai culture is an archaeological culture (c. 3700–3100 BC)[1] of ancient Kazakhstan. It was named after the settlement of Botai in Aqmola Province of Kazakhstan. The Botai culture has two other large sites: Krasnyi Yar, and Vasilkovka.
David W. Anthony connects the Botai culture to the eastward migration of peoples from the Volga-Ural steppe in the mid 4th Millenia BC, which would lead to the establishment of the Afanasevo culture in South Siberia.[2]
The site of Botai is located on the Iman-Burluk River, a tributary of the Ishim River. The site has at least 153 pithouses. The settlement was partly destroyed by the steeply eroding river bank which is still occurring and by management of the wooded area.
The occupations of the Botai people were connected to their horses. Some researchers state that horses were domesticated right here by the Botai.[3] It was once thought that most of the horses in evidence were probably the wild species, Equus ferus, hunted with bows, arrows and harpoons. However, evidence reported in 2009 for pottery containing mare's milk and of horse bones with telltale signs of being bred after domestication have demonstrated a much stronger case for the Botai culture as a major user of domestic horses by about 3,500 BC, close to 1,000 years earlier than the previous scientific consensus. This does not necessarily mean they were the first to domesticate horses, but makes them the earliest known candidate.
The pottery of the culture had simple shapes, most examples being gray in color and unglazed. The decorations are geometric, including hatched triangles and rhombs as well as step motifs. Punctates and circles were also used as decorative motifs.[4]
Asko Parpola believes that the language of the Botai culture cannot be identified with any known language or language family. He speculatively suggests that the Proto-Ugric word *lox for "horse",[5] reconstructed on the basis of Hungarian ló, Mansi lū and Khanty law, all meaning "horse", whose origin is unclear and which might be related to german Ross (via r->l shift), is a borrowing from the language of the Botai culture.[6]
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posted
Regarding the Aeta, they are the closest living relatives to the Australian Aborigines/Papuans except for the Bougainville (Blonde) natives, according to a genome analysis.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Apologies to tawk, last week I told him that European Albinos were called "White Devils" by the rest of the world. As we see from the quote below, I was not completely accurate.
Brother Monkey is fighting with one of the red haired devils of the West. A theme from the classical novel - The Journey to the West.
The big nosed White people mentioned in the article were the Turkic, so-called "White Huns" (Hephthalites) who had no direct connection with the Huns, these were White tribes who deliberately called themselves Huns, in order to frighten their enemies.
Mike! I found some great information about the input of foreign albino genes into the modern Chinese population, take a look at this:
From the same website:
quote: In China's early history all the peoples on the plains were labeled as "-rong", which means something like barbarians or natives. During the Qin dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC) and early Han Dynasty, most of peoples of the steppe were categorized as Xiongnu. Only after collapse of the the Xiongnu federation the Xianbei tribes appeared in the history under their separate names.
Typical Xianbei art - Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Museum.
In the year 48 AC the before so mighty Xiong federation split up into two groups, the southern and the northern Xiongnu. An officer of the Han court named Zang Gong suggested that China should take advantage of the situation, ally with Xianbei and attack Xiongnu; but Emperor Guang Wu-di rejected firmly further acts of war.
The chinese characters for Xianbei says "Bai Lu", which literally means fresh new thieves. It can not be a name that they called themselves. At the same time it sounds very much like "Xin bai", which means "new whites".
Modern Chinese humor runs very much on expressions, which sound like each other, but have different meanings. It must be something that the language's character invites. Maybe some witty heads back then named the new barbarians of the steppe "Fresh thieves", which also sounded as "New whites", a double meaning that they found interesting.
Left: Bodisatva with blond hair and blue eyes from Dunhuang cave 57 - or is it a queen? Right: Types from Mogave Caves at Dun Huang - the Northern Wei period. Some tough men, were they kings?
The "Xianbei" tribes are interesting for Danes, because both "Qi Dan" and "Dan-Xiang" (The Chinese prefer the alphabetizing "Dang-Xiang") claimed that they descended from "Xianbei", and both these people called themselves for something with "Dan".
The Northern Wei empire was a migratory state, ruled by a branch of Xianbei people. Their sacred royal family was the Tuobas. They seem to have been the royal family superior to all others. The kings of Qi Dan as well of Dan(g) Xiang (Tangut) claimed both that they descended from Tuoba. These kingdoms emerged several hundred years after the doom of the Northern Wei empire; here one can realy talk about "The return of the king". The Tuoba royal lineage must have had a simply enormous prestige.
Many nations' history-interested "make claim" on the Xianbei tribes. Chinese literature refers routinely to them as a typical Mongolid people. Koreans have no doubt that the Xianbe was a tungusic people, like they think about themselves. Turkish history enthusiasts call them often as a "proto-Turkish", "proto" as they have a timeline problem, all without existence of real arguments that support such claims. All parties label routinely the Xianbei's kings as khan, although this is a Turkish title, which was not invented before after several hundred years.
Xianbei ring.
But there are many indications that Xianbei was a non-Mongolian people with white skin and often with blond or reddish hair.
The debate on Xianbei's ethnic origin is a fierce debate with political overtones that have been going on for years. The idea that possible Indo-European peoples have had their root within the borders of modern China is causing a very considerable emotional resistance.
Basicly the statements about Xianbei's respectively Mongolian or tungusic origin are simply repeated many times, as it was a self evident truth, but with few and insignificant real evidence. Since it seems to be politically correct in both East and West, it has gradually won an image of truth.
Supporters of Xianbei's Mongolian origin bring forward to know that the Xianbei's descendants, the Qi-Dans, mobilized their troops in military units called "Ordo". Mongolian has a word with the same significance, "Ordu", for example in "The Golden Horde" and other Genghis Khan's armies. The word is found in Danish and English as "Horde," but they think it comes from Mongolian. Therefore, since Xianbei's descendants used a word, which the Mongols also used, they must have been of Mongolian ethnic origin, the supporters of the theory conclude.
But this evidence is worth nothing, and it proves indeed the opposite.
The Americans were the first to drill for oil off shore, they gave names to "derrick", "casing", "christmas tree" and "spot cans". "Their successors the British, Norwegians and Danes simply took over the terminology, which allready existed in the industry.
Left: Xianbei cavalry. Right: Warrior figure from Northern Dynasty Tomb - Unearthed in Cixian - he looks like a viking, who had lost his way, but however he is 500 years too early.
The Indo-Europeans were the first to develop mounted warfare on the steppe, and they developed the associated terminology. They invented the concept of "horde" originaly "orde" as the name for a military formation. When the Mongols and Turks much later took possesion af the steppe and picked up mounted warfare, they simply took over the terminology that already existed.
Danish is an ancient Indo-European language that still contains many words beginning with "or-", which denotes various military activities. Just try opening a Danish computer dictionary, type "or-" and see what comes up.
A blond steppe warrior displays his trained horse - cave painting from Dunhuang.
"Orlog" refers to naval warfare. "Orlov" is a leave from military units. An "Ordonans" is a military messenger. "Ordre" is a military command. "Orden" is the opposite of sloppiness and disorder, which typically must prevail in an army. "Orden" is also military decoration of honour. "Orke" is to perform strenuous efforts, as it is often the case in war.
The basic word "horde" or "orde" can be recognized in modern danish in that meaning of "orden" as the word for an organization, such as a knightly order, the order of the Knights Templar, the Johanitter Knights order and so on. Such military designations are in relatively recent times replaced by terms such as "regiment", "arme" and "batalion" and therefore the meaning of horde has been degraded to describe a spontaneous, primitive and aggressive group.
Column Foundations from the Tuoba capital Luoyang with two dwarfs indicating each corner of the world.
Luoyang was the capital of Northern Wei, which was a Tuoba Xianbei state. Here is a pillar foundation with two dwarfs indicating each corner of the world. It brings one to think about the dwarf list in the Voelves Divination, verses 11-13 of the Elder Edda, where the dwarves Nordri and Sudri, Austr and Vestri, are named after the corners of the compass - or maybe it's the compass directions, which have been named after the dwarfs. The idea, that a dwarf should indicate a compass direction, is so unique that there must be a connection.
The arguments for Xianbei should be of tungusic ethnic origin are equally unconvincing.
Some believe to have reconstructed a group of words from the now extinct Xianbei language, which shows that it belongs to the tungusic language family.
Now, the fact is that everything passed on from Xianbei comes from Chinese sources, and Chinese characters say, as you well know, nothing about the pronunciation. It is hard to see how such a rekonstruction has taken place. Xiabei's tungusic origin is mentioned many places as a matter of course, but nowhere gives any clue about the nature of such a reconstruction. It may not be something, which is particularly obvious or scientific.
The chinese character for house - it can be pronounced haus, hus, house, dom, casa or fangzi.
The Dunhuang documents, P. 1283 (in Tibetan) tells of the Qi Dan people's language: "In the language they (Qi Dan) and Tuyuhun broadly could communicate with each other". So we can imagine that the two languages relate to each other such as Danish and Swedish. Tuyuhun was a branch of Murong Xianbei and Qi Dan descended from Tuoba Xianbei. This indicates that the Xianbei tribes of the migration age, living in general in present Inner Mongolia, mainly spoke the same language. The Xianbei peoples created Wei Dynasty and many other migratory states. Sui and Tang Dynasty originated from Xianbei peoples, who had accepted Chinese culture. Their language, whatever it was, must necessarily have had a markedly influence on the development of the Chinese language.
Left: A strong man with big blue eyes, big nose and in general caucasian features - Sculpture from the caves at Dunhuang. Right: Two types from a cave painting. The man at the top left must be one of them, whom the scholar Yan Shigu had in mind, when he wrote about - These "Hu" people have green eyes, red beard, and their appearance is like bearded monkeys.
Now it is like this that strikingly many words in Danish and Chinese sound similar to each others having similar meanings.
This again indicates that some of the ancestors of modern Danes, perhaps the Aesirs, who came from Asia, had a common origin with the Xianbei tribes.
In "Han Shu" the scholar Yan Shigu (581-645) added a Comment on how the Wusun people looked like: "Wusun in the Western Areas are the same as the Rong people (old term for native tribes around China). Now a days, these "Hu" people have green eyes, red beard, their appearance is as bearded monkeys, and they are originally of this nature." ("Hu" means caucasian features like deep set eyes, big nose, beard etc.).
Yan Shigu worked at the court of the first Tang ruler Li Shimi. He wrote commentary in both "Han Shu" and "Shi Ji". He lived in a very turbulent period. The dominant Xianbei State "Northern Wei" had been split into the Eastern Wei and Western Wei, who in turn evolved into the Northern Qi and Northern Zhou. The Northern Zhou proclaimed themselves as Sui Dynasty and claimed the power of the whole China. The new dynasty, however, quickly perished because of the peasant revolts and civil war. However on its ruins Li Shimi erected the famous Tang Dynasty on the political foundation of coalitions with the tribes on the steppe, especially with many Xianbei tribes and states.
Budda of the Future from Mogave caves at Dunhuang - from the Northern Wei period - note his fair hair, white skin, big nose and eyes. He does not look like of tungusic or mongol origin.
Yan Shigu's comment is not only a statement about the distant Wusun people, it is also a statement about the "Hu" people who surrounded him. It was undoubtedly the always rivalizing Xianbei peoples, he had in mind, when he wrote: "Now a days, these "Hu" people have green eyes, red beard, their appearance is like bearded monkeys".
The document "Zhi Zhi Tong Jian" (it means "Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government) was presented to the Emperor during the Song Dynasty by Sima Guang (1019 - 1086). He had spent eighteen years composing it. Here is told a story that the Emperor of the Dynasty "Eastern Jin", Jin Ming Di (Sima Shao 323 to 326 AC) had yellow hair and beard, because his mother was a Xianbei. Once he unannounced went out to inspect his troops. However, because of the color of his hair, his soldiers believed, he was a Xianbei and chased him as an enemy.
Folk songs from back then sounded: "Huang tou Xianbei", which means: "Xianbei have yellow head."
How did the Xianbei Peoples look like? Left: Small figure which represent a Xianbei soldier with deepset eyes and big nose. Treasures of ancient China Exhibition - Found in Jing County, Hebei Province, 1948. Mid: Small figure which represent a Xianbei soldier with modern Asian features - Treasures of ancient China Exhibition - Found in Jing County, Hebei Province, 1948. Right: Statue in Luoyang with high sharp nose.
Among the Xianbei peoples, and also at their descendants the Qi-Dans, women were quite equal with men. They rode horses and used bow and arrow just as good as men, an old poem says. Also during the following Tang Dynasty, women could do much the same as men. However, there were severe punishments for adultery.
It is known that the Tang Dynasty had a rather full woman ideal, and that women also played polo. Only during the following ethnic Chinese Song Dynasty developed the extremely slim ideal woman with elegant small feet.
In Tuoba Xianbei's old capital of Luoyang are a few statues with fairly high nose bridge among the statues and figures, which have been preserved to our time. Most of the other surviving figures are either of a neutral ethnic appearance or with a modern Asian look.
Left: A fair haired Budda from cave no. 45 at Dunhuang- should we ques that it is a Xianbei type on is left side? Right: A blond beauty from the Dunhuang caves - bodhisattva or dancer? Most likely dancer. - She has white skin and blond hair but modern Asian narrow eyes.
In the Dunhuang caves, the portraited characters have in general black hair. However, there are many with yellow and brown hairs especially on characters from the Wei, Sui and Tang Dynasties, who were strongly influenced by the Xianbei peoples.
It is not in question that the paint has chipped off or has become discolored thus creating hair, which is not black, as other paint near by seem to be in good shape. However many of the characters with blond hair have marked modern Asian facial features, narrow eyes, low nose bridge, etc.
I think that some of the ancient artists in Dunhuang thought that yellow hair and white skin was nice, and they seemed also to like narrow eyes and small nose. So they created these really beautiful figures with both blond hair, white skin and modern Asian features.
Since the invasion from the steppe the mixture of genes has worked ceaselessly during fiteen hundred years, and now there is no longer so big difference between the Chinese, as there once were. But it is still such that one can walk on the street and learn that the Chinese actually are quite different. Many have completely white skin, others have slightly yellowish skin or olive colored, as it is said. Some have big eyes and other caucasian features, most have not.
Left: One more Buddha with blond hair from the Dunhuang cave no. 45. Right: A blonde group, Budda in the middle. The person to the right of Buddha must be a Xianbei type.
"Buddha of the Future" in the cave no. 275 of Mogave at Dunhuang has a Western, almost Greek style. The statue was made during Northern Wei dynasty shortly after the invasion from the steppe.
Generally Xianbei seemed to have been some pretty broad types with round or square faces. They had big eyes and beard. It seems like they often had pretty big wide noses that others might have looked down on. Some of them seemed to have had a certain "Miss Piggy" style, which often is exaggerated especially on more tough and less sympathetic figures such as soldiers, grave guardians and the likes.
However jade carvings from the very early Shang Dynasty also show persons with big eyes and wide noses, so this miss Piggy characters are possible not typical Xianbei persons.
Maybe the character's appearance reflects the enormous political correctness that prevailed in the Northern Wei after 494 AC and presumably also in the following Eastern Wei Dynasty.
Left: The cosmic dance - Longmen at Luoyang. Right: A Xianbei king of the Northern Zhou. He has a very large head with big eyes, maybe he was a child.
A Xianbei king, perhaps of Northern Zhou, has a large head with big eyes.
Just as Dan-Xiang (Tangut), the Sogdians and of course the Indians (the God Shiwa) Xianbei Tuoba knew the cosmic dance, the god's creative destruction. It is an Indo-European ide.
The cosmic dance is also found in Buddhism, as a god, trampling on an evil creature. The buddist god from Northern Wei has noble, a little narrow eyes, which were considered beautiful, while the man, he is trampling upon, has an apperance, which can be exaggerated Xianbei traits. Also the many tomb guardians, who are somewhat unsympathetic creatures, seems to have been equipped with exaggerated Xianbei traits, like for example big eyes and wide stubnose. A sort of political correctness in the same way as when bad guys in "James Bond" movies often are exaggerated "Aryan" types.
Two tomb guardian figures have a particularly frightening Miss Piggy style. Note their Scythian caps, an Indo-European traits.
The little man whom the god is trampling on during his cosmic dance has big eyes and a broad snub nose. It must have been considered very ugly.
A Xianbei warrior has particularly pronounced and frightening Xianbei facial features. It's hard to believe that anyone really had looked like this. Maybe he is a tomb-guardian, who has the duty to frighten the evil spirits away from the tomb.
Left: The cosmic dance - The little man whom the god is trampling on during his cosmic dance has big eyes and a broad snub nose. Mid: Xianbei warrior en face - most likely a tomb guardian with especially frightening features. Right: The same Xianbei warrior in profile - as I said maybe a tomb-guardian. No one can come to look like this in a natural way.
Left: A sage from the Longmen grottoes in Luoyang. He has rather caucasian features. Middle: A wise man from the Longmen grottoes in Luoyang. He has a round face and rather small eyes, shall we say he is a something in between a caucasian type and a modern Asian type. Right: A sage from the Longmen grottoes in Luoyang. He is a caucasian type.
The wise men from the Northern Wei look pretty ordinary, they do not have specifically modern Asian features. A group of soldiers are mentioned to be Xianbei soldiers from the Northern Zhou period. They remind most of all about a gang of henchmen send by the king of the devilish demons.
A group of soldiers mentioned to be Xianbei soldiers from the Northern Zhou period.
It brings one to remind the Taiping ruler Hong Xiuquan's revelation in his dream:
"Those who travel up to Heaven along the eastern road," which Hong did in his dream, "They see God in his majesty, still with the black dragon cape, a hat with turned up brim and golden beard," like Hong also saw him. "They see the king of the devilish demons, with square cut face and red eyes, and learns that he is really the same as the demonic devil of the eastern ocean and the devil king on Earth, known as Yan Luo. As God showed it to Moses on Mount Sinai, as he wrote the tablets of the law "with his own hands", he identifies the devil king for heaven's guest (with his own hands)." ("Gods Chinese Son," page 108)
This means that the Taiping ruler believed that God had revealed to him that the devil king of the Eastern Ocean (the foreign devils king) was in fact the same as the devil king of the Earth (the Chinese devils king) named Yan Luo, and he had a typical square cut face and red eyes.
This indicates that Hong and most likely many other chinese thought, that some descendants of Yuzhi and Xinbei in the western mountains and on the plains, whom the Chinese called devils, looked like the Portuguese and British, who came from the eastern ocean, and was probably ruled by the same demonic king. It was probably the reason why, the Europeans were called "foreign" devils because they looked like the local devils they allready had.
Hong Xiuquan also named the Manchus as devils, and he left no doubt about how to deal with these devils (the Manchus), namely kill them and stamp them out from the surface of the earth.
Xianbei in the Early History "Hou Han Shu" cites a memorandum handed to the emperor in 177 AC: "Ever since the Northern Xiongnu fled (to the west), Xianbei had become more strong and numerous, and have taken over all land, which previously belonged to Xiongnu and claims to have 100,000 warriors - Pure metal and wrought iron has come into the hands of the rebels. Han Chinese deserters have sought refuge (at the Xianbei) and work as their advisors. Their weapons are sharper and their horses are faster than Xiongnu's."
The known Xianbei peoples locations.
"Hou Han Shu" quotes further a history writer from 185 AC: "The Xianbei people invades our borders so often that hardly a year pass by in peace, and it is only when the trading season comes, they come forward in humility. But when they do, they are only likely to acquire valuable Chinese goods, it is not because that they respect the Chinese power nor they are thankful for Chinese generosity. As soon as they have achieved all that they in any way can, they return to their habit of plunder and destroy."
According to "The Perilous Frontier" by Thomas Barfield in late Han Dynasty were counted 120 small Xianbei tribes on the steppe. To comparison, on the entire steppe were reported of only ten to twenty groups, who could be attributed to the term Xiongnu.
Xianbei was apparently more rivalizing and quarrelsome and therefore had more difficulty in joining together in larger organizations.
However during the next some hundreds years some larger and more numerous Xianbei peoples were formed. Murong Xianbei created the Yan states of North-East China, and Tuyuhun Xianbei formed a kingdom on the Tibetan plateaux. The most famous is Tuoba Xianbei who created the migration kingdom "Northern Wei."
White horse and horse keeper with yellow hair - Glazed ceramics from Tang Dynasty - privately owned.
Duan Xianbei fused with Murong Xianbei in the Yan kingdom through political marriages, the king was a Murong and the Queen was from the Duan people. Yuwen lived on the plains along the Liao River; some scholars believe they were perhaps not a Xianbei people. Qifu Xianbei created the kingdom of Western Qin in the modern province of Shaanxi. Tufa Xianbei created the Southern Liang kingdom in modern Gansu province.
In the classic novel "The Outlaws of the Marsh" the chief of the outlaws Songjiang is visited by a grim-looking man, who gave him a white horse: "My family name is Duan, my given name is Jingzhu. Because of my red hair and yellow beard I become called "The Golden Dog". My family is from Zhuozho Prefecture, and I earn my daily bread by handling horses up north. - " (Page 1267)
"The Outlaws of the Marsh" is a collection of myths and legends from Song and Yan Dynasty, jointed together in a huge classical novel by Shi Nai'an and Luo Guanzong. It was released in a fairly comprehensive form first time in 1541 AC.
The Portuguese and the Englishmen were by then not yet arrived at the coasts of China's. The Portuguese landed the first time in Japan in 1542 AC, and the Englishmen came much later. But people in the Eastern China could still remember the Duan Xianbei people, their horses and their golden hair.
The Gaxian cave in the north-eastern Inner Mongolia.
Dokumentet "Wei Shu" is the story of Northern Wei, which was founded by the Tuoba Xianbei people. Here is told that in 443 AC a group of riders from a people called Wuluohou came and asked for an audience with the Emperor Tuoba Dai. They told him, they had heard about a cave, which was located in the northeastern part of the modern province of "Inner Mongolia", today called "Oroqen Autonomous Banner." The locals worshipped this cave as the Xianbei ancestral home, they said, convincing the king that the legendary cave, where all Xianbei's common ancestors in ancient times had their original home, had been found.
"Wei Shu" says further that the king sent one of his men, Li Chang, out to investigate the matter. Li Chang found that the story was true and held various ceremonies on the spot to honor Xianbei's indigenous ancestors. He did make an inscription on the rock at the cave, which described the ceremonies.
The cave and the inscriptions were explored by Professor M.I. Wenping in 1980. It has been inhabited since the Ice Age. It is today known as the Gaxian cave.
The Migration Time - The Five Hu Invade China "Northern Wei" was founded by the Tuoba Xianbei people. It was the most important state in northern China in the years after the Migration Period, which in China was called the period of "Sixteen states" or the "Wu Hu" (five Hu) period.
It's called "Five Hu" because China was invaded by the five "Hu" people, who were Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang.
The Germanic kingdoms in the Migration Period in Europe.
The term "hu" described people with deep eye sockets, thick beard, big nose and so on. Xiongnu were the Huns, Xianbei are described in this article. Jie was a people few in numbers with a distinct caucasian appearance, perhaps descendants of Yuezhi. Di one knows very little about, perhaps they were related to the Xiongnu. Qiang had lived in the western mountains for millennia, maybe it was them, whom Przhevalskii met in 1876, whom he called "Tangutans", he wrote that they all were dark-haired and looked like Gypsies.
The situation of the state of Wei in Northern China were very similar to the situation of the Frankish kingdom in Europe in the years after the migration time.
During the Migration Period, the situation in Europe was chaotic. The Huns fought against the Visi-Goths and the Burgundians, the Visi-Goths fought against the Franks, the Longobards fought the Heruls and so on. Within each people's reigning royal families was also an intense rivalry for power over the newly won riches, just think of the story of the Frankish royal family, the long-haired Merovingians. After the dust from the fightings had settled, appeared the Franks under Carolus the Great as the big winners. In order to win recognition from the conquered peoples, they decided after some time to call themselves the "Holy German-Roman Empire", for the same reason they supported the Roman Catholic Christianity.
The migration kingdoms in China in the period of the sixteen kingdoms - The migration from the steppe into China began, however, fifty to a hundred years before the similar event did in Europe.
In China, the ruling Jin Dynasty likewise were overrun by barbarian peoples from the steppe, who then turned against each other in an intense fight for the newly conquered land. The Xianbei people fought against various Xiongnu (Hun) peoples, The Murong and Tuoba Xianbei fought against each other. Most Chinese migration states lived in a more or less permanent state of war with their neighbors. When the dust settled, "Northern Wei" had through many years of fighting united almost all the barbarous nations in North China. To win the conquered people's recognition they acquired Chinese culture and language, and they supported the spread of Buddhism.
Murong Xianbei's Yan Kingdoms All nations in North China in the Migration Period are often called something with "Former", "Later", "Northern", "Eastern" and so on. These are all call names that modern historians have given them to keep track of the so many countries, whose name were the same.
Xianbei art could be a little strange - just as they later Qi Dan's could also could be.
For example, there were six different kingdoms, who called themselves for "Yan". There was the original Yan that existed in ancient China, while Socrates and Plato walked around in Athens. In addition there have been forms Yan (337-370), Later Yan (384-409), Northern Yan (409-436), Southern Yan (398-410) and Western Yan (384-394).
Most Yan kingdoms were created by the Murong Xianbei people. They were short-lived and extremely unstable. For example, "Western Yan" existed only for ten years, during which time they had seven different rulers, who all suffered an unnatural death.
About the Name Tuoba Tuoba written in Chinese characters.
In Danish ears the word Tuoba sounds very much like Thor-far. "Thor" is the Scandinavian god of thunder, and "far" is the danish word for father. Therefore, I believe that Tuoba means "the descendants after Thor."
The literal meaning of the two Chinese characters in simplified Chinese, which say Tuoba are "extension" and "postscript" and it does not really make any sense. It is clear that these two characters have been chosen because they best describe the pronunciation of the word regardless of their literal meaning.
Tarzan written in Chines characters.
If one on Google Translate is trying to translate Tarzan, the king of the apes, from English to Chinese, you get two characters which really mean "Thai mountain", which is pronounced Taishan. (It is also a famous mountain in Shandong). If you ask then a chinese: "What is the name of the king of the Apes?" so maybe he will reply, "hmm - yes, we can read it here, let's see - I got it - he is called Taishan."
The characters chosen to describe the sound of a foreign word are frequently the best possible approximation and does not necessarily reproduce exactly the original pronunciation in the foreign language. So it must be that the word Tuoba represent the pronunciation of the Chinese characters, they have chosen to use, and the original pronunciation may have been slightly different.
According to the pin-yin system the Chinese word "Tuoba" is alphabetized as just "Tuoba", which pronounced after an danish understanding of the use of sounds will be something like [toår!-bah].
"O" is a closing sound in pin-yin, one can imagine that it is followed by a short "r". "uo" is pronounced as the vowel in the last part of the name of China - Zhong Guo. The exclamation point above shall symbolize the fourth tone, which is falling, a little like giving an order to the dog. The final "h" shall symbolize the second tone, which is rising, light and optimistic.
After the older Wade-Giles alphabetizing system Tuoba must be written "T'o-pa", but the pronunciation may, according to the nature of the case, be the same.
The name of a people or a family line is often a word, whose meaning has been lost in the mists of the past or a name of an original ancestor followed by something which means descendants, children, relatives or the like.
For example, ethnic Chinese call themselves Hua xia, meaning descendants of Hua, the Yellow Emperor. Skjoldungerne (The Shield Cubs) means the descendants of the child found lying on a shield. Gjukungerne (The Gjuk Cubs) means the descendants after Gjuki and so on.
"Father" is in Chinese called "ba [ba!]" (Falling tone). It is very close to the Danish "far" (father) and it may be difficult to hear the difference.
The final "ba [bah]" in Tuoba however is with rising tone.
But if you listen carefully, you can hear that the Danish "far" is also pronounced with a rising tone, at least on the island of Funen. It is only if one wants to blame the father something or warn him, that you can pronounce it with falling tone.
In Danish it is said of a sow that gives birth that it "farer" (at(to) fare). It is easy to imagine that this expression previously had been valid for humans, but as time passed by it has been devalued to the animal world.
Designations for persons coming from various islands and provinces with -far have been typical of several historic peoples of Europe, the Danes, Angles and Burgundians. In especialy older Danish a Sjællands-, Lolands-, Langelands-, Hallands-, Blekinge- or Gullands-far designates a persons originating from these locations - For the Angles a Lindis-far came from Lindis and a Burgundian called himself a Burgunda-far.
So a qualified guess about the meaning of "Tuoba" will be that it means the descendants from an original ancestor, "Thor".
The Chinese god of thunder has a hammer with a short handle, with which he produces the thunder.
Wei shu, the "Book of Wei", was written by Wei Shou 551 - 554 AC. Here he tells that the name "Tuoba" comes from that the Tuoba Xianbei people descended from "The Yellow Emperor", who is assumed to be the common ancestor of all Chinese.
Wei Shou lived during the Eastern Wei, who was that part of the split Northern Wei, who still held on to the hardboiled integration and kinesificerings policy, which was introduced in 494 AC. He used the Chinese royal name "Yuan", which replaced the imperial family's original name "Tuoba", including for the emperors before 494 AC, and thus he creates some confusion.
He only tells about the Emperors of Eastern Wei and do not mention of the rivals in the Western Wei, who had rejected the integration policy and returned to the traditional Xianbei culture.
Not to applaud the racial policy of the state must undoubtedly have been politically incorrect, and probably harmful to health. So he could not very well write that the Xianbei people have one ancestor and the Chinese have another, it would probably have been quite dangerous. Moreover, after more than half a century's intensively integration pressure, in an era where there were only a few books, maybe many could not remember the history of their people.
But he confirms that the name Tuoba contains a meaning of descenting from an original ancestor.
Moreover the writer of Wei Shu also disagrees with general Ran Min, who actually said that the Xianbei and Jie peoples were some half animal barbarians, who did not descend from the Yellow Emperor, as he did himself as a Chinese. (See elsewhere in this article) The Creation of the Northern Wei Empire. Tuoba Xianbei people came into the history in the kingdom of "Dai". It was most likely located around the modern city of Hohhot in the modern Chinese province of "Inner Mongolia".
In 341 AC king Tuoba Shiyijian of Dai lost his wife, who was a sister of king Murong Huang of "Former Yan".
Tomb guardian from emperor Xuanwu's tomb - Northern Wei.
He asked Huang about a new wife. King Huang of Yan insisted, however, on a large sum of money for a new princess. King Shiyijian refused to pay and accompanied his rejection with abusive language. Then Huang sent his crown prince with an army against Dai, and King Shiyijian fled into the mountains with the whole of his people. The following year he sent his brother to Yan to ask for another wife, we don't know if he succeded. Some months later came an envoy from the Murong kingdom to ask for a princess to the king. Kong Tuoba Shiyijian accepted the request from Yan and chose his own sister as a wife for Huang.
In 376 AC the kingdom of Dai was attacked by "Former Qin", which was founded by the "Di" people, it is said. Tuoba people fled again into the mountains, and during their stay there king Shiyijian died. The invaders succeeded to conquer Dai, and it ceased to exist as an independent Tuoba kingdom.
It is interesting that the danish word for "wonderful" is "dejlig". It is pronounced something like dai-lig and means literally dai-like.
Map of Inner Mongolia, which shows Dai, Wei and later Zhao.
The new rulers left the area to the Tiefu Xiongnu people, which was led by the kings of the "Liu" royal lineage. The Tiefu royal family had previously used their original name, "Dugu", but one of their ancestors had married a woman, whom they thought was a Han Dynasty princess, and therefore they changed their name to Liu, which was the Han emperor's family name.
The Former Qin was briefly master of the northern plain. However they became victims of their own excessive ambitions. They set out to conquer the Chinese Jin Dynasty, which still held out in the southern China. They suffered a disastrous defeat against a numerically inferior Chinese army in the Battle of Fei River in 383 AC in the far south in the modern province of Anhui.
Two Xianbei figurs found near Ningxia, they have a typical Xianbei dress.
"Former Qin" then disintegrated and Tuoba Gui (386-409 AC) who was grandson of King Tuoba Shiyijian, saw the possibility of restoring the Dai kingdom in the northern part of the modern Chinese province of Shanxi. He established his capital in "Pincheng", today known as Datong. The royal court resided only in the capital now and then. Most of the time they traveled around the country and took care of the kingdom's problems. Twice a year they went up the mountains to honor their ancestors.
However, after a few years he decided to change the name of his kingdom from the original "Dai" to the more ambitious "Wei".
Left: "A Xianbei king or emperor. Mid: A Xianbei soldier. Right: A Xianbei soldier.
Already in 386 AC, the same year as the new empire was created, Tuoba Gui retook the former Dai area. King Liu Peini of the Tiefu Xiongnu surrendered. Two of his brothers, Liu Xian and Liu Kangni continued the fight against Tuoba until their death. Another branch of Tiefu Xiongnu, led by Liu Weichen, was defeated by Tuoba in 391 AC, and he was killed by his own men. However one of his sons, Liu Bobo, succeded to escape to the Ordos area, where he in 407 AC, founded a new state, which he called Xia.
Ran Min's Massacre of the Jie people The two Xianbei rulers Tuoba Gui of Wei and Murong Chui of Later Yan, united in order to attack the country "Later Zhao", which were located in the modern Hebei province around the city of Handan.
Two statuettes, which are supposed to represent foreign merchants - Tang Dynasty - Gansu Provincial Museum. The term Western merchants are often used, when the findings do not have modern Asian features.
Later Zhao was originally founded by the "Jie" people. However a Chinese-born general, Ran Min, arranged a kind of crystalnight and massacred all Jie as he could find. It is said to have been several hundred thousand. They were easyly recognizable because of their typical caucasian appearance, deep eye sockets, large nose, thick beard and so on. Some believe that they descended from Yuezhi. The chinese character for "Jie" literally means such thing as "castrated ram" or "animal skins." It can not be something that they called themselves.
Ran Min was an adopted son of a Jie nobleman.
Ran Min's forces had good success in the beginning of the war, but they fell into an Xianbei ambush. Wei's armored cavalry split the Chinese lines. General Ran Min was captured alive.
Before he was executed, he was asked, why he had killed the Jie rulers of the Later Zhao. He replied: "If brute barbarians like you can become emperors, why not I, a descendant of the Yellow Emperor?" (Ethnic Chinese call themselves "Hua Xia", meaning descendant of the Yellow Emperor, Huang Di.)
Ran Min's "Later Zhao" ceased to exist in 387 AC.
Tuoba Wei's Mobile Warfare As a defense against the nomads to the north the Chinese have always had their confidence in the great wall, gifts and bribes.
However the Tuoba Xianbei favored mobile warfare. Emperor Tuoba Tao (408-452), explained how the Rouran nomads to the north should be fought: "The Chinese are foot soldiers, and we are soldiers on horseback. What can a herd of foals and heifers do against tigers and a wolf pack?
With the Rouran people it so that they let ther animals grass in the north in the summertime, when autumn comes, they move to the south, and in the winter they ravage our frontiers. We only need to attack them in the summer on their pastures. At this time their horses are useless, the stallions are busy with the young mares, and the mares are busy with their foals. If we attack them there and cut them off from their pastures and their water, we will within a few days have either overcome or annihilated them."
During Tuoba Tao's reign Northern Wei's area was doubled, in practice he united the entire North China under his rule.
The Historian Sima Guang's Description of the Northern Wei Emperor Tuoba Tao Sima Guang described Tuoba Tao in his "Zhi Zhi Tong Jian" ("Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government):
"The Emperor of Wei was strong and brave and calm and resolute. Whether it was about to defend a town or to fight on the battlefield, he was always in the frontline. His bodyguards could suffer losses, but his expression was always the same, and therefore they were humble and impressed by him and willing to fight hard to the death. He was also modest, and he was satisfied with his clothes and his food, as long as it was sufficient.
A Xianbei king of Northern Zhou - Longquan Mountain.
When his officials suggested that he should strengthen the defense of the capital and rebuild the palace, they argued with "I Ching,": "Princes and dukes must build defenses to ensure their homes and property," and with Xiao He: "An emperor may be home anywhere in his empire, but if his home is not sufficiently grand and luxurious, he can not demonstrate his strength," he replied: "the ancient sages said, "what it depends on is flexibility, not secure defenses. Helian Bobo used boiled soil to build his city, and I destroyed his state; it was not because, he was not safe enough. Right now there is no peace in the country, and we need manpower, and I despise large buildings. What Xiao Han said was not right."
He also felt that money should be spent on the state and the military and they should not be wasted. He handed out money as rewards only to those families, whose sons had died for the state or those who significantly had contributed to the nation. When he sent generals out, he always gave them instructions personally, and those, who did not follow his advice, most often did not reach their goal.
He was also good in judging his men's personalities, and were able to select generals among its soldiers, he appointed only officials, who were qualified, not those who had good connections. He was very skilled in observation and could see, what was happening under the surface, and his advisers could not keep him from important information. He rewarded the ordinary soldiers and common people if they deserved it, and he punished men in high offices, if they deserved it. He protected also not those, as he usually favored, and he often said: "I and the people obey the laws, and how dare you ignore them?"
However, he was cruel and often handed the death penalty, and he often bitterly regretted the executions."
Helian Bobo's Xia Rige In 407 AC, a Tiefu Xiongnu named Liu Bobo founded the kingdom "Xia" in the modern Ning Xia area. He called it "Xia" because of the history that the Xiongnu descended from the ancient Xia Dynasty.
The ruins of Tongwan in Tongwanchang.
In 413 AC he decided to build a capital, which should be absolutely impossible for the enemy to capture. He gave the responsiblity for managing the construction to his evil general, Chigan Ali. The city was named "Tungwan", which means the United ten thousand, as it was Bobo's goal to rule all China's ten thousand states.
Chigan ordered that all soil that would be used for city walls, should be boiled (with rice) to make it hard and difficult to destroy. He often tested the quality of the wall, if an iron wedge were able to penetrate more than an inch into the wall, the foreman, who was responsible for this section of the wall, would be executed, and the corpse would be used as filling in the internal wall.
Liu Bobo supervised himself the manufacture of weapons and armor. He gave the order that they should be tested in such way that the arrows were shot against the armor; if the arrows could penetrate the armor, then the black smiths, who had produced the armor, should be beheaded; if the arrows could not penetrate the armor, then the smiths, who had produced the arrowheads should be executed. In this way, both fortifications, weapons and armor became of very high quality.
The ruins of the city Tongwan in Tongwanchang.
In 413 AC King Bobo decided to change his name from "Liu Bobo" to "Helian Bobo". His family had before assumed the imperial family name "Liu". But Bobo meant that this were not appropriate.
A Chinese historian described Helian Bobo like this: "He was arrogant and cruel, and he treated people like weeds. Often he entered a tower with bow and arrow, and whenever he got an impulsive suspicion, resentment or anger against someone, he would personally kill him. If someone stared at him, would he cut his eyes out. Anyone, who laughed too heartily, would have their lips cut open with a knife. Anyone, who dared to have a different opinion than he, would first get their tongue cut out, and then their head would be severed.
Helian Bobo decided in 424 AC, for reasons which have not made their way to written history, to push his eldest son, Helian Gui, aside as a crown prince and instead appoint a second son, Helian Lun, to succeed him. Helian Gui was a very skilled general, immediately he led his soldiers against Helian Lun, defeated him and killed him. When a third son Helian Chang heard this, he conducted a surprise attack, killed Helian Gui, took command of his troops and led them back to the capital, Tongwan. It impressed his father so much that he appointed Helian Chang to be his crown prince.
On the other hand the old man had little left for a fourth son, Helian Ding. It is said that Ding had too easy to laughter after Bobo's taste.
Helian Bobo died in the summer of 425 AC, and his son, Helian Chang, succeeded him.
As early as 426 AC the Northern Wei attacked the Helian brothers Xia kingdom.
With fast cavalry units they rapidly penetrated deep into Xia territory, and in the same year they captured Chang'an (Xian). The young king Helian Chang, sent his brother Helian Ding off with an army of to retake the city. However, the Xia army became entangled in a kind of stationary warfare with fixed frontiers around Chang'an and got nowhere.
When the Northern Wei emperor, Tuoba Tao, learned that the Xia army was engaged around Chang'an, he ordered another Wei army under General Daxi to move quickly forward toward the Xia citadel, Tongwan, and initiate a siege. The Wei army planted the false rumor in Tongwan that they had shortage of food. This tempted Helian Chang to leave his impregnable fortress and launch a counterattack that however, completely failed. He fled with the remnants of his army to the city Shanggui, today Tianshui, in Gansu. The Wei army then easily took his before impregnable Tongwan.
Map showing Ningxia and the south eastern Gansu.
Helian Ding succeeded in disengaging his army from the confrontation around Chang'an and joined his brother in Shanggui. In the spring 428 AC the now united Xia army pulled further back to Pingliang, also in Gansu. The Wei army was devastated by disease, which tempted the Helian brothers to take the initiative and surround the Wei army. However, during the siege, some Wei units conducted a counter attack, King Helian Chang commanded personally his men, but he fell from his horse and was taken as a prisoner.
Then his brother Helian Ding became king of Xia and the Qifu Xiongnu people. He gathered the remnants of his army and retreated to Ping Liang.
The Wei general Daxi felt humiliated that he almost had been overcome by the Xia forces. Despite the fact that he now really had a serious shortage of food supplies and also a lack of water, he pursued the enemy against Ping Liang.
A subordinate Wei officer, who was accused of negligence, deserted and told Helian Ding about the really serious situation in the Wei army. Helian Ding believed him, took the initiative, surrounded the Wei army and took their General Daxi and his entire army as prisoners.
In the town Anding and in Chang'an a few Wei units were stationed, few in numbers. When they heard, that General Daxi had surrendered with his whole army, they abandoned their posts and retreated against north. This made possible for Helian Ding to take Anding and Chang'an and the whole area back without a fight.
Helian Ding regretted that the old Helian Bobo had not appointed him his successor from the beginning, in this case Tongwan would not have been lost, he argued.
Xianbei belt buckle of gold.
Kong Helian Chang was as a prisoner brought back to Northern Wei. He was not executed, on the contrary. The emperor treated him well. The emperor gave him his sister in marriage, and appointed him Prince of Qin. Perhaps the Emperor knew that Helian Chang and his brothers all were very skillful and experienced generals, who would make good satisfaction in the Wei army.
In 431 AC the South China Liu Song Dynasty declared an offensive against their enemy and rival, the Northern Wei. Helian Ding saw the opportunity to ally himself with his enemy's enemy. Xia and Song agreed to defeat Wei and share their territory.
At the same time - in another part of Gansu, the political events developed to the detriment of Helian Ding and his Xia veterans.
The Qifu Xianbei State, "Western Qin", was hard pressed by their neighbours, who were the Xianbei Tuyuhun kingdom and the Xiongnu state, Northern Liang. Kong Qifu Mumo decided to surrender to the great power Northern Wei, provided that he got the Pingliang and Anding areas as a duchy. The areas were of course not available in the moment of the contract, but it was thougt to be a matter of time. Kong Qifo Mumo and his army left his kingdom to join the Northern Wei in the fight against Xia and Helian Ding.
When these tidings came to the ears of Helian Ding, he immediately set out to sever Qifo Mumo and his army, which, however, had made a stop in town of Nan'an, also in Gansu.
However, the Song Dynasty did not take any serious initiative in the war, and Northern Wei decided to turn against Xia and Helian Ding first. The emperor himself led an army against Pingliang, who was defended by Ding's little brother Helian Shegan. The Emperor had the captive king, Helian Chang, trying to persuade his brother to surrender. Helian Chang's fate was an illustration of the fair conditions they could expect, if they surrendered. Shegan refused to surrender.
When Helian Ding heard that Pingliang was under siege, he tried to turn around and come his brother to the rescue, but he was prevented by a significant Wei army led by general Tuxi Bi. The Wei general fooled Ding into believing that his army was only some small units and triggered thereby an attack from Helian Ding. In the following battle the Xia army were badly beaten and withdrew to the Chingdu plain near Pingliang, where they were surrounded by the Wei army. For several days they held out - without water and food. Eventually Ding and a few men managed to fight their way out of the encirclement, but most of the army was lost, and he himself was seriously wounded. He gathered the survivors and fled to Shangui.
Around New Year 431 AC Helian Shegan and another brother Helian Duluogu had to surrender both Ping Liang and Anding.
Xianbei cavalery man from Eastern Wei.
Helian Ding gathered one last army and went north to attack the little Xiongnu state "Northern Liang" in order to take its territory and thus ensure his people's survival and existence. But the Tuyuhun King, Murong Mugui, had anticipated this move and sent an army to cut off the way. Just when the Xia army was crossing a river, they were attacked by Tuyuhun, who took Helian Ding and all his men as prisoners. Mugui delivered Helian Ding to Northern Wei in 432 AC against being appointed to Prince of Xiqin and receiving other rewards.
For reasons which are not passed on to the history, Helian Chang fled from his gilded captivity in 434 AC. He was however captured by the Wei generals west of the Yellow River, who executed him. Then the Wei emperor gave up winning the loyalty of the Helian brothers, and they all were executed.
This was the end of the Xiongnu Tiefu people.
The Gai Wu Rebellion
In the autumn of 445 AC a Xiongnu named Gai Wu started a rebellion against Northern Wei in the previous "Former Qin" area in modern Shaanxi. Very quickly a lot of other Xiongnu and Han Chinese joined the rebellion. Gao sought and obtained the support of the Liu Song regime in South China, as he declared his loyalty as a vassal.
The local authorities failed for to quell the rebellion in the birth, and the Gai insurgency was growing still stronger, as he proclaimed himself the title of "Prince of Tiantai".
In the spring of 446 AC the emperor Tuoba Tao personally led successful attacks on one of Gai Wu's allies, the Han insurgent, Xue Yongzong. By the news of Yongzongs defeat Gai Wu fled into the mountains, and the emperor mercilessly punished those, who had supported the rebellion, they were all killed without mercy.
When the Wei forces took Chang'an (Xian), they found a big quantity of weapons hidden in Buddhist monasteries. The emperor therefore believed that the monks had collaborated with the Gao Wu rebels. Therefore, all Buddhist monks in the town were killed, the temples demolished and the Holy Scriptures burned. He subsequently issued a ban on Buddhism throughout his empire.
Dowager-Empress Feng and Emperor Tuoba Hong's Integration and Chinezation Policy All the conqueror peoples of the peoples migrations age in Europe as well as in Asia, established a society based on the dual system, as it is called. It was essentially a kind of apartheid system. The conquering people was an upper class that took care of the military, administration and religious affairs, while the original inhabitants were farmers, merchants and craftsmen who run the basic production. We must face it; it recalls the previous situation in South Africa.
The Franks conquered the Roman province of Gaul, including farmers and craftsmen. The conquerors thought that it was their natural right, that they and all their descendants should enjoy the country they honestly had won by the sword. Only the French Revolution more than a thousand years after abolished their inborn nobility privileges.
A learned man with a typical caucasian apperance - Dunhuang cave 202 from early Tang Dynasty 642 AC.
Northern Wei was also such a migratory state. The Xianbei Tuoba people were conquerors and master people, and they formed the core of the military. As Emperor Wudi Tai expressed himself: "The Chinese are foot soldiers, and we are soldiers on horseback." It was not the case that the Chinese were slaves, but they had clearly an inferior status just as the peasants had in medieval France.
But the difference between Europe and China have probably been that in Europe the common people and the masters were basically of the same race. If one did not know, or were able to conclude from dress, speech and manners, one could not say, who were masters and who were the subjects.
There are stories from medieval European peasant revolts, where peasants are described as "small, black and badly armed". But, on the time of the French Revolution, there is no indications of any ethnic difference between the estates.
But in migration time North China there seemed to have been a rather visible ethnic difference between the masters and the subjects. As Ran Min said before he was executed: "If brute barbarians as you can become emperors, why not I, a descendant of the Yellow Emperor?" It is also logical included in the label "Five Hu", since the term "Hu" describes the physical appearance.
A Buddha from the Yungang Caves at Datong with high nose bridge and narrow eyes, a compromise.
Kings and emperors were responsible for maintaining the delicate balance between the conquerors and the people. The barbarian conqueror peoples were the backbone in the states and without them they would disintegrate. The original inhabitants of country were the productive part of the nations, and they constituted the overwhelming majority. Any change in the balance between the country's groups could be catastrophic.
Empress Feng and her grandson Emperor Xiaowen (467-499) of Northern Wei introduced in 494 AC a dramatic integration policy. They thought it would make it easier to govern the country, but it turned out to be the end of their nation and in the very end of their people.
The emperor and his family changed their name from the original xianbei "Tuoba" to the Chinese "Yuan".
The language at court, and any other any administrative centers, were changed from xianbei to Chinese. Officials who did not speak Chinese, got a short time to learn it.
All Xianbei families were ordered to change their traditional Xianbei names into Chinese names.
All Xianbei families were called on to marry their sons and daughters to Chinese persons.
It became forbidden to wear the traditional Xianbei dress. Everybody should dress in Chinese costumes. Artistic creations should be consistent with Chinese culture.
The whole thing reminds about the Longobards, Franks and Visigoths in Europe. They abandoned all their own native language and took up to speak Latin, maybe they thought it was more noble. But they were not so good at it, so the resulting languages was italian, french and spanish; which were Latin mixed up with their native language's words and phrases.
Luoyang city walls - ruins of ancient Luoyang is located in some distance from the modern city Luoyang.
The capital of the country Wei was transferred from Pincheng to Luoyang. Originally the administrative center was located in Pincheng, which was near the front against the Rouran nomads on the steppe. After moving to Luoyang the army and indigenous Xianbei tribes and clans, which formed the core of the army, were downgraded.
Mobile warfare as military strategy was abandoned in favor of a traditional Chinese defense based on stationary positions, gifts and bribes to selected barbarians. The military was downgraded and increasingly populated with convicts and similar.
The traditional Xianbei tribes and clans were furious. An opposition against the integration policy centered around the crown prince Yuan Xun was revealed, and he was forced to commit suicide.
In 528 AC the Northern Wei's last real emperor asked his general Erzhu Rong to march against Luoyang and rid him of his mother's (Dowager Empress Ling) Chinese advisers. However, before they arrived, the Dowager empress got wind of the plan and she succeeded to kill the young emperor with poison.
Erzhu Rong and his Xianbei army surrounded the palace and killed the entire court together with all their family, two thousand persons, of whom most were Chinese.
Then he placed his son in law Tuoba Ziyu on the throne, while he retained the command of the military for him self and thus the real power.
A tomb guardian or other monster from the Xianbei State of Eastern Wei - Note his disgusting big eyes.
While Erzhu Rong and the army was on an expedition in the north, Luoyang was conquered by forces from the neighboring state of "Liang". They deposed Tuoba Ziyu and crowned their own emperor, Tuoba Hao (529 AC). Erzu Rong returned, defeated the Liang forces and reinstated his son in law as Emperor.
However, in 530 AC the young emperor killed his father in law with the royal scepter. He did not think, it was suitable for a true emperor, to be led by a man of lower rank. Erzhu Rong's nephew, Erzhu Zhao, avenged his uncle in collaboration with another general, Gao Huan, and together they set a new emperor, Tuoba Ye, on the throne.
While Erzhu Zhao was expedition with the army to the north, one of his relatives forced the new emperor to abdicate, and he put his own candidate, Tuoba Gong, on the throne.
Meanwhile, General Gao Huan made friends with men, who hated the Erzhu clan, and in 531 AC he set his own emperor, Tuoba Lang, on the throne. However, already after a year he became unhappy with his emperor's behavior and introduced a new Tuoba Xiu, (531 AC). He gave the new emperor's his eldest daughter as a wife. However, while Gao Huan was away fighting the enemies of the Empire, Emperor Tuoba Xiu revolted against his general and repudiated his daughter as wife. General Gao had to turn around and insert a new emperor, Tuoba Shao, who received his repudiated oldest daughter as a wife. The former emperor escaped. However, after a short time general Gao Huan once again had to set a new emperor on the throne, namely Tuoba Shanjian, who received another of his daughters as a wife.
In 550 AC Gaou Huan's son Gao Yang deposed the last Emperor of the Tuoba royal family and proclaimed himself as the first Emperor of Northern Qi.
As one can see see, it looks like the the fall of the Roman Empire, just faster and more absurd.
Inner Mongolia was in the nineteenth century populated by emigrants, particularly from the Chinese central provinces Henan, Hebei and Shandong. While the American settlers went West, the Qing dynasty Chinese went North. People from Inner Mongolia, as one meet in airports and train stations look like all other Chinese.
This is pretty important stuff that you should read and consider putting on your website. When People are told that the Ancient Chinese were black, they can't picture it because they are so used to the image of how the Chinese look now and think that's how the Ancient Chinese looked like.
Unfortunately anyone who has read China's historical timeline and uses their brain can easily figure out that the modern Chinese have nothing to do with the Ancient Chinese.
And of course we know that the Ancient Chinese were blacks because of pictures and skeletons; what pictures like in the sources shows, is that White barbarian steppe tribes CAME INTO CHINA IN ANCIENT TIMES, MIXED WITH THE ORIGINAL BLACK CHINESE AND DILUTED THEM TO CREATE THE MODERN CHINESE PEOPLE!
And these murals, pictures, statues, written descriptions simply PROVE THIS! Ancient China suffered the same fate as Ancient Egypt, because when they declined they took were overtaken by foreign invaders and White Eurasians of various types.
Like here:
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Look carefully at the albino like blonde hair of these statues below:
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