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That would be north, south, and central Americans (just a reminder for those who think 'Americans' only refers to those of the North American continent). http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/430944.stm hmmmm.....
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According to the book The First American were Africans by David Imhotep the first American people were the Twa and Khoisan people of Africa. They migrated to America 50,000 years ago. Their oldest fossil was found in Brazil and Virginia. The country of Brazil is a short distance to Africa. Twa found in Tierra Del Fuego in Argentina by Spanish navigator spoke the click language.
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Oldest Skeleton in Americas Found in Underwater Cave? Eliza Barclay for National Geographic News
September 3, 2008
Deep inside an underwater cave in Mexico, archaeologists may have discovered the oldest human skeleton ever found in the Americas.
Dubbed Eva de Naharon, or Eve of Naharon, the female skeleton has been dated at 13,600 years old. If that age is accurate, the skeleton—along with three others found in underwater caves along the Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula—could provide new clues to how the Americas were first populated.
The remains have been excavated over the past four years near the town of Tulum, about 80 miles southwest of Cancún, by a team of scientists led by Arturo González, director of the Desert Museum in Saltillo, Mexico (see map of Mexico).
"We don't now how [the people whose remains were found in the caves] arrived and whether they came from the Atlantic, the jungle, or inside the continent," González said.
"But we believe these finds are the oldest yet to be found in the Americas and may influence our theories of how the first people arrived."
In addition to possibly altering the time line of human settlement in the Americas, the remains may cause experts to rethink where the first Americans came from, González added.
Clues from the skeletons' skulls hint that the people may not be of northern Asian descent, which would contradict the dominant theory of New World settlement. That theory holds that ancient humans first came to North America from northern Asia via a now submerged land bridge across the Bering Sea (see an interactive map of ancient human migration).
"The shape of the skulls has led us to believe that Eva and the others have more of an affinity with people from South Asia than North Asia," González explained.
Concepción Jiménez, director of physical anthropology at Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and History, has viewed the finds and says they may be Mexico's oldest and most important human remains to date.
"Eva de Naharon has the Paleo-Indian characteristics that make the date seem very plausible," Jiménez said.
Ancient Floods, Giant Animals
The three other skeletons excavated in the caves have been given a date range of 11,000 to 14,000 years ago, based on radiocarbon dating.
Radiocarbon dating measures the age of organic materials based on their content of the radioactive isotope carbon 14.
According to archaeologist David Anderson of the University of Tennessee, however, minerals in seawater can sometimes alter the carbon 14 content of bones, resulting in inaccurate radiocarbon dating results.
The remains were found some 50 feet (15 meters) below sea level in the caves off Tulum. But at the time Eve of Naharon is believed to have lived there, sea levels were 200 feet (60 meters) lower, and the Yucatán Peninsula was a wide, dry prairie.
The polar ice caps melted dramatically 8,000 to 9,000 years ago, causing sea levels to rise hundreds of feet and submerging the burial grounds of the skeletons. Stalactites and stalagmites then grew around the remains, preventing them from being washed out to sea.
González has also found remains of elephants, giant sloths, and other ancient fauna in the caves.
(Learn more about how caves form.)
Human Migration Theories
If González's finds do stand up to scientific scrutiny, they will raise many interesting new questions about how the Americas were first peopled.
Many researchers once believed humans entered the New World from Asia as a single group crossing over the Bering Land Bridge no earlier than 13,500 years ago. But that theory is lately being debunked.
Remains found in Monte Verde, Chile, in 1997, for example, point to the presence of people in the Americas at least 12,500 years ago, long before migration would have been possible through the ice-covered Arctic reaches of North America.
(Related: "Clovis People Not First Americans, Study Shows" [February 23, 2007].)
Confirmation of Eve of Naharon's age could further revolutionize the thinking about the settlement of the Americas.
This September, González will begin excavating the fourth skeleton, known as Chan hol, which he says could be even older than Eve.
The Chan hol remains include more than ten teeth, which will allow researchers to date the specimen and gather information about Chan hol's diet.
"When we learn more about the [Mexican finds] we'll be able to better evaluate them," said Carlos Lorenzo, a researcher at the Universitat Rovira i Virgili in Tarragona, Spain, an expert on the subject who was not involved in the current study.
"But in any case, if it's confirmed that Eva de Naharon is 13,000 years old, it will be a fantastic and extraordinary finding for understanding the first settlers of America."
González said he and his team hope to publish the full results of their analysis after the excavation of the fourth skeleton.
"We're not yet in the phase of research of determining how they arrived," he said. "But when we have more evidence we may be able to determine that."
USA 28,000-25,000 14C y.a. This vegetation map showing the eastern USA during the period 28,000-25,000 14C y.a. has been compiled by Paul & Hazel Delcourt. An ice sheet already covered most of Canada and extended south of the Great Lakes. Boreal conifer woodlands and forests predominated in what is now the cool temperate forest zone, and the cool and warm temperate forest belts were compressed southwards.
The last ice age in North America lasted between 110,000 and 17,000BP. The ice-free corridor on the eastern flank of the Rockies did not open before 13,000 years ago. Africans were in the Americas long before the end of the last Ice Age when the “Siberians”, who also were more than likely Africans began to cross the Bearing Straits. By 12,500 BC Africans were already living in Chile.
The first Americans did not cross the Bearing Straits to enter the Americas.The earliest sites for Negroes date between 20,000 and 40000 years ago Old Crow Basin Canada(38,000BC) Pedra Furada (45,000BC) Brazil. These people were pygmies and bushman types according to Dr. Dixon, & Dr. Marquez(p.179).
Chile: Monteverde (12,500 years), Tierra del Fuego, Cueva de Fell, Tres Arroyos and some other places.
There are older ones in the Argentinian Patagonia.
quote:
—Patagonia was the world's last place to be colonized by humans. In Arica there have been found remains of 9,000 years; the same in a place at the High Aconcagua and Huentelauquén. In Chile we have more than half of the continent's most ancient human skeletons, all well dated and documented.
Archaeologists believe they have discovered a 13,600-year-old human skeleton deep in a Caribbean underwater cave, making it the oldest ever found in the Americas. The discovery could have profound effects on theories of how humans first reached North America.
The female skeleton, called Eve of Naharon, was found with three other human skeletons in underwater caves along the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula. Excavation of a fourth skeleton – possibly even older than Eve – begins this month in a nearby cave.
The three other skeletons found with Eve have been radiocarbon-dated from 11,000 to 14,000 years ago.
All were found in underwater caves about 50 feet below the surface. At the time Eve and the others would have lived there, the sea level was about 200 feet lower, and the Yucatan Peninsula was a dry prairie. Melting of the polar ice caps 9,000 years ago submerged the burial ground and the subsequent growth of stalactites and stalagmites kept the skeletons from being washed out to sea.
In 1959 archaeologists found the Penon woman skeleton at Mexico City.
[/b] Penon Woman[/b]
Penon woman has been characterized as a Negro and is physically different from Native Americans. The Penon skeleton has been dated between 12,500-15,000BP. The skull of Penon woman is dolichocephalic like most Negroes, not brachysephalic (short and braod) like modern Native Americans. She is related to the Fuegians of Parana Argentina and the Luizia population of Brazil.
Here we have a comparison of ancient skulls found in the Americas.
In the picture above we have three ancient American skulls. They are a) Penon woman (12.755 Ka), b) Texcal Man (9.5ka) and c) Pericul Indian (18th Century). If you look notice Pericul man shows broad features characteristic of the mongoloid type, while both Penon and Texcul do not.
Some researchers claim that these skeletons are of Australian or Melanesian Blacks. This is highly unlikely given the fact that that have been found near the Atlantic Ocean and suggestive of a migration from Africa to Mexico, like the migration of the Olmec 11,000 years later. This view is supported by the discovery of the so-called Eva Neharon skeleton (c.13,600 ) dating to around the same period found in the Caribbean.
By 11,500 we see the appearence tall Negroes from Africa in Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil e.g.,Luiza. Negroes settled America both from the Bearing & South America. Cite an archaeological site where Amerind skeletons have been found prior to the Negro skeletons.
Stop trying to steal the heritage of the Black people like the Olmecs, who represent the Mother Culture of Mexico.
-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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If Luzia was not the Australian type and has been described as an African, and all the skeletons dating to the first settlers of the Americas on the east coast near the Atlantic it was logical to deduce an African voyage for these colonists across the Atlantic Ocean.
I have been consistent throughout this discussion. I claimed that due to the African origin of the first Americans, some Amerind groups mixed with the original African Americans and later Africans taken to America during the Atlantic Slave Trade. I have made it clear that I believe that the present Amerind population probably only entered Mexico and South America after 1000 BC.
I have pointed out that:
1) the Australians represent the OOA population that settled Asia
2) during the OOA event mush of Siberia and North America was under ice from 110,000 - 10,000BC. As a result there was no way Siberians could cross Beringa before the end of the ice age
3) Ice even separated much of South America east to west .
. 4) the first Americans appear in Brazil, Chile and Argintina Latin America around 30,000 BC
5)using craniometric evidence I have pointed out that the first Americans look like Africans not modern Amerinds
6) using craniometrics I have pointed out that Asia was dominated by the Australian population until the rise of Suhulland when the Melanesian people appear in the area, at this time the Beringa was still under Ice
7) I pointed out that the Melanesian type reach East Asian mainland by 5000 BC, long after Africans had settled Latin America
8) between 15,000-12,000 we see numerous African populations in Mexico and Brazil; and statues dating to this period have even been found off the Yucatan coast in the Caribbean
9) these first Americans did not look like the Australians or modern Amerinds
10) iconography of PreClassic people like the Cherla, Ocos and other groups is of Negroes not Amerinds like the Maya
11) Amerind groups not associated with African slaves carry African genes
12) Maya carried African y chromosome
13) Mayans carry African genes
14)Negrocostachicanos claim that they have never been slaves and are indigenous to Guererro and Oaxaca on the Pacific coast
15) The Dufuna boat makes it clear that Africans probably had the technology to travel to the Americas 15,000 years ago.
In conclusion, the first Americans came from Africa--not Siberia as you maintain. These people probably came to the Americas by boat.
Stop trying to steal the heritage of the first African Americans. You should be ashamed of yourself.
Cranial morphology of early human skeletal remains from Lapa do Santo, Lagoa Santa, Brazil: implications for the settlement of the New World.
DANILO V. BERNARDO1, WALTER A. NEVES1, ANDRÉ STRAUSS2, TATIANA F. ALMEIDA3 and RODRIGO E. OLIVEIRA1. 1Laboratory for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Biosciences Institute, University of São Paulo, 2Department of Human Evolution, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 3Children's Institute, School of Medicine of University of São Paulo.
Lapa do Santo is a rock shelter located in Lagoa Santa (central Brazil) where 28 human burials have been excavated since 2001. A subset of 13 burials is of early Holocene age, with six individuals directly dated to between ca. 9,000 and 8,200 BP. The other burials are from different chronological periods, varying to between ca. 5,000 and 7,700 BP. In this study we compared the cranial morphology of eight (five from the older chronological set) best preserved adult skulls recovered from Lapa do Santo with two other early South American paleoamerican series: Sumidouro (n=13), also from Lagoa Santa, and Sabana de Bogota (n=57), from Colombia. The worldwide human cranial variation, represented by 18 populations from Howell’s databank (n=1,684) was also included in the study. The morphological affinities among the series were explored through two different multivariate statistical techniques: Principal Components Analysis and Mahalanobis Distances. Both males and females were used in the analyses and the data was previously treated by means of double standardization to correct for sexual dimorphism and size. Our results show a strong association between Lapa do Santo and the other two South American paleoamerican series represented in the study. Within a worldwide perspective Lapa do Santo shows a clear association with Africans and Australo-Melanesians instead of with Asians and late Amerindians. These results support the idea that the New World was settled by two independent Asian colonizing biological stocks along time. Howell’s databank (n=1,684) was also included in the study. The morphological affinities among the series were explored through two different multivariate statistical techniques: Principal Components Analysis and Mahalanobis Distances. Both males and females were used in the analyses and the data was previously treated by means of double standardization to correct for sexual dimorphism and size. Our results show a strong association between Lapa do Santo and the other two South American paleoamerican series represented in the study. Within a worldwide perspective Lapa do Santo shows a clear association with Africans and Australo-Melanesians instead of with Asians and late Amerindians. These results support the idea that the New World was settled by two independent Asian colonizing biological stocks along time.
quote: Stop trying to steal the heritage of the first African Americans. You should be ashamed of yourself.[/b]. [/QB]
Ohh that's rich Clyde and quite hypocritical. You tell others this but yet you turn around and try to steal the heritages of every other people. You try to steal the Asians' heritage, the Amerindians heritage, Whites' heritage & YOU should be ashamed of yourself.
Posts: 3257 | From: Madisonville, KY USA | Registered: Nov 2011
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quote: Stop trying to steal the heritage of the first African Americans. You should be ashamed of yourself.[/b].
Ohh that's rich Clyde and quite hypocritical. You tell others this but yet you turn around and try to steal the heritages of every other people. You try to steal the Asians' heritage, the Amerindians heritage, Whites' heritage & YOU should be ashamed of yourself. [/QB]
Doxie dear, it seems to have escaped your notice; but it's not Clyde's studies stating those findings, it's your fellow Albinos. Clyde is just reporting what they have found. The fact is that whenever serious scientists discover who the original people were, they were always Black. So Clyde has every right to demand that Albinos and their Mulattoes stop claiming the identities of the ancients.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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Yet another who should be ashamed of himself & another hypocrite. We have every right to demand that YOU and your Anti-White, Kill Whitey, White people hating, Black racist crew (Clyde, Marc,XYYMan, Typzeiss, Narmer, Zarahan, Mali, Mena7, Ironcocksucker,KING,Troll Patrol amongst others) & your Anti-White, exterminate Whitey, self hating, uncle Tom WINO enablers (Truthcentric being one) stop trying to rob us & every other race of our history, our heritage, our identities, our ancestors, our homeland. When are you gonna listen Mike, I have said it time and time again DO NOT call me Doxie, only friends & people worthy of respect are allowed to call me that & you & your ilk (Clyde, Marc,XYYMan, Typzeiss, Narmer, Zarahan, Mali, Mena7, Ironcocksucker,KING,Troll Patrol) are neither but are the ENEMY. Trying to make everyone think that Blacks built everything, that Whites & every other race accomplished nothing & have no history, no identities, no heritage, no homeland to call their own & nothing to be proud of as a people. Trying to write Whites & everyone else out of history & paint everyone in history as Black, except those who did bad things or who never really accomplished anything & were never really known for anything all the while spouting racist epithets.
Posts: 3257 | From: Madisonville, KY USA | Registered: Nov 2011
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Doxie you can't blame me for what is true history. It's trying to blame the messenger for the message that he merely carries and delivers.
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I define Aro-American as people from Africa whoes family have lived in the Americas for at least 3 generations.
I chose the 3 generation criteria because in 90-100 years a person would be fully aculturated to a new place of habitation. By this time the kinship ties would be situated within the context of the Americas, rather than Africa. In otherwords, whereas first generation parents might encourage their children to marry people from the home country, 3rd generation children may marry locals, thus cementing their roots in the Americas.
They would probably also recognize America as their home, while their grandparents and parents would see Africa as their homeland.
The first Afro-Americans were the Khoisan who came to America from West Africa and probably Europe 40kya
Next Afro-Americans were the Pygmies (or Anu) they came to America beginning around 17kya
kushites and other Niger-Congo speakers entered America beginning around 6kya
Spanish and Portuguese end African direct migration to Americans and begin the involuntary transportation of Africans to the Americas as slaves
Contemporary Afro-Americans began to enter Americas 1500 AD
People who have recently came to Americas from Africa are Africans.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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The first Afro-Americans were the Khoisan who came to America from West Africa and probably Europe 40kya
Were the Khosians living in Southrn Africa also at that time of were they only in West Africa?
Also you do you think the Khsoains and the pymies made separate ocean voyages to other continents in prehistoric times?
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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Just saw this thread. To Zaharan's point. They call them Negro. Reminds me of that great thread by Altk. Are there difference between Negro and African? Are Australians Black, Negro or both?
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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The first Afro-Americans were the Khoisan who came to America from West Africa and probably Europe 40kya
Were the Khosians living in Southrn Africa also at that time of were they only in West Africa?
Also you do you think the Khosians and the pygmies made separate ocean voyages to other continents in prehistoric times?
Yes
.
how come you don't see evidence for large ship building traditions amoung the Khosians and pygmies of today?
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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When people first starting to move out of Africa, they did so by following coastal lines and rivers. And tectonic plates had different locations.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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Clyde if you think about the various empires in Africa who might have been capable of an intercontinental ship voyage pygmies and Khosians don't come to mind. That's what happens when one thinks about it
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