The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 92, Issue 3, 454-459, 28 February 2013
quote:We report the discovery of an African American Y chromosome that carries the ancestral state of all SNPs that defined the basal portion of the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. We sequenced ∼240 kb of this chromosome to identify private, derived mutations on this lineage, which we named A00. We then estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) for the Y tree as 338 thousand years ago (kya) (95% confidence interval = 237–581 kya). Remarkably, this exceeds current estimates of the mtDNA TMRCA, as well as those of the age of the oldest anatomically modern human fossils. The extremely ancient age combined with the rarity of the A00 lineage, which we also find at very low frequency in central Africa, point to the importance of considering more complex models for the origin of Y chromosome diversity. These models include ancient population structure and the possibility of archaic introgression of Y chromosomes into anatomically modern humans. The A00 lineage was discovered in a large database of consumer samples of African Americans and has not been identified in traditional hunter-gatherer populations from sub-Saharan Africa. This underscores how the stochastic nature of the genealogical process can affect inference from a single locus and warrants caution during the interpretation of the geographic location of divergent branches of the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree for the elucidation of human origins.
posted
QUOTE]The lineage is extremely rare however and has only been found so far in two men: an African-American (from the USA?) and eight Mbo individuals from Western Cameroon.[/QUOTE]
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quote:The lineage is extremely rare however and has only been found so far in two men: an African-American (from the USA?) and eight Mbo individuals from Western Cameroon.
^correct
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quote:Originally posted by asante-Korton: QUOTE]The lineage is extremely rare however and has only been found so far in two men: an African-American (from the USA?) and eight Mbo individuals from Western Cameroon.
asante-Korton and Troll Patrol - I do not see that quote in the study - can you explain?
An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree
MAIN TEXT
Characterizing the root of the phylogenetic tree of individual genetic loci has influenced many researchers in their attempts to infer the time and place of the origin of anatomically modern humans (AMHs).1, 2, 3 and 4 Analyses of the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome and mtDNA have suggested that recent common ancestors lived in sub-Saharan Africa within the last 200,000 years.5 However, estimates of the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) have been consistently lower for the Y chromosome (∼60–140 thousand years ago [kya])6, 7 and 8 than for mtDNA (∼140–240 kya).9 and 10 A variety of evolutionary processes (e.g., natural selection, differential migration of males and females, and/or a skew in the breeding sex ratio) have been invoked to explain this difference.11, 12 and 13
Genotyping of a DNA sample that was submitted to a commercial genetic-testing facility demonstrated that the Y chromosome of this African American individual carried the ancestral state of all known Y chromosome SNPs. To further characterize this lineage, which we dubbed A00 (see Figure S1, available online, for proposed nomenclature), we sequenced multiple regions (totaling ∼240 kb) of the X-degenerate portion of this chromosome, as well as a subset of these regions (∼180 kb) on a chromosome belonging to the previously known basal lineage A1b (which we rename here as A0). We note that all sampling procedures described herein were approved by and performed according to the ethical standards of the University of Arizona Human Subjects Committee. The ancestral state of each polymorphic site was inferred with pairwise alignments between the human (UCSC Genome Browser hg18) and chimpanzee (panTro3) reference sequences, and mutations were assigned to the branches (i.e., A00 and A0) shown as thick lines in Figure 1 on the basis of an infinite-sites model (Table S1). To estimate the TMRCA of the Y chromosome tree that incorporates the newly discovered root defined by A00, we developed a likelihood-based method that uses mutation rates recently estimated by Kong et al.,14 who performed high-coverage whole-genome sequencing on 78 human pedigrees.
by Kong et al.,14 we adjusted for male-specific mutation processes. If μY is the mutation rate per year per base for the Y chromosome, L is the length of sequence analyzed for the autosomes, T is the average number of new mutations per genome in the autosomes, g is the generation time, b is the increment in mutation rate per base per year increment in the paternal age, F is the number of mutations originating in the mother, and g0 is the average age of fathers in the study,14 then L·μY=T/g+b(1−g0/g)−F/g. We obtained median values and generated 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for μY as a function of g (ranging from 20 to 40 years) by sampling 100,000 times from normal distributions for each of the parameters T ∼ N (63.2 [SD = 0.9]), b ∼ N (2.01 [SD = 0.17]), and F ∼ N (14.2 [SD = 3.12]), which result from the number of observed mutations (4,933 in 78 pedigrees), the linear coefficient in the linear fit of mutations as a function of paternal age (2.01 per year [SEM = 0.17 per year]), and the 71 mutations that can be confirmed as de novo and of maternal origin in five pedigrees,14 respectively. We then divided those values by 2.68 × 109 (the length of autosomal sequence covered in each of the 78 trios) to obtain estimates and CIs for μY (Figure S2). This resulted in a range for μY (across values of g) of 4.39 × 10−10 ≤ μY ≤ 7.07 × 10−10. To obtain point estimates of the ages of nodes in Figure 1, we used the median value of μY at age 30 years (6.17 × 10−10). To obtain upper and lower bounds of the CIs, we used the lower and upper bounds of μY, respectively. Estimates of mutation rate in Kong et al.14 are consistent with those from a variety of large-scale sequencing studies, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19 making it unlikely that our TMRCA estimates are strongly biased by an excess of false negatives in genome sequence data from human pedigrees.
We estimated the TMRCA of human Y chromosomes as 338 kya (95% CI = 237–581 kya). Using a joint likelihood20 and the same mutation rate, we also estimated a divergence time between A0 chromosomes and the human reference as 202 kya (95% CI = 125–382 kya), a time that is older than that previously obtained by Cruciani et al. (142 kya).6 This discrepancy in the age of A0 is due to the fact that the earlier study did not utilize mutation rates based on recently obtained whole-genome sequence data.14, 15, 16, 17 and 18 If we were to use the higher mutation rate (1.0 × 10−9 per base per year6) rather than a realistic range derived from whole-genome sequencing (4.39 × 10−10 − 7.07 × 10−10), the estimated TMRCA for the tree incorporating A00 as the basal lineage would be 209 kya, which is only slightly older than current estimates of the TMRCA of mtDNA and the age of the oldest AMH fossil remains. We note, however, that the higher mutation rate produces an estimate for the common ancestor of all non-African Y chromosome haplogroups (C through T) of ∼39 kya6 (i.e., versus ∼63 kya for the mutation rate used here). It is difficult to reconcile the younger estimate with the timing of the out-of-Africa dispersal on the basis of the analyses of autosomal DNA21 and the fossil record outside of Africa.22, 23, 24 and 25 Regardless of which mutation rate is applied, the analysis of relative ages of nodes26 shows that the TMRCA of the A00-rooted tree is 67% older (95% CI = 35%–126%) than that of the A0-rooted tree.
We then genotyped a set of six Y chromosome short tandem repeats (Y-STRs) (DYS19, DYS388, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS39327) and found that the A00 chromosome carried the following alleles: 16-11-19-10-12-13. Upon searching a large pan-African database consisting of 5,648 samples from ten countries (Cameroon, Nigeria, Ghana, Senegal, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and South Sudan), we identified 11 Y chromosomes that were invariant and identical to the A00 chromosome at five of the six Y-STRs (2 of the 11 chromosomes carried DYS19-16, whereas the others carried DYS19-15). These 11 chromosomes were all found in a sample of 174 (∼6.3%) Mbo individuals from western Cameroon (Figure 2). Seven of these Mbo chromosomes were available for further testing, and the genotypes were found to be identical at 37 of 39 SNPs known to be derived on the A00 chromosome (i.e., two of these genotyped SNPs were ancestral in the Mbo samples) (Table S1). Using the joint likelihood for the split of two lineages and a sublineage internal to one of them,20 we estimated that the most recent common ancestor of the African American and Mbo A00 chromosomes lived between 2.6 and 73 kya (95% CI, maximum likelihood estimate = 17 kya).
We also estimated the level of variation among nine A00 lineages (i.e., including one additional Mbo individual) by using a battery of 95 Y-STRs for which all individuals had no missing data; (Table S2). A median-joining network28 shows that the African American A00 lineage is 11 mutational steps from the nearest Mbo and that the maximum difference between any pair of Mbo is nine steps (Figure 3 and Table S2). On the basis of these levels of within- and between-group variation, we calculated a second divergence time estimate of 564–2,697 years (Table 1) by assuming a mean Y-STR mutation rate of 1.32 × 10−4 and 2.76 × 10−5 per year, respectively.
In contrast to the estimates of all previous studies, our estimate of the Y chromosome TMRCA predates both that of known mtDNA lineages9 and 10 and of the likely time of origin of AMHs on the basis of current fossil evidence.31 Although we identified the A00 lineage in an African American, the unusual Y-STR profile associated with this individual’s Y chromosome allowed us to identify the same divergent lineage in a single ethnic group living in a small region of western Cameroon (Figure 2). Interestingly, contrary to previous Y chromosome and mtDNA studies, we did not identify the most basal lineage in a traditional hunter-gatherer population, such as the Khoisan or Pygmies.32, 33, 34 and 35 Rather, like the majority of groups that now occupy sub-Saharan Africa, the Mbo are a Bantu-speaking population. Given the large stochasticity expected in the genealogical process of a single locus,36 and 37 we should not be surprised that the Y chromosome genealogy does not match the currently accepted phylogeny of human populations on the basis of genome-wide data,38 which show that the earliest divergence events involved the ancestors of extant traditional hunter-gatherers.39, 40 and 41 Given what we know about the coalescent process, the lack of dense sampling in sub-Saharan Africa (especially compared with Europe) has most likely contributed to the failure to identify more cases of incongruence between genealogical and population divergence.
The large sample size of African Americans was critical for the discovery of the A00 lineage given its very low frequency estimate in sub-Saharan Africa (0.19% [95% CI = 0.11%–0.35%]). However, even the large consumer-based African American data set examined here is a highly biased representation of sub-Saharan Africans because it captures only the genetic diversity inherited from ancestors living at a particular time and place (i.e., essentially the West African coastal source area of the Atlantic Slave Trade, which took place between the 15th and 19th centuries).42 It is likely that a much richer understanding of the Y chromosome phylogeny, as well as of genetic variation in general, would be achieved if more dense and even sampling were to be conducted across sub-Saharan Africa, especially given its high level of genetic diversity.
Although the stochastic nature of the evolutionary process can explain the aforementioned incongruences, the extreme age and rarity of the A00 lineage point to the possibility of a highly structured ancestral population, consistent with recent work on the autosomes.40, 41, 43 and 44 This could take the form of long-standing population structure among AMH populations45 or archaic introgression from an archaic form into the ancestors of AMHs.46 Interestingly, the Mbo live less than 800 km away from a Nigerian site known as Iwo Eleru, where human skeletal remains with both archaic and modern features were found and dated to ∼13 kya.47 Further surveys in sub-Saharan Africa and in the African Diaspora might uncover more diverged basal lineages, which will help to disentangle some of the complex evolutionary processes that shape patterns of Y chromosome diversity. Finally, the discovery of the A00 lineage demonstrates the power of public participation in the scientific process—a venture that is likely to continue in the current era of personal genomics.
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The A00 participant descends from a former slave family in South Carolina. The closest matches are found in western Cameroon near the Gulf of Guinea, a prime location in the slave trade.
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^Point being: The Black American is unique!
Someone once said, maker and owner cream of the planet earth. I forgot who said it, or where I heard it.
quote: Figure 1. Genealogy of A00, A0, and the Reference SequenceLineages on which mutations were identified and lineages that were used for placing those mutations on the genealogy are indicated with thick and thin lines, respectively. The numbers of identified mutations on a branch are indicated in italics (four mutations in A00 were not genotyped but are indicated as shared by Mbo in this tree). The time estimates (and confidence intervals) are indicated kya for three nodes: the most recent common ancestor, the common ancestor between A0 and the reference (ref), and the common ancestor of A00 chromosomes from an African American individual and the Mbo. Two sets of ages are shown: on the left are estimates (numbers in black) obtained with the mutation rate based on recent whole-genome-sequencing results as described in the main text, and on the right are estimates (numbers in gray) based on the higher mutation rate used by Cruciani et al.6
quote:We also estimated the level of variation among nine A00 lineages (i.e., including one additional Mbo individual) by using a battery of 95 Y-STRs for which all individuals had no missing data; (Table S2). A median-joining network28 shows that the African American A00 lineage is 11 mutational steps from the nearest Mbo and that the maximum difference between any pair of Mbo is nine steps (Figure 3 and Table S2). On the basis of these levels of within- and between-group variation, we calculated a second divergence time estimate of 564–2,697 years (Table 1) by assuming a mean Y-STR mutation rate of 1.32 × 10−4 and 2.76 × 10−5 per year, respectively.29 and 30
quote: Figure 3. Median-Joining Network of A00 HaplotypesThe network is based on haplotypes (constructed with 95 Y-STRs) of eight Mbo and an African American (AA) individual. All mutations are assumed to be single step and were given equal weight during the construction of the network. Marker names are indicated without “DYS” at the beginning.
code:
Table 1. Pairwise and Average STR-Based Estimates of TMRCA for A00 Chromosomes
We obtained point estimates of the TMRCA of two haplotypes by dividing the estimate of the number of mutational steps separating the haplotypes (as inferred from the network) by twice the mutational rate per STR and by the number of STRs scored in both haplotypes. Values above and below the diagonal separation correspond to estimates obtained with the high and low mutation rates, respectively (see text). The following abbreviation is used: TMRCA, time to the most recent common ancestor.
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A few produced dates as early as 50,000 years ago, and one was claimed to be hundreds of thousands of years old. The earliest reliable site of these is Pedra Furada, this large sandstone rock-shelter located in the thorn forest of northeastern Brazil has been at the center of a controversy for many years.
Site investigators found stone tools and charcoal hearths at the earliest levels, and radiocarbon dates suggested the site might have been occupied as early as 40,000 – 50,000 years B.C. Unlike Clovis sites, those in Brazil include painted caves and rock shelters. Food remains include nuts, legumes, fish, shellfish, and small game animals. Among the artifacts are triangular, sometimes stemmed points but no fluted points, (points referrers to spear and arrow tips). The newly dated sites include Caverna da Pedra Pintada, Santana de Riacho, and Boquete in Brazil.
An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree
The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 92, Issue 3, 454-459, 28 February 2013
We note, however, that the higher mutation rate produces an estimate for the common ancestor of all non-African Y chromosome haplogroups (C through T) of ∼39 kya6 (i.e., versus ∼ 63 kya for the mutation rate used here). It is difficult to reconcile the younger estimate with the timing of the out-of-Africa dispersal on the basis of the analyses of autosomal DNA21 and the fossil record outside of Africa.22, 23, 24 and 25 Regardless of which mutation rate is applied, the analysis of relative ages of nodes26 shows that the TMRCA of the A00-rooted tree is 67% older (95% CI = 35%–126%) than that of the A0-rooted tree.
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I guess this study proves that black Americans are not Africans, the are the true black Europeans
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quote:Originally posted by asante-Korton: I guess this study proves that black Americans are not Africans, the are the true black Europeans
It proves that most Black Americans are not Africans (at least not recently from Africa). Places of origin, were Australia, the Pacific, (I personally believe that the Olmec were Shang driven from China), and the last being from Europe.
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well as Mike says, this article is showing "African American" has been proven to be a misnomer. The vast majority of black folk in America would be more properly called "Oceanic American".
So much for that whole Black European king trip, I guess that was old Mike111
quote:Originally posted by asante-Korton: Or maybe they inherited it from there african ancestors during the slave trade
That is really silly - nah why be nice behind that - actually it's down right STUPID!!!!
There is copious scientific documentation that Blacks settled the Americas, yet you can come out with stupidness like that. Saying stupid things is lioness job, why not leave it to her, she is an expert.
BTW - I see that giving you a break on your lie above, did you no good. Just goes to show.
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quote:Originally posted by asante-Korton: Or maybe they inherited it from there african ancestors during the slave trade
That is really silly - nah why be nice behind that - actually it's down right STUPID!!!!
There is copious scientific documentation that Blacks settled the Americas, yet you can come out with stupidness like that. Saying stupid things is lioness job, why not leave it to her, she is an expert.
Which blacks? The africans, black Europeans or the black Mayans
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posted
It was either the Shang blacks from China or the Alaskan noble blacks, definately not the Africans. Africans are the fake blacks, they try to pretend
Mike teaches the original blacks came from Germany, the Aryan blacks (Nazi albinos copied their swag) When the Central Asian Anglo Saxon albinos invaded Black Europe they cast out these humble indigenous Germanic-grimaldi-Aryan blacks into Africa. Then they made up a story that they originally came from there.
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posted
^Now we have TWO nonsense talking, lying idiots, who when their lies are exposed; instead of withdrawing and sparing us their drivel, they simply double-down with more of the same. How very nice for them, but what a catastrophe for knowledge and learning. The forum is barely hanging on, now that lioness has reinforcement, it may not survive.
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ANCIENT AMERICA
A few produced dates as early as 50,000 years ago, and one was claimed to be hundreds of thousands of years old. The earliest reliable site of these is Pedra Furada, this large sandstone rock-shelter located in the thorn forest of northeastern Brazil has been at the center of a controversy for many years.
Site investigators found stone tools and charcoal hearths at the earliest levels, and radiocarbon dates suggested the site might have been occupied as early as 40,000 – 50,000 years B.C. Unlike Clovis sites, those in Brazil include painted caves and rock shelters. Food remains include nuts, legumes, fish, shellfish, and small game animals. Among the artifacts are triangular, sometimes stemmed points but no fluted points, (points referrers to spear and arrow tips). The newly dated sites include Caverna da Pedra Pintada, Santana de Riacho, and Boquete in Brazil.
An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree
The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 92, Issue 3, 454-459, 28 February 2013
We note, however, that the higher mutation rate produces an estimate for the common ancestor of all non-African Y chromosome haplogroups (C through T) of ∼39 kya6 (i.e., versus ∼ 63 kya for the mutation rate used here). It is difficult to reconcile the younger estimate with the timing of the out-of-Africa dispersal on the basis of the analyses of autosomal DNA21 and the fossil record outside of Africa.22, 23, 24 and 25 Regardless of which mutation rate is applied, the analysis of relative ages of nodes26 shows that the TMRCA of the A00-rooted tree is 67% older (95% CI = 35%–126%) than that of the A0-rooted tree.
Interesting approach,
This was in one of my prior cache threads.
New Evidence Puts Man In North America 50,000 Years Ago
ScienceDaily (Nov. 18, 2004)
Dr. Al Goodyear examining artifacts in the terrace. (Photo courtesy of University of South Carolina)
ScienceDaily (Nov. 18, 2004) — Radiocarbon tests of carbonized plant remains where artifacts were unearthed last May along the Savannah River in Allendale County by University of South Carolina archaeologist Dr. Albert Goodyear indicate that the sediments containing these artifacts are at least 50,000 years old, meaning that humans inhabited North American long before the last ice age.
The findings are significant because they suggest that humans inhabited North America well before the last ice age more than 20,000 years ago, a potentially explosive revelation in American archaeology.
Goodyear, who has garnered international attention for his discoveries of tools that pre-date what is believed to be humans' arrival in North America, announced the test results, which were done by the University of California at Irvine Laboratory, Wednesday (Nov .17).
"The dates could actually be older," Goodyear says. "Fifty-thousand should be a minimum age since there may be little detectable activity left."
The dawn of modern homo sapiens occurred in Africa between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago. Evidence of modern man's migration out of the African continent has been documented in Australia and Central Asia at 50,000 years and in Europe at 40,000 years. The fact that humans could have been in North America at or near the same time is expected to spark debate among archaeologists worldwide, raising new questions on the origin and migration of the human species.
"Topper is the oldest radiocarbon dated site in North America," Goodyear says. "However, other early sites in Brazil and Chile, as well as a site in Oklahoma also suggest that humans were in the Western Hemisphere as early as 30,000 years ago to perhaps 60,000."
In 1998, Goodyear, nationally known for his research on the ice age PaleoIndian cultures dug below the 13,000-year Clovis level at the Topper site and found unusual stone tools up to a meter deeper. The Topper excavation site is on the bank of the Savannah River on property owned by Clariant Corp., a chemical corporation headquartered near Basel, Switzerland. He recovered numerous stone tool artifacts in soils that were later dated by an outside team of geologists to be 16,000 years old.
For five years, Goodyear continued to add artifacts and evidence that a pre-Clovis people existed, slowly eroding the long-held theory by archaeologists that man arrived in North America around 13,000 years ago.
Last May, Goodyear dug even deeper to see whether man's existence extended further back in time. Using a backhoe and hand excavations, Goodyear's team dug through the Pleistocene terrace soil, some 4 meters below the ground surface. Goodyear found a number of artifacts similar to the pre-Clovis forms he has excavated in recent years.
Then on the last day of the last week of digging, Goodyear's team uncovered a black stain in the soil where artifacts lay, providing him the charcoal needed for radiocarbon dating. Dr. Tom Stafford of Stafford Laboratories in Boulder, Colo., came to Topper and collected charcoal samples for dating.
"Three radiocarbon dates were obtained from deep in the terrace at Topper with two dates of 50,300 and 51,700 on burnt plant remains. One modern date related to an intrusion," Stafford says. "The two 50,000 dates indicate that they are at least 50,300 years. The absolute age is not known."
The revelation of an even older date for Topper is expected to heighten speculation about when man got to the Western Hemisphere and add to the debate over other pre-Clovis sites in the Eastern United States such as Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Pa., and Cactus Hill, Va.
In October 2005, archaeologists will meet in Columbia for a conference on Clovis and the study of earliest Americans. The conference will include a day trip to Topper, which is sure to dominate discussions and presentations at the international gathering. USC's Topper: A Timeline
May, 1998 — Dr. Al Goodyear and his team dig up to a meter below the Clovis level and encounter unusual stone tools up to two meters below surface.
May 1999 — Team of outside geologists led by Mike Waters, a researcher at Texas A&M, visit Topper site and propose a thorough geological study of locality.
May 2000 — Geology study done by consultants; ice age soil confirmed for pre-Clovis artifacts.
May 2001 — Geologists revisit Topper and obtain ancient plant remains deep down in the Pleistocene terrace. OSL (optically stimulated luminescence) dates on soils above ice age strata show pre-Clovis is at least older than 14,000.
May 2002 — Geologists find new profile showing ancient soil lying between Clovis and pre-Clovis, confirming the age of ice age soils between 16,000 - 20,000 years.
May 2003 — Archaeologists continue to excavate pre-Clovis artifacts above the terrace, as well as new, significant Clovis finds.
May 2004 — Using backhoe and hand excavations, Goodyear and his team dig deeper, down into the Pleistocene terrace, some 4 meters below the ground surface. Artifacts, similar to pre-Clovis forms excavated in previous years, recovered deep in the terrace. A black stain in the soil provides charcoal for radio carbon dating.
November 2004 — Radiocarbon dating report indicates that artifacts excavated from Pleistocene terrace in May were recovered from soil that dates some 50,000 years. The dates imply an even earlier arrival for humans in this hemisphere than previously believed, well before the last ice age. DR. ALBERT C. GOODYEAR III
University of South Carolina archaeologist Albert C. Goodyear joined the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology in1974 and has been associated with the Research Division since 1976. He is also the founder and director of the Allendale PaleoIndian Expedition, a program that involves members of the public in helping to excavate PaleoAmerican sites in the central Savannah River Valley of South Carolina.
Goodyear earned his bachelor's degree in anthropology from the University of South Florida (1968), his master's degree in anthropology from the University of Arkansas and his doctorate in anthropology from Arizona State University (1976). He is a member of the Society for American Archaeology, the Southeastern Archaeological Conference, the Archaeological Society of South Carolina, and the Florida Anthropological Society. He has served twice as president of the Archaeological Society of South Carolina and is on the editorial board of The Florida Anthropologist and the North American Archaeologist.
Goodyear developed his interest in archaeology in the 1960s as a member of the F1orida Anthropological Society and through avocational experiences along Florida's central Gulf Coast. He wrote and published articles about sites and artifacts from that region for The Florida Anthropologist in the late 1960s. His master's thesis on the Brand site, a late PaleoIndian Dalton site in northeast Arkansas, was published in 1974 by the Arkansas Archeological Survey. At Arizona State University, he did field research on Desert Hohokam mountain hunting and gathering sites in the Lower Sonoran desert of Southern Arizona.
Goodyear, whose primary research interest has been America's earliest human inhabitants, has focused on the period of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition dating between 12,000 and 9,000 years ago. He has taken a geoarchaeological approach to the search for deeply buried early sites by teaming up with colleagues in geology and soil science. For the past 15 years he has studied early prehistoric sites in Allendale County, S.C., in the central Savannah River Valley. These are stone tool manufacturing sites related to the abundant chert resources that were quarried in this locality.
This work has been supported by the National Park Service, the National Geographic Society, the University of South Carolina, the Archaeological Research Trust (SCIAA), the Allendale Research Fund, the Elizabeth Stringfellow Endowment Fund, Sandoz Chemical Corp. and Clariant Corp., the present owner of the site.
Goodyear is the author of over 100 articles, reports and books and regularly presents public lectures and professional papers on his PaleoIndian discoveries in South Carolina.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: It was either the Shang blacks from China or the Alaskan noble blacks, definately not the Africans. Africans are the fake blacks, they try to pretend
Mike teaches the original blacks came from Germany, the Aryan blacks (Nazi albinos copied their swag) When the Central Asian Anglo Saxon albinos invaded Black Europe they cast out these humble indigenous Germanic-grimaldi-Aryan blacks into Africa. Then they made up a story that they originally came from there.
Likely what Mike is saying is: there were "blacks" (people with negro affinities) already living in America, considered as "African Americans", or what name the gave during those days. Prior to when enslaved Africans came in. Just like you see people with "negro affinities" in Asia and in Arabia including the Socotra. It could have been there was "a ethnic type like that" already living in the Americas.
posted
According to the book The First American were Africans by David Imhotep the first inhabitant of the American continent were Khoisan and Twa who migrated by sea from Africa and by island hoping from Northern Europe.
Khoisan grave from Brazil was dated to 56,000 BC. A Twa grave in North Carolina was dated to 44,000 BC. British explorer found Khoisan people who spoke a click language living in the southern tip of South America in Tierra Del Fuego. The Mande African people migrated by sea to Central America creating the Olmec civilization. They also migrated to North America becoming the ancestar of the modern metis native American.
the Twa, the Khoisan and Mande people were the Mound builders(brick, earth pyramid) builders in North America. they build the same kind of Mounds in the banks of the Niger river.
Black native American or Black European. The picture is from that youtube video. http://youtu.be/xsx7OAaXTewPosts: 5374 | From: sepedat/sirius | Registered: Jul 2012
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quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: Likely what Mike is saying is: there were "blacks" (people with negro affinities) already living in America, considered as "African Americans", or what name the gave during those days. Prior to when enslaved Africans came in. Just like you see people with "negro affinities" in Asia and in Arabia including the Socotra. It could have been there was "a ethnic type like that" already living in the Americas.
Comtemporary demographics indicate that native Americams are about 2% of the U.S. population.They are believed to be Asian in origin
Black Americans are 12-14% of the U.S. population. Mike believes that this article proves that most of them are not recent African in origin or Native American. He believes most Blacks in the United States are of Austrailian and Pacific ancestry.
Please, there is no need to speculate on what Mike said. He stated it clearly in this very thread>
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: It proves that most Black Americans are not Africans (at least not recently from Africa). Places of origin, were Australia, the Pacific, (I personally believe that the Olmec were Shang driven from China), and the last being from Europe.
quote:Originally posted by Troll Patrol: Likely what Mike is saying is: there were "blacks" (people with negro affinities) already living in America, considered as "African Americans", or what name the gave during those days. Prior to when enslaved Africans came in. Just like you see people with "negro affinities" in Asia and in Arabia including the Socotra. It could have been there was "a ethnic type like that" already living in the Americas.
Comtemporary demographics indicate that native Americams are about 2% of the U.S. population.They are believed to be Asian in origin
Black Americans are 12-14% of the U.S. population. Mike believes that this article proves that most of them are not recent African in origin or Native American. He believes most Blacks in the United States are of Austrailian and Pacific ancestry.
Please, there is no need to speculate on what Mike said. He stated it clearly in this very thread>
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: It proves that most Black Americans are not Africans (at least not recently from Africa). Places of origin, were Australia, the Pacific, (I personally believe that the Olmec were Shang driven from China), and the last being from Europe.
And what was the population size before the colonazation of North America (or the Americas as a whole, for that matter)?
Genotype and phenotype don't always go along.
If you say Australia, the Pacific. You may give him credit for his claims.
Posts: 22244 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: If you look at the title of the article:
An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree
One would have to be retraded to conclude:
"It proves that most Black Americans are not Africans (at least not recently from Africa)."
If this was the case the article would not call the lineage "African American"
The lineage was found in Africa and in America, in a man who is defined as an African American nowadays. Does this make me a retard?
2011
A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa Fulvio Cruciani et al
quote: The deepest branching separates A1b from a monophyletic clade whose members (A1a, A2, A3, B, C, and R) all share seven mutually reinforcing derived mutations (five transitions and two transversions, all at non-CpG sites). To retain the information from the reference MSY tree13 as much as possible, we named this clade A1a-T (Figure 1). Within A1a-T, the transversion V221 separates A1a from a monophyletic clade (called A2-T) consisting of three branches: A2, A3, and BT, the latter being supported by ten mutations (Figure 1).
quote:Y-DNA haplogroup A contains lineages deriving from the earliest branching in the human Y chromosome tree. The oldest branching event, separating A0-P305 and A1-V161, is thought to have occurred about 140,000 years ago. Haplogroups A0-P305, A1a-M31 and A1b1a-M14 are restricted to Africa and A1b1b-M32 is nearly restricted to Africa. The haplogroup that would be named A1b2 is composed of haplogroups B through T. The internal branching of haplogroup A1-V161 into A1a-M31, A1b1, and BT (A1b2) may have occurred about 110,000 years ago. A0-P305 is found at low frequency in Central and West Africa. A1a-M31 is observed in northwestern Africans; A1b1a-M14 is seen among click language-speaking Khoisan populations. A1b1b-M32 has a wide distribution including Khoisan speaking and East African populations, and scattered members on the Arabian Peninsula.
quote: The BT haplogroup split from the root of the Y haplogroup tree 55,000 years before present (bp), probably in North East Africa. The CF(xDE) haplogroup was the common ancestor of all people who migrated outside of Africa until recent times. The defining mutation occurred 31-55,000 years bp in North East Africa and is still most common in Africa today in Ethiopia and Sudan. The DE haplogroup appeared approximately 50,000 years bp in North East Africa and subsequently split into haplogroup E that spread to Europe and Africa and haplogroup D that rapidly spread along the coastline of India and Asia to North Asia.
Haplogroup CT (M168): Time of Emergence: 70,000 BP, 2800 generations ago beginning of the Last Glacial Period Place of Origin: The African Rift Valleymore by Gábor Balogh
You might give credit to Mike's theory. Bye bye...pussyfart!
Posts: 22244 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^Now we have TWO nonsense talking, lying idiots, who when their lies are exposed; instead of withdrawing and sparing us their drivel, they simply double-down with more of the same. How very nice for them, but what a catastrophe for knowledge and learning. The forum is barely hanging on, now that lioness has reinforcement, it may not survive.
Don't you dare compare me to lioness you middle eastern looking black european!!
Posts: 1064 | Registered: Jan 2011
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by asante-Korton: QUOTE]The lineage is extremely rare however and has only been found so far in two men: an African-American (from the USA?) and eight Mbo individuals from Western Cameroon.
asante-Korton and Troll Patrol - I do not see that quote in the study - can you explain?
quote:Figure 3. Median-Joining Network of A00 HaplotypesThe network is based on haplotypes (constructed with 95 Y-STRs) of eight Mbo and an African American (AA) individual. All mutations are assumed to be single step and were given equal weight during the construction of the network. Marker names are indicated without “DYS” at the beginning.
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