posted
I have obtained medieval African maps written in the 17th century by the conquering Europeans. On the maps are shown geographical locations of Hebrew cities and Kingdoms that were later taken into Slavery.The First medieval African Map was Performed by the Sr. Danville Under the Patronage of the Duke of Orleans.” Revised and Improved by Mr. Bolton(1766)
And another medieval African Map called Negroland and the adjacent countries also UPPER GUINEA showing the principal European Settlements and Distinguishing by Eman Bowen 1747 West Africa
On the first map there is a city called Lamlam. In the 12th century Al Idrisi in his book entitled “Description of CENTRAL AFRICA,” wrote about a Hebrew colony in West Africa called Lam-Lam,. which was situated about 2 hundred miles West of Timbuktu.
“In the whole land of Lam- lam there are but two small cities, or as it were villages, and those are Malel and Dau, situated at the distance of four days’ journey from each other. Their inhabitants, as people of those parts relate, are JEWS, and most of them unbelieving and ignorant” ——–AL Edrisi Of Andalusia,Spain Description of CENTRAL AFRICA
“When any of all the inhabitants of the kingdom of Lamlam comes to have the use of his reason, he is burnt in the face and temples ; this they do to distinguish each other. All their countries and dominions are near a certain river(Niger River), flowing into the Nile. It is not known whether there is any inhabited place to the south of the king dom of Lamlam. That kingdom joins on the west to Mec- zara, on the east to Vancara(Wanagara), on the north to Ghana, and on the south to the desert ; and its people use a different language from those of Meczara and Ghana” ———–AL Edrisi Of Andalusia,Spain Description of CENTRAL AFRICA
Descendants of Biblical Hebrews settled these lands and were sold into slavery by Native African tribes
Hebrew city of Lam lem up close
Outlined in RED Reads: According to Edrisi the land hereabouts was populated by Jews.
Too the right it reads: Wanagara From whence are brought Gold Sena and Slaves
According to Edrisi the Biblical Hebrews occupied a stretch of land in upper central Africa from Mec- zara, on the east to Vancara(Wanagara), on the north to Ghana, and on the south to the desert. I have a close up look at the area that Edrisi is referring to.
West Mec-zara
Too the far right of the map, There existed a Hebrew Kingdom of Exiled Falafjam Jews Called SHANKALA Here was the location of SHANKALA on D’Anville Map of Africa
Outlined in RED Shankala wandering tribes falafjam Jews Exiled
Al Edrisi also mentioned that the Hebrews that inhabited this area and the adjacent cites called Malel and Dau were being attacked by native African tribes and sent to Slave Traders and then sent to Slave Trading centers and then TRADED TO ALL PARTS OF THE WORLD.
“To the southward of Berissa, at the distance of ten days’ march, lies the land of Lam-lam, into which INCURSIONS are made by the inhabitants of Berissa(Mende), Salla, Takrur( Fulani) , and Ghana ; there they take numbers of captives, whom they carry away to their own countries, and dispose of to the merchants trading thither ; these afterwards sell them into all parts of the world”.———–AL Edrisi Of Andalusia,Spain Description of CENTRAL AFRICA
Another medieval African Map by Eman Bowen 1747 called Negroland shows upper Guinea and the adjacent countries if you look close towards Guinea to the right of the Gold coast lies the Hebrew kingdom of JUDA of in French it was called Whidah.
To further prove this statement I have a quote from a scholar named J. Leighton Wilson from the book called J. Leighton Wilson Western Africa its history, condition and prospects 1856
“Whether the natives of the country have the Jewish distinction between diaboloi and daimonia in Northern Guinea is not certainly known, but the inhabitants of Southern Guinea undoubtedly have.”——–J. Leighton Wilson Western Africa its history, condition and prospects 1856 p 216
One 15th century Hebrew writer named Leo Africanus was an Andalusian Moorish diplomat and author who is best known for his book Descrittione dell’Africa. In this book he wrote about a POWERFUL HEBREW KINGDOM in the 15th century. This kingdom was located to the right of the Egyptian Nile River. Here is his quote from his book:
“Howbeit they say that upon Nilus do inhabit two great and populous nations, one of Jews towards the west, under the government of a mightie king”.—–Leo Africanus: The Description of Africa Vol 1 p 32
This Hebrew Kingdom with a mightie king to the right of the Nile river was called Kouko
Here is the Hebrew Kingdom Kouko from the medieval African Map Performed by the Sr. Danville
SHALAM! my people
Posts: 111 | Registered: Sep 2011
| IP: Logged |
Jews of the Bilad al-Sudan (אַהַל יַהוּדּ בִּלַדּ אַל סוּדָּן, Judeo-Arabic)
describes West African Jewish communities who were connected to known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal. Various historical records attest to their presence at one time in the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, then called the Bilad as-Sudan from the Arabic meaning Land of the Blacks. Jews from Spain, Portugal, and Morocco in later years also formed communities off the coast of Senegal and on the Islands of Cape Verde. These communities continued to exist for hundreds of year but have since disappeared due to changing social conditions, migration, and the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade.
According to most accounts, the earliest Jewish settlements in Africa were in places such as Egypt, Tunisia,and Morocco. Jews had settled along the Upper Nile at Elephantine in Egypt. These communities were augmented by subsequent arrivals of Jews after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, when 30,000 Jewish slaves were settled throughout Carthage by the Roman emperor Titus.
Africa is identified in various Jewish sources in connection with Tarshish and Ophir.[1] The Septuagint,[2] and Jerome,[3] who was taught by Jews, and very often the Aramaic Targum on the Prophets, identify the Biblical Tarshish with Carthage, which was the birthplace of a number of rabbis mentioned in the Talmud. Africa, in the broader sense, is clearly indicated where mention is made of the Ten Tribes having been driven into exile by the Assyrians and having journeyed into Africa.[4] Connected with this is the idea that the river Sambation is in Africa. The Arabs, who also know the legend of the Beni Musa ("Sons of Moses"), agree with the Jews in placing their land in Africa.
As early as Roman times, Moroccan Jews had begun to travel inland to trade with groups of Berbers, most of whom were nomads who dwelt in remote areas of the Atlas Mountains. Jews lived side by side with Berbers, forging both economic and cultural ties ;some Berbers even began to practice Judaism. In response, Berber spirituality transformed Jewish ritual, painting it with a belief in the power of demons and saints. When the Muslims swept across the North of Africa, Jews and Berbers defied them together. Across the Atlas Mountains, the legendary Queen Kahina led a tribe of 7th century Berbers, Jews, and other North African ethnic groups in battle against encroaching Islamic warriors.
In the 10th century, as the social and political environment in Baghdad became increasingly hostile to Jews, many Jewish traders there left for the Maghreb, Tunisia in particular. Over the following two to three centuries, a distinctive social group of traders throughout the Mediterranean world became known as the Maghrebi, passing on this identification from father to son.
According to certain local Malian legends a mention in the Tarikh al-Sudan may have recorded the first Jewish presence in West Africa with the arrival of the first Zuwa ruler of Koukiya and his brother, located near the Niger River. He was known only as Za/Zuwa Alayman (meaning "He comes from Yemen"). Some local legends state that Zuwa Alayman was a member of one of the Jewish communities that were either transported or voluntarily moved from Yemen by the Ethiopians in the 6th century C.E. after the defeat of Dhu Nuwas. The Tarikh al-Sudan, states that there were 14 Zuwa rulers of Kukiya after Zuwa Alyaman before the rise of Islam in the region.[5] There is though debate on whether or not the Tarikh es-Soudan can be understand in this manner.
Trade and establishment of communities[edit] Manuscript C of the Tarikh al-fattash describes a community called the Bani Israeel that in 1402 CE existed in Tirdirma, possessed 333 wells, and had seven leaders:
Jabroot bin-Hashim Thoelyaman bin-Abdel Hakim Zeor bin-Salam Abdel-latif bin-Solayman Malik bin-Ayoob Fadil bin-Mzar Shaleb bin-Yousef It is also stated that they had an army of 1500 men.[6] Other sources say that other Jewish communities in the region were formed by migrations from Morocco, Egypt, and Portugal. When the Scottish explorer Mungo Park traveled through West Africa in the late 18th century he was informed by an Arab he met near Walata of there being many Arabic speaking Jews in Timbuktu whose prayers were similar to the Moors.[7] Some communities are said to have been populated by certain Berber Jews like a group of Kal Tamasheq known as Iddao Ishaak that traveled from North Africa into West Africa for trade, as well as those escaping the Islamic invasions into North Africa.
Islamic era[edit] In the 14th century many Moors and Jews, fleeing persecution in Spain, migrated south to the Timbuktu area, at that time part of the Songhai Empire. Among them was the Kehath (Ka'ti) family, descended from Ismael Jan Kot Al-yahudi of Scheida, Morocco. Sons of this prominent family founded three villages that still exist near Timbuktu -- Kirshamba, Haybomo, and Kongougara. In 1492, Askia Mohammad I came to power in the previously tolerant region of Timbuktu and decreed that Jews must convert to Islam or leave; Judaism became illegal in Mali, as it did in Catholic Spain that same year. This was based on the advice of Muhammad al-Maghili.
As the historian Leo Africanus wrote in 1526:
"In Garura there were some very rich Jews. The intervention of the preacher (Muhammid al-Maghili) of Tlemcen set up the pillage of their goods, and most of them have been killed by the population. This event took place during the same year when the Jews had been expelled from Spain and Sicily by the Catholic King." Leo Africanus further wrote:
"The king (Askia) is a declared enemy of the Jews. He will not allow any to live in the city. If he hears it said that a Berber merchant frequents them or does business with them, he confiscates his goods."
Jews of the Sahara[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Daggatun and Berber Jews There seems to be little doubt that Jewish have largely been mixed with Berbers living in the Moroccan and Algerian Sahara. It is believed that some Berber clans may have been at one time Jews and according to another tradition they are descended from the Philistines driven out of Canaan.[9] There is a tradition that Moses was buried in Tlemçen, and the presence of a large number of Jews in that part of Africa is attested to, not only by the many sacred places and shrines bearing Biblical names which are holy to Muslims as well as to Jews, but also by the presence there of a large number of Jewish sagas.[9] L. Rinn says: "Certain Berber tribes were for a long time of the Jewish religion, especially in Amès; and to-day, even, we see among the Hanensha of Sukahras (Algeria) a semi-nomad tribe of Israelites devoted entirely to agriculture".[10]
In addition, it may be noticed that Jews are to be found in the Berber "ksurs" (fortified villages) all along southern Morocco and in the adjacent Sahara. Thus, at Outat near Tafilalt there is a mellah with about 500 Jews;[11] and at Figuig, a mellah with 100 Jews.[11] Going farther south to Tuat, there is a large community of Jews in the oasis of Alhamada; and at Tamentit, a two weeks' journey from Tafilalt, the 6,000 or 8,000 inhabitants are said to be descendants of Jews converted to Islam.[11] Even much farther to the west, in the province of Sus, there is Ogulmin with 3,000 inhabitants, of whom 100 are said to be Jews.
Daggatun connection[edit]
Caravan approaching Timbuktu in 1853 (from Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa by Prof. Dr. Heinrich Barth, vol. iv, London 1858) The Daggatuns (whose name may perhaps be derived from the Arabic "tughatun" = infidels) were a nomadic tribe of Jewish origin living in the neighborhood of Tamentit, in the oasis of Tuat in the Moroccan Sahara. An account of the Daggatun was first given by Rabbi Mordechai Abi Serour of Akka (Morocco), who in 1857 journeyed through the Sahara to Timbuctu, and whose account of his travels was published in the "Bulletin de la Société de Géographie".[12] According to Rabbi Sarur, the Daggatun lived in tents and resembled the Berber Kel Tamesheq (Tuareg), among whom they live, in language, religion, and general customs. They are subject to the Tuaregs, who do not intermarry with them. Rabbi Sarur also states that their settlement in the Sahara dates from the end of the 7th century (Muslim chronology) when 'Abd al-Malik ascended the throne and conquered as far as Morocco. At Tamentit he tried to convert the inhabitants to Islam; and as the Jews offered great resistance he exiled them to the desert of Ajaj, as he did also the Tuaregs, who had only partially accepted Islam. Cut off from any connection with their brethren, these Jews in the Sahara gradually lost their Jewish practises and became nominally Muslims.
Other accounts place a group of "Arabs" driven to Ajaj as being identified with the Mechagra mentioned by Erwin von Bary,[13] among whom a few Jews are said still to dwell there. Victor J. Horowitz[14] also speaks of many free tribes in the desert regions who are Jews by origin, but who have gradually thrown off Jewish customs and have apparently accepted Islam. Among these tribes, he says, are the Daggatun, numbering several thousands and scattered over several oases in the Sahara, even as far as the River Dialiva (Djoliba?) or Niger. He says, also, that they are very warlike and in constant conflict with the Tuareg. According to Horowitz, the Mechagra mentioned above are also to be reckoned as one of these Jewish tribes. Horowitz had never been to Africa, but relied mainly on rumours spread in the European Jewish community. Rabbi Mordechai Aby Serour and the last Timbuktu community
Rabbi Mordechai Abi Serour, with his brother Yitzhaq, came from Morocco in 1859 to be a trader in Timbuktu. At the time of Rabbi Serour's bold enterprise, direct trade relations with the interior of west Africa (then known to them as Sudan) were monopolized by Muslim merchants. Non-Muslims were precluded from this trade because Arab merchants were determined to forestall encroachments upon their lucrative business.[15]
As a man of cosmopolitan experience, he was well suited to be a merchant in that time and place. He was clever, shrewd, articulate, audacious, and most important he knew Koranic law as well as most learned Muslims.[16] Throughout his travels to Timbuktu Rabbi Serour preferred to have most of his merchandise transported across the Sahara by bejaoui. The term, bejaoui, refers to single or small groups of camels that carried travelers sometimes without merchandise or baggage, and were accompanied by indigenous guides.[17]
As a Jew, he couldn't set up his trading business, so he appealed to the regional ruler, who at that time was a Fulani Emir, and negotiated dhimmi, or protected people status. Between 1860 to 1862 Rabbi Serour and his brother Yitzhaq were able to become successful and they became well known in the area. After earning a small fortune, Rabbi Serour returned to Morocco in 1863.[18] He gave his father a large sum of money and talked his other brothers into joining him on his next venture to Timbuktu. In 1864, the Jewish colony in Timbuktu had reason to rejoice since by the end of the year they had eleven adult male Jews in residence. This was significant since it meant that they could form a minyan and establish a synagogue. They were:[19][20]
Rabbi Mordechai Aby Serour Mordechai's brothers Esau, Avraham, and Yitzhaq Esau's sons Aharon and David Aharon's son Yitzhaq Moussa (Mordechai's brother in law) Moussa's son David Rabbi Raphael Shimon Ben-Yaaqov Cape Verde[edit]
Main article: History of the Jews in Cape Verde See also: History of Cape Verde Manuel I in 1496, decided to exile thousands of Jews to São Tomé, Príncipe, and Cape Verde. The numbers expelled at this time were so great that the term "Portuguese" almost implied those of Jewish origin. Those who were not expelled were converted by force or executed. During the early 19th century, Jews also came to settle in Santo Antão where there are still traces of their influx in the name of the village of Sinagoga, located on the north coast between Riberia Grande and Janela, and in the Jewish cemetery at the town of Ponta da Sol. A final chapter of Jewish history in Cape Verde took place in the 1850s when Moroccan Jews arrived, especially in Boa Vista and Maio for the hide trade.[21]
Emergence of Arabic records in Timbuktu[edit]
Records of the Jewish history of Mali can still be found in the Kati Andalusi library. Ismael Diadie Haidara, a historian from Timbuktu, possesses old Arabic and Hebrew texts among the city's historical records.[22] He has also researched his own past and discovered that he is descended from the Moroccan Jewish traders of the Abana family. As he interviewed elders in the villages of his relatives, he has discovered that knowledge of the family's Jewish identity has been preserved, in secret, out of fear of persecution.
Recently there has come to light the personal library of the first Mahmoud Kati, which was handed down through his descendants and added to through at least the mid-17th century. This extraordinary "discovery" was made a by a young Malian historian, Ismaël Diadié Haïdara, a member of the Kati clan, and author of several books, including L'Espagne musulmane et l'Afrique subsaharienne (1997), and Les Juifs de Tombouctou (1999). The library is currently in the possession of two branches of the Kati clan in the village of Kirshamba about 100 miles to the west of Timbuktu. Up to 1,700 out of an estimated 2,000 manuscripts in the library have been examined and evaluated by Abdul Kader Haïdara, the Timbuktu-based expert in Arabic manuscripts and guardian of the Mamma Haidara Memorial Library currently being rehabilitated through a grant from the Mellon Foundation.[23]
The trading documents referred to three families in particular: the Kehath family (Ka'ti) that came from southern Morocco and converted with the rest of the population in 1492; the Cohen family descended from the Moroccan Jewish trader al-Hajj Abd al-Salam al Kuhin, who arrived in the Timbuktu area in the 18th century; and the Abana family, which came in the first half of the 19th century.[24]
During the 8th century, the Rhadanites (Jewish African, mulit-lingual traders) began to settle in Timbuktu, Mali. There they established a trading center from which they set up a network of trading routes throughout the desert. More Jews began to arrive in the 14th and 15th centuries, fleeing the Spanish Inquisition. Then in 1492, the local King, Askia Muhammed, threatened the Jews with death if they did not convert to Islam. As the historian Leo Africanus wrote in 1526: "The king (Askia) is a declared enemy of the Jews. He will not allow any to live in the city. If he hears it said that a Berber merchant frequents them or does business with them, he confiscates his goods." While some chose conversion, many fled from the country. In 1860, Rabbi Mordechai Abi Serour emigrated from Morocco with several Jews to trade in Timbuktu. Rabbi Serour had to negotiate with the local authorities to obtain “protected people” status. The newly arrived congregation established a synagogue and Jewish cemetery in the area. By the early 20th century no Jews remained in Mali.
In the mid-1990s, however, thousands of so called ‘Hidden Jews,’ began a Malian Jewish revival in Timbuktu, Mali; many reclaiming their Jewish heritage. In 1993, Ismael Diadie Haidara, a historian from Timbuktu, established an organization called Zakhor (Timbuktu Association for Friendship with the Jewish World). This organization is predominately composed of Malians, descendants of Jews. Over the years, much of the Malian Jewry’s history has been uncovered; it was once concealed to avoid persecution.
ZAKHOR (Heb. "Remember"), black Judaizing movement in Mali comprising around 1,000 people. It was founded in Timbuktu in 1993 by the Malian historian Ismael Daidé Haïdara, whose followers claim to be the offspring of Saharan Jews. In a manifesto published in 1996, the members of Zakhor recognize themselves as Jews and declare themselves to be descendants of the Jews of Touat. The Touat, the region at the limit of the Sahara in western Algeria, was, up to 1492, inhabited by Jews involved in trans-Saharan trade. At that time, Sheikh Abd el Krim el Meghili, a scholar and a mystic, exterminated them and ordered the destruction of their synagogues at Siljimassa and Tamentit.
Timbuktu philosopher and historian, Ismael Diadie Haidara, points out that Timbuktu, which was inhabited by Muslims, Christians and Jews for hundreds of years, has always been a centre of religious and racial tolerance.
For many years, he has been struggling to raise funds to preserve 3,000 ancient manuscripts in his library that detail the co-existence in Timbuktu of Muslims, Jews and Christians.
He himself is directly descended from Spanish forefathers with Christian origins who converted to Islam and fled to the Niger Valley in 1468 and later intermarried with African Muslims and Hebrew merchants.
Mr Haidara says he is one of 1,000 Malians today who can claim in his ancestry Christian, Muslim and Jewish blood:
"All three groups co-existed peacefully in Timbuktu up until the end of the 19th century.
"If today Timbuktu is one of the poorest cities in Mali, and Mali one of the poorest countries in Africa, it is also a city that shows the way of the future - tolerance and co-existence.
"In this way, I think Timbuktu is one of the richest cities in Africa."
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: wikipedia:
Jews of the Bilad al-Sudan (אַהַל יַהוּדּ בִּלַדּ אַל סוּדָּן, Judeo-Arabic)
describes West African Jewish communities who were connected to known Jewish communities from the Middle East, North Africa, or Spain and Portugal. Various historical records attest to their presence at one time in the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires, then called the Bilad as-Sudan from the Arabic meaning Land of the Blacks. Jews from Spain, Portugal, and Morocco in later years also formed communities off the coast of Senegal and on the Islands of Cape Verde. These communities continued to exist for hundreds of year but have since disappeared due to changing social conditions, migration, and the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade.
According to most accounts, the earliest Jewish settlements in Africa were in places such as Egypt, Tunisia,and Morocco. Jews had settled along the Upper Nile at Elephantine in Egypt. These communities were augmented by subsequent arrivals of Jews after the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem in 70 CE, when 30,000 Jewish slaves were settled throughout Carthage by the Roman emperor Titus.
Africa is identified in various Jewish sources in connection with Tarshish and Ophir.[1] The Septuagint,[2] and Jerome,[3] who was taught by Jews, and very often the Aramaic Targum on the Prophets, identify the Biblical Tarshish with Carthage, which was the birthplace of a number of rabbis mentioned in the Talmud. Africa, in the broader sense, is clearly indicated where mention is made of the Ten Tribes having been driven into exile by the Assyrians and having journeyed into Africa.[4] Connected with this is the idea that the river Sambation is in Africa. The Arabs, who also know the legend of the Beni Musa ("Sons of Moses"), agree with the Jews in placing their land in Africa.
As early as Roman times, Moroccan Jews had begun to travel inland to trade with groups of Berbers, most of whom were nomads who dwelt in remote areas of the Atlas Mountains. Jews lived side by side with Berbers, forging both economic and cultural ties ;some Berbers even began to practice Judaism. In response, Berber spirituality transformed Jewish ritual, painting it with a belief in the power of demons and saints. When the Muslims swept across the North of Africa, Jews and Berbers defied them together. Across the Atlas Mountains, the legendary Queen Kahina led a tribe of 7th century Berbers, Jews, and other North African ethnic groups in battle against encroaching Islamic warriors.
In the 10th century, as the social and political environment in Baghdad became increasingly hostile to Jews, many Jewish traders there left for the Maghreb, Tunisia in particular. Over the following two to three centuries, a distinctive social group of traders throughout the Mediterranean world became known as the Maghrebi, passing on this identification from father to son.
According to certain local Malian legends a mention in the Tarikh al-Sudan may have recorded the first Jewish presence in West Africa with the arrival of the first Zuwa ruler of Koukiya and his brother, located near the Niger River. He was known only as Za/Zuwa Alayman (meaning "He comes from Yemen"). Some local legends state that Zuwa Alayman was a member of one of the Jewish communities that were either transported or voluntarily moved from Yemen by the Ethiopians in the 6th century C.E. after the defeat of Dhu Nuwas. The Tarikh al-Sudan, states that there were 14 Zuwa rulers of Kukiya after Zuwa Alyaman before the rise of Islam in the region.[5] There is though debate on whether or not the Tarikh es-Soudan can be understand in this manner.
Trade and establishment of communities[edit] Manuscript C of the Tarikh al-fattash describes a community called the Bani Israeel that in 1402 CE existed in Tirdirma, possessed 333 wells, and had seven leaders:
Jabroot bin-Hashim Thoelyaman bin-Abdel Hakim Zeor bin-Salam Abdel-latif bin-Solayman Malik bin-Ayoob Fadil bin-Mzar Shaleb bin-Yousef It is also stated that they had an army of 1500 men.[6] Other sources say that other Jewish communities in the region were formed by migrations from Morocco, Egypt, and Portugal. When the Scottish explorer Mungo Park traveled through West Africa in the late 18th century he was informed by an Arab he met near Walata of there being many Arabic speaking Jews in Timbuktu whose prayers were similar to the Moors.[7] Some communities are said to have been populated by certain Berber Jews like a group of Kal Tamasheq known as Iddao Ishaak that traveled from North Africa into West Africa for trade, as well as those escaping the Islamic invasions into North Africa.
Islamic era[edit] In the 14th century many Moors and Jews, fleeing persecution in Spain, migrated south to the Timbuktu area, at that time part of the Songhai Empire. Among them was the Kehath (Ka'ti) family, descended from Ismael Jan Kot Al-yahudi of Scheida, Morocco. Sons of this prominent family founded three villages that still exist near Timbuktu -- Kirshamba, Haybomo, and Kongougara. In 1492, Askia Mohammad I came to power in the previously tolerant region of Timbuktu and decreed that Jews must convert to Islam or leave; Judaism became illegal in Mali, as it did in Catholic Spain that same year. This was based on the advice of Muhammad al-Maghili.
As the historian Leo Africanus wrote in 1526:
"In Garura there were some very rich Jews. The intervention of the preacher (Muhammid al-Maghili) of Tlemcen set up the pillage of their goods, and most of them have been killed by the population. This event took place during the same year when the Jews had been expelled from Spain and Sicily by the Catholic King." Leo Africanus further wrote:
"The king (Askia) is a declared enemy of the Jews. He will not allow any to live in the city. If he hears it said that a Berber merchant frequents them or does business with them, he confiscates his goods."
Jews of the Sahara[edit]
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Daggatun and Berber Jews There seems to be little doubt that Jewish have largely been mixed with Berbers living in the Moroccan and Algerian Sahara. It is believed that some Berber clans may have been at one time Jews and according to another tradition they are descended from the Philistines driven out of Canaan.[9] There is a tradition that Moses was buried in Tlemçen, and the presence of a large number of Jews in that part of Africa is attested to, not only by the many sacred places and shrines bearing Biblical names which are holy to Muslims as well as to Jews, but also by the presence there of a large number of Jewish sagas.[9] L. Rinn says: "Certain Berber tribes were for a long time of the Jewish religion, especially in Amès; and to-day, even, we see among the Hanensha of Sukahras (Algeria) a semi-nomad tribe of Israelites devoted entirely to agriculture".[10]
In addition, it may be noticed that Jews are to be found in the Berber "ksurs" (fortified villages) all along southern Morocco and in the adjacent Sahara. Thus, at Outat near Tafilalt there is a mellah with about 500 Jews;[11] and at Figuig, a mellah with 100 Jews.[11] Going farther south to Tuat, there is a large community of Jews in the oasis of Alhamada; and at Tamentit, a two weeks' journey from Tafilalt, the 6,000 or 8,000 inhabitants are said to be descendants of Jews converted to Islam.[11] Even much farther to the west, in the province of Sus, there is Ogulmin with 3,000 inhabitants, of whom 100 are said to be Jews.
Daggatun connection[edit]
Caravan approaching Timbuktu in 1853 (from Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa by Prof. Dr. Heinrich Barth, vol. iv, London 1858) The Daggatuns (whose name may perhaps be derived from the Arabic "tughatun" = infidels) were a nomadic tribe of Jewish origin living in the neighborhood of Tamentit, in the oasis of Tuat in the Moroccan Sahara. An account of the Daggatun was first given by Rabbi Mordechai Abi Serour of Akka (Morocco), who in 1857 journeyed through the Sahara to Timbuctu, and whose account of his travels was published in the "Bulletin de la Société de Géographie".[12] According to Rabbi Sarur, the Daggatun lived in tents and resembled the Berber Kel Tamesheq (Tuareg), among whom they live, in language, religion, and general customs. They are subject to the Tuaregs, who do not intermarry with them. Rabbi Sarur also states that their settlement in the Sahara dates from the end of the 7th century (Muslim chronology) when 'Abd al-Malik ascended the throne and conquered as far as Morocco. At Tamentit he tried to convert the inhabitants to Islam; and as the Jews offered great resistance he exiled them to the desert of Ajaj, as he did also the Tuaregs, who had only partially accepted Islam. Cut off from any connection with their brethren, these Jews in the Sahara gradually lost their Jewish practises and became nominally Muslims.
Other accounts place a group of "Arabs" driven to Ajaj as being identified with the Mechagra mentioned by Erwin von Bary,[13] among whom a few Jews are said still to dwell there. Victor J. Horowitz[14] also speaks of many free tribes in the desert regions who are Jews by origin, but who have gradually thrown off Jewish customs and have apparently accepted Islam. Among these tribes, he says, are the Daggatun, numbering several thousands and scattered over several oases in the Sahara, even as far as the River Dialiva (Djoliba?) or Niger. He says, also, that they are very warlike and in constant conflict with the Tuareg. According to Horowitz, the Mechagra mentioned above are also to be reckoned as one of these Jewish tribes. Horowitz had never been to Africa, but relied mainly on rumours spread in the European Jewish community. Rabbi Mordechai Aby Serour and the last Timbuktu community
Rabbi Mordechai Abi Serour, with his brother Yitzhaq, came from Morocco in 1859 to be a trader in Timbuktu. At the time of Rabbi Serour's bold enterprise, direct trade relations with the interior of west Africa (then known to them as Sudan) were monopolized by Muslim merchants. Non-Muslims were precluded from this trade because Arab merchants were determined to forestall encroachments upon their lucrative business.[15]
As a man of cosmopolitan experience, he was well suited to be a merchant in that time and place. He was clever, shrewd, articulate, audacious, and most important he knew Koranic law as well as most learned Muslims.[16] Throughout his travels to Timbuktu Rabbi Serour preferred to have most of his merchandise transported across the Sahara by bejaoui. The term, bejaoui, refers to single or small groups of camels that carried travelers sometimes without merchandise or baggage, and were accompanied by indigenous guides.[17]
As a Jew, he couldn't set up his trading business, so he appealed to the regional ruler, who at that time was a Fulani Emir, and negotiated dhimmi, or protected people status. Between 1860 to 1862 Rabbi Serour and his brother Yitzhaq were able to become successful and they became well known in the area. After earning a small fortune, Rabbi Serour returned to Morocco in 1863.[18] He gave his father a large sum of money and talked his other brothers into joining him on his next venture to Timbuktu. In 1864, the Jewish colony in Timbuktu had reason to rejoice since by the end of the year they had eleven adult male Jews in residence. This was significant since it meant that they could form a minyan and establish a synagogue. They were:[19][20]
Rabbi Mordechai Aby Serour Mordechai's brothers Esau, Avraham, and Yitzhaq Esau's sons Aharon and David Aharon's son Yitzhaq Moussa (Mordechai's brother in law) Moussa's son David Rabbi Raphael Shimon Ben-Yaaqov Cape Verde[edit]
Main article: History of the Jews in Cape Verde See also: History of Cape Verde Manuel I in 1496, decided to exile thousands of Jews to São Tomé, Príncipe, and Cape Verde. The numbers expelled at this time were so great that the term "Portuguese" almost implied those of Jewish origin. Those who were not expelled were converted by force or executed. During the early 19th century, Jews also came to settle in Santo Antão where there are still traces of their influx in the name of the village of Sinagoga, located on the north coast between Riberia Grande and Janela, and in the Jewish cemetery at the town of Ponta da Sol. A final chapter of Jewish history in Cape Verde took place in the 1850s when Moroccan Jews arrived, especially in Boa Vista and Maio for the hide trade.[21]
Emergence of Arabic records in Timbuktu[edit]
Records of the Jewish history of Mali can still be found in the Kati Andalusi library. Ismael Diadie Haidara, a historian from Timbuktu, possesses old Arabic and Hebrew texts among the city's historical records.[22] He has also researched his own past and discovered that he is descended from the Moroccan Jewish traders of the Abana family. As he interviewed elders in the villages of his relatives, he has discovered that knowledge of the family's Jewish identity has been preserved, in secret, out of fear of persecution.
Recently there has come to light the personal library of the first Mahmoud Kati, which was handed down through his descendants and added to through at least the mid-17th century. This extraordinary "discovery" was made a by a young Malian historian, Ismaël Diadié Haïdara, a member of the Kati clan, and author of several books, including L'Espagne musulmane et l'Afrique subsaharienne (1997), and Les Juifs de Tombouctou (1999). The library is currently in the possession of two branches of the Kati clan in the village of Kirshamba about 100 miles to the west of Timbuktu. Up to 1,700 out of an estimated 2,000 manuscripts in the library have been examined and evaluated by Abdul Kader Haïdara, the Timbuktu-based expert in Arabic manuscripts and guardian of the Mamma Haidara Memorial Library currently being rehabilitated through a grant from the Mellon Foundation.[23]
The trading documents referred to three families in particular: the Kehath family (Ka'ti) that came from southern Morocco and converted with the rest of the population in 1492; the Cohen family descended from the Moroccan Jewish trader al-Hajj Abd al-Salam al Kuhin, who arrived in the Timbuktu area in the 18th century; and the Abana family, which came in the first half of the 19th century.[24]
During the 8th century, the Rhadanites (Jewish African, mulit-lingual traders) began to settle in Timbuktu, Mali. There they established a trading center from which they set up a network of trading routes throughout the desert. More Jews began to arrive in the 14th and 15th centuries, fleeing the Spanish Inquisition. Then in 1492, the local King, Askia Muhammed, threatened the Jews with death if they did not convert to Islam. As the historian Leo Africanus wrote in 1526: "The king (Askia) is a declared enemy of the Jews. He will not allow any to live in the city. If he hears it said that a Berber merchant frequents them or does business with them, he confiscates his goods." While some chose conversion, many fled from the country. In 1860, Rabbi Mordechai Abi Serour emigrated from Morocco with several Jews to trade in Timbuktu. Rabbi Serour had to negotiate with the local authorities to obtain “protected people” status. The newly arrived congregation established a synagogue and Jewish cemetery in the area. By the early 20th century no Jews remained in Mali.
In the mid-1990s, however, thousands of so called ‘Hidden Jews,’ began a Malian Jewish revival in Timbuktu, Mali; many reclaiming their Jewish heritage. In 1993, Ismael Diadie Haidara, a historian from Timbuktu, established an organization called Zakhor (Timbuktu Association for Friendship with the Jewish World). This organization is predominately composed of Malians, descendants of Jews. Over the years, much of the Malian Jewry’s history has been uncovered; it was once concealed to avoid persecution.
ZAKHOR (Heb. "Remember"), black Judaizing movement in Mali comprising around 1,000 people. It was founded in Timbuktu in 1993 by the Malian historian Ismael Daidé Haïdara, whose followers claim to be the offspring of Saharan Jews. In a manifesto published in 1996, the members of Zakhor recognize themselves as Jews and declare themselves to be descendants of the Jews of Touat. The Touat, the region at the limit of the Sahara in western Algeria, was, up to 1492, inhabited by Jews involved in trans-Saharan trade. At that time, Sheikh Abd el Krim el Meghili, a scholar and a mystic, exterminated them and ordered the destruction of their synagogues at Siljimassa and Tamentit.
Timbuktu philosopher and historian, Ismael Diadie Haidara, points out that Timbuktu, which was inhabited by Muslims, Christians and Jews for hundreds of years, has always been a centre of religious and racial tolerance.
For many years, he has been struggling to raise funds to preserve 3,000 ancient manuscripts in his library that detail the co-existence in Timbuktu of Muslims, Jews and Christians.
He himself is directly descended from Spanish forefathers with Christian origins who converted to Islam and fled to the Niger Valley in 1468 and later intermarried with African Muslims and Hebrew merchants.
Mr Haidara says he is one of 1,000 Malians today who can claim in his ancestry Christian, Muslim and Jewish blood:
"All three groups co-existed peacefully in Timbuktu up until the end of the 19th century.
"If today Timbuktu is one of the poorest cities in Mali, and Mali one of the poorest countries in Africa, it is also a city that shows the way of the future - tolerance and co-existence.
"In this way, I think Timbuktu is one of the richest cities in Africa."
I see lioness so you know the Jews Hebrews 12 tribes of Israel are black and the majority of African American are of Hebrew ancestory
Posts: 111 | Registered: Sep 2011
| IP: Logged |
posted
Hundred of Millions of dollars should be invested in Timbuctu to build hotels, museums, libraries, university, airport, shopping centers, casinos, night clubs, stadium to transform the city of Timbuctu into a modern business city. Timbuctu should copy the example of desert city like Las Vegas to modernize itself.
I am happy the Mellon foundation is financing the preservation of Timbuctu 2000 ancient books.
The descendants of the Timbuctu Rabbi Mordechai Abby Serour and the eleven member Timbuctu Jewish community are probably living now in Paris, London or New York.
Posts: 5374 | From: sepedat/sirius | Registered: Jul 2012
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by TRUTH HITMAN: I see lioness so you know the Jews Hebrews 12 tribes of Israel are black and the majority of African American are of Hebrew ancestory
TH - may I inquire as to what you base that conclusion on?
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
| IP: Logged |
posted
First we need to sepearte mythology from history. Jews are a recent invention. I say that because people who were practicing religions based on the laws of Musa (Moses) go way back in Africa, but they did not call themselves Jews. It is the Ashkenazi who push that term and many communities later adopted that name as a result of Ashkenazi influence. For instance the Falasha did not call themselves Jews. They also are considered to be “pre Talmudic” which to me is a load of crap because the Talmud did not apply to everyone, just those living under the Herod rule. So anyway, you have tons of “Hebraic” communities for lack of a better word, throughout North, West, East and Central Africa in antiquity. You can sort that out with some research.
So Hebrew Communities in Africa are of two types. Firstly is the original inhabitants of Africa (black peoples) who are practicing Mosaic based religions and not necessarily using the term “Jew” to describe themselves. The Arabs refer to them as Yahood after the prophet Yuhda (Juda) and they make mention of them being “Suda” ie blacks. The second group are the European descendants of the first wave of these black African Hebrews that went into Europe with the Moors and the descendants of converts that accepted the religion at the hand of the Africans who went into Europe. So we cannot paint this diaspora with the same brush, as there are two different divergent groups at work here.
Another good read is "Judaic Threads in the West African Tapestry: No More Forever?" by Labelle Prussian.
Dr. Prussian also wrote a article called "David in West Africa: No More Forever"
This is a peer reviewed paper and well worth the read. This Professor also wrote another article about the history of Jews in W. Africa, though I cannot remember the name of it. You can find it on JSTOR.
Also recall, the last kingdom to be able to hold out against the Arabs, were Jews, and they served under a queen. There was also a Jewish presence there as late as the time of the Second Moorish invasion. There were tons of them living in Mauritania. (not including the Kushite Christians of Southern Egypt and Northern Sudan).
Personally I have my suspicions about Mande people and their religious practices. I cannot prove anything at this time, but on the face of it, you find a lot of practices which seem to be described in the Bible and attributed to so call early Jews. But that is another story.
Also,
Tarikh Al Sudan in the introduction makes a curious comment about West African "Judaism" and its antiquity in the region
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
During the 8th century, the Rhadanites (Jewish African, mulit-lingual traders) began to settle in Timbuktu, Mali. There they established a trading center from which they set up a network of trading routes throughout the desert. More Jews began to arrive in the 14th and 15th centuries, fleeing the Spanish Inquisition. Then in 1492, the local King, Askia Muhammed, threatened the Jews with death if they did not convert to Islam. As the historian Leo Africanus wrote in 1526: "The king (Askia) is a declared enemy of the Jews. He will not allow any to live in the city. If he hears it said that a Berber merchant frequents them or does business with them, he confiscates his goods."
The Radhanites were medieval Jewish merchants. Whether the term, which is used by only a limited number of primary sources, refers to a specific guild, or a clan, or is a generic term for Jewish merchants in the trans-Eurasian trade network is unclear. Jewish merchants were involved in trade between the Christian and Islamic worlds during the early Middle Ages (approx. 500–1000). Many trade routes previously established under the Roman Empire continued to function during that period largely through their efforts. Their trade network covered much of Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and parts of India and China.
The activities of the Radhanites are documented by ibn Khordadbeh, the Director of Posts and Police (spymaster and postman) for the province of Jibal under the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tamid (ruled 869–885), when he wrote Kitab al-Masalik wal-Mamalik (Book of Roads and Kingdoms), probably around 870. Ibn Khordadbeh described the Radhanites as sophisticated and multilingual. He outlined four main trade routes utilized by the Radhanites in their journeys; all four began in the Rhone Valley in southern France and terminated on the east coast of China. Radhanites primarily carried commodities that combined small bulk and high demand, including spices, perfumes, jewellery, and silk. They are also described as transporting oils, incense, steel weapons, furs, and slaves (in particular, the Slavic Saqāliba).'
Text of Ibn Khordadbeh's account
These merchants speak Arabic, Persian, Roman, the Frank, Spanish, and Slav languages. They journey from West to East, from East to West, partly on land, partly by sea. They transport from the West eunuchs, female slaves, boys, brocade, castor, marten and other furs, and swords. They take ship from Firanja (France), on the Western Sea, and make for Farama (Pelusium). There they load their goods on camel-back and go by land to al-Kolzum (Suez), a distance of twenty-five farsakhs. They embark in the East Sea and sail from al-Kolzum to al-Jar and al-Jeddah, then they go to Sind, India, and China. On their return from China they carry back musk, aloes, camphor, cinnamon, and other products of the Eastern countries to al-Kolzum (Suez, Egypt) and bring them back to Farama (Sinai), where they again embark on the Western Sea. Some make sail for Constantinople to sell their goods to the Romans; others go to the palace of the King of the Franks to place their goods. Sometimes these Jew merchants, when embarking from the land of the Franks, on the Western Sea, make for Antioch (at the head of the Orontes River); thence by land to al-Jabia (al-Hanaya on the bank of the Euphrates), where they arrive after three days’ march. There they embark on the Euphrates and reach Baghdad, whence they sail down the Tigris, to al-Obolla. From al-Obolla they sail for Oman, Sindh, Hind, and China. These different journeys can also be made by land. The merchants that start from Spain or France go to Sus al-Aksa (in Morocco) and then to Tangier, whence they walk to Kairouan and the capital of Egypt. Thence they go to ar-Ramla, visit Damascus, al-Kufa, Baghdad, and al-Basra, cross Ahvaz, Fars, Kerman, Sind, Hind, and arrive in China. Sometimes, also, they take the route behind Rome and, passing through the country of the Slavs, arrive at Khamlidj, the capital of the Khazars. They embark on the Jorjan Sea, arrive at Balkh, betake themselves from there across the Oxus, and continue their journey toward Yurt, Toghuzghuz, and from there to China.
Historical significance
During the Early Middle Ages the Islamic polities of the Middle East and North Africa and the Christian kingdoms of Europe often banned each other's merchants from entering their ports. Corsairs of both sides raided the shipping of their adversaries at will. The Radhanites functioned as neutral go-betweens, keeping open the lines of communication and trade between the lands of the old Roman Empire and the Far East. As a result of the revenue they brought, Jewish merchants enjoyed significant privileges under the early Carolingians in France and throughout the Muslim world, a fact that sometimes vexed local Church authorities.
While most trade between Europe and East Asia had historically been conducted via Persian and Central Asian intermediaries, the Radhanites were among the first to establish a trade network that stretched from Western Europe to Eastern Asia.[10] More remarkable still, they engaged in this trade regularly and over an extended period of time, centuries before Marco Polo and ibn Battuta brought their tales of travel in the Orient to the Christians and the Muslims, respectively. Indeed, ibn Battuta is believed to have traveled with the Muslim traders who traveled to the Orient on routes similar to those used by the Radhanites.
While traditionally many historians believed that the art of Chinese paper-making had been transmitted to Europe via Arab merchants who got the secret from prisoners of war taken at the Battle of Talas, some believe that Jewish merchants such as the Radhanites were instrumental in bringing paper-making west.[11] Joseph of Spain, possibly a Radhanite, is credited by some sources with introducing the so-called Hindu-Arabic numerals from India to Europe.[12] Historically, Jewish communities used letters of credit to transport large quantities of money without the risk of theft from at least classical times.[13] This system was developed and put into force on an unprecedented scale by medieval Jewish merchants such as the Radhanites; if so, they may be counted among the precursors to the banks that arose during the late Middle Ages and early modern period.[14]
Some scholars believe that the Radhanites may have played a role in the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism.[15] In addition, they may have helped establish Jewish communities at various points along their trade routes, and were probably involved in the early Jewish settlement of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, China and India.
During the Early Middle Ages the Islamic polities of the Middle East and North Africa and the Christian kingdoms of Europe often banned each other's merchants from entering their ports.[9] Corsairs of both sides raided the shipping of their adversaries at will. The Radhanites functioned as neutral go-betweens, keeping open the lines of communication and trade between the lands of the old Roman Empire and the Far East. As a result of the revenue they brought, Jewish merchants enjoyed significant privileges under the early Carolingians in France and throughout the Muslim world, a fact that sometimes vexed local Church authorities.
While most trade between Europe and East Asia had historically been conducted via Persian and Central Asian intermediaries, the Radhanites were among the first to establish a trade network that stretched from Western Europe to Eastern Asia.[10] More remarkable still, they engaged in this trade regularly and over an extended period of time, centuries before Marco Polo and ibn Battuta brought their tales of travel in the Orient to the Christians and the Muslims, respectively. Indeed, ibn Battuta is believed to have traveled with the Muslim traders who traveled to the Orient on routes similar to those used by the Radhanites.
While traditionally many historians believed that the art of Chinese paper-making had been transmitted to Europe via Arab merchants who got the secret from prisoners of war taken at the Battle of Talas, some believe that Jewish merchants such as the Radhanites were instrumental in bringing paper-making west.[11] Joseph of Spain, possibly a Radhanite, is credited by some sources with introducing the so-called Hindu-Arabic numerals from India to Europe.[12] Historically, Jewish communities used letters of credit to transport large quantities of money without the risk of theft from at least classical times.[13] This system was developed and put into force on an unprecedented scale by medieval Jewish merchants such as the Radhanites; if so, they may be counted among the precursors to the banks that arose during the late Middle Ages and early modern period.[14]
Some scholars believe that the Radhanites may have played a role in the conversion of the Khazars to Judaism. In addition, they may have helped establish Jewish communities at various points along their trade routes, and were probably involved in the early Jewish settlement of Eastern Europe, Central Asia, China and India.
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: First we need to sepearte mythology from history. Jews are a recent invention. I say that because people who were practicing religions based on the laws of Musa (Moses) go way back in Africa, but they did not call themselves Jews.
Who were the Israelites?
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: First we need to sepearte mythology from history. Jews are a recent invention. I say that because people who were practicing religions based on the laws of Musa (Moses) go way back in Africa, but they did not call themselves Jews.
Who were the Israelites?
A figment of your imagination? There is no ancient Israel. At least not where they claim it is today.
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: I say that because people who were practicing religions based on the laws of Musa (Moses) go way back in Africa.
typeZeiss, may I inquire as to what you base that conclusion on?
Read the book "the invention of the Jewish People" also read "tarikh al sudan" also read the things posted above.
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: First we need to sepearte mythology from history. Jews are a recent invention. I say that because people who were practicing religions based on the laws of Musa (Moses) go way back in Africa, but they did not call themselves Jews.
Who were the Israelites?
A figment of your imagination? There is no ancient Israel. At least not where they claim it is today.
Do the Dead Sea scrolls found in the West Bank indicate that around 400 BC people lived there who were following the Hebrew religion, the laws of Moses?
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss:
Falasha did not call themselves Jews
what ancient word did they call themselves?
Also why not view the Hebrew Bible as a religion that anybody can follow like Islam you don't have to be Arabian to be a Mulsim
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: First we need to sepearte mythology from history. Jews are a recent invention. I say that because people who were practicing religions based on the laws of Musa (Moses) go way back in Africa, but they did not call themselves Jews.
Who were the Israelites?
A figment of your imagination? There is no ancient Israel. At least not where they claim it is today.
Do the Dead Sea scrolls found in the West Bank indicate that around 400 BC people lived there who were following the Hebrew religion, the laws of Moses?
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss:
Falasha did not call themselves Jews
what ancient word did they call themselves?
Also why not view the Hebrew Bible as a religion that anybody can follow like Islam you don't have to be Arabian to be a Mulsim
You taking the piss? What I am telling you is, people calling themselves Jews come about during the time of Herod, ok I have no problem with that. But the "ancient" people who supposedly living in Israel and the whole King Solomon temple thing, that's what I mean, that's not accurate. Its a legend.
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: people calling themselves Jews come about during the time of Herod, ok I have no problem with that. But the "ancient" people who supposedly living in Israel and the whole King Solomon temple thing, that's what I mean, that's not accurate. Its a legend.
the Dead Sea scrolls found in the West Bank and date to 400 BC
Herod was born 73 BC
Even at the Herod date, that's over 2000 years of people following Moses' law in the Israel region
Herod was an Edomite who followed rhe Hebrew religion as many Edomites and Nabateans had been commingled with the Jews and adopted their customs.These "Judaized" Edomites were not considered Jewish by the dominant Pharisaic tradition, so even though Herod may have considered himself of the Jewish faith, he was not considered Jewish by the observant and nationalist Jews of Judea
Obviously Herod did not write the Hebrew bible
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: people calling themselves Jews come about during the time of Herod, ok I have no problem with that. But the "ancient" people who supposedly living in Israel and the whole King Solomon temple thing, that's what I mean, that's not accurate. Its a legend.
the Dead Sea scrolls found in the West Bank and date to 400 BC
Herod was born 73 BC
Even at the Herod date, that's over 2000 years of people following Moses' law in the Israel region
Herod was an Edomite who followed rhe Hebrew religion as many Edomites and Nabateans had been commingled with the Jews and adopted their customs.These "Judaized" Edomites were not considered Jewish by the dominant Pharisaic tradition, so even though Herod may have considered himself of the Jewish faith, he was not considered Jewish by the observant and nationalist Jews of Judea
Obviously Herod did not write the Hebrew bible
Taken from the Jewish Virtual Library
Today scholarly opinion regarding the time span and background of the Dead Sea Scrolls is anchored in historical, paleographic, and linguistic evidence, corroborated firmly by carbon 14-datings. Some manuscripts were written and copied in the third century B.C.E., but the bulk of the material, particularly the texts that reflect on a sectarian community, are originals or copies from the first century B.C.E.; a number of texts date from as late as the years preceding the destruction of the site in 68 C.E. at the hands of the Roman legions.
I know English isn't your first language. If you need help sorting out what they are saying, let me know and I will try and break it down for you on a lower level.
Just in case though, so supposedly some of it was written around 300 BCE but the bulk of it was written anywhere between 100 BCE - the year 0 BCE.
Now just to recap. Im not saying they pulled this stuff out of their butts. I think it came from older traditions, to be sure. What I am saying is this though. 1. No ancient Israel in the current day state of Israel. 2. No people calling themselves jews until relatively recently.
Lastly
there was more than one Herod, it was a dynasty which spanned from roughly 55 BCE to 93 CE
So it would have been partly in the 1st century, and would have covered part of the time the Dead Sea Scrolls were written. Not that any of that is germane to what I am saying.
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: Taken from the Jewish Virtual Library
Today scholarly opinion regarding the time span and background of the Dead Sea Scrolls is anchored in historical, paleographic, and linguistic evidence, corroborated firmly by carbon 14-datings. Some manuscripts were written and copied in the third century B.C.E., source: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/deadsea.html
So if some of these manuscripts date to third century BC and were found in the West Bank it means people were practicing the Hebrew religion in the Israel region at least from that time, or further back in earlier oral history times.
Now piece of shit, show us any archaelogical evidence that the laws of Moses were being followed at an earlier time somewhere else
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
then piece of shit tell us of what relevance is it to people following the laws of Moses what they call themselves?
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by typeZeiss: Taken from the Jewish Virtual Library
Today scholarly opinion regarding the time span and background of the Dead Sea Scrolls is anchored in historical, paleographic, and linguistic evidence, corroborated firmly by carbon 14-datings. Some manuscripts were written and copied in the third century B.C.E., source: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/deadsea.html
So if some of these manuscripts date to third century BC and were found in the West Bank it means people were practicing the Hebrew religion in the Israel region at least from that time, or further back in earlier oral history times.
Now piece of shit, show us any archaelogical evidence that the laws of Moses were being followed at an earlier time somewhere else
See, this is what I am talking about when it comes to comprehension or lack thereof. You don't seem to understand the subject matter being discussed.
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
posted
Also see the peer reviewed article "The Problem of The Judaized Berbers" by H.Z. Hirschberg
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
posted
Judaisme is another word for Egyptian. The Yahudi/Tehuti/Jew were exiled atonist Egyptians to the land of Canaan because of religious conflict. Egyptians aka Africans call those exiled Egyptians Afrim or Erveh.
The oldest Jewish city in the world is the city of Malawi or Mal Levi in Egypt. The Bible is an Egyptian book. Most of the names in the bible are Egyptian. The name of the Gods in the bible are Egyptian, The Patriarchs names are Egyptian. Story in the bible are similar to story in Egypt. The name of the country Is ra el and city Ierusalem are Egyptian.
Moustafa Gadalla book The Egyptian Origin of Christianity and Charle Finch book Echoes of an Old Dark Land show the connection between the Bible and Egypt.
I have read Gadalla's work, and I love it! With that said I think the Jewish religion is probably a mix of the Egyptian Atonist religion with Greek ideas and a few other things. This one professor claims that people don't know if the torah was written in Hebrew first or Greek first, which to me is very telling. I could be wrong on this, but the term Jew has not historical relevance until the Greek period in the middle east. I have to research that more, but from my quick research it would seem to be the case.
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by TRUTH HITMAN: I see lioness so you know the Jews Hebrews 12 tribes of Israel are black and the majority of African American are of Hebrew ancestory
TH - may I inquire as to what you base that conclusion on?
I base my info on Historical Evidence and research. Just look at the Maps this map is a Great source of info on ancient Africa and the cities and people of that land
Posts: 111 | Registered: Sep 2011
| IP: Logged |
Thanks to TH for starting it and posting the maps.
Thanks to TZ for his/her brilliant insight to how history has been manipulated and reconstructed by European Ashkenazi Ews. There is good reason why Ews conspired to control all major media outlets in the world.
Mike, the invention of the Jewish people isn't a "novel". Nor is the book entitled, "A Right To Sing The Blues: African Americans, Jews, and American Popular Song" which show how Ashkenazi have always stolen and patterned African traditions (in this example, music and African American culture) and adopted them as their own.
The Nation Of Islam's Secret Relationship Between Blacks & Jews, Vols 1 & 2 clearly show the pattern of Ew control and participation of the TransAtlantic Slave trade from ship ownership to Auction houses to plantations. Not only in the US, but in Europe, The Islands, Cuba and South America.
In the time of Jesus (Yashua) there was no such construct as "Jew". The term is relatively recent in usage and as true for the Bible itself, is an invention of the Ashkenazi. The Dead Sea scrolls are not a legacy of "Jews", and they never once mention any such being as a Jew anywhere in their text. The Ashkenazi were very careful in taking control of the scrolls and for over 25 years they did not allow any other researchers to examine them.
Josephus, in his "Jewish Wars" made it pretty clear that all of those so-called Jews who existed Israel up to Musuda were murdered off and finally betrayed by Josephus himself.
Due to the obsession of Ashkenazi with Africans, it is pretty obvious that they share some long and conflicted history with Africa which today forms some weird mix of Love/hate relationship towards us.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by mena7: Hundred of Millions of dollars should be invested in Timbuctu to build hotels, museums, libraries, university, airport, shopping centers, casinos, night clubs, stadium to transform the city of Timbuctu into a modern business city. Timbuctu should copy the example of desert city like Las Vegas to modernize itself.
I am happy the Mellon foundation is financing the preservation of Timbuctu 2000 ancient books.
The descendants of the Timbuctu Rabbi Mordechai Abby Serour and the eleven member Timbuctu Jewish community are probably living now in Paris, London or New York.
I disagree.
100s of millions should be poured into archeological research through out West Africa. So much is still not known. For example we know Mande's come out of the Sahara and start building the tichett complex. The fact you don't see a evolution of building design means they had pre knowledge how to build mega cities. So then what is the precursor to the Tichett complex? That needs to be found. The capital of wagadou has still not been found. I think it is probably in Senegal somewhere given it was supposedly heavily forested ie the kings city. Once a true, honest and thorough history has been established, then we can talk about building up and moving forward.
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
posted
Actually, I think that absolutely no money should be spent on investigation of the past. What use is it when you're all dead or completely subjugated??
Instead, monies would be better spent in developing new technologies to safe guard Africa's future. Start by developing biological elements to attack OCA variances above a specific researched threshold to limit white takeover of all of Africa as the Northern usurpers attempt to work their way south. This is not so difficult to achieve since whites have already done most of the work developing bio-tech to do the opposite; attacking melanin markers above a specific threshold.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: Actually, I think that absolutely no money should be spent on investigation of the past. What use is it when you're all dead or completely subjugated??
Instead, monies would be better spent in developing new technologies to safe guard Africa's future. Start by developing biological elements to attack OCA variances above a specific researched threshold to limit white takeover of all of Africa as the Northern usurpers attempt to work their way south. This is not so difficult to achieve since whites have already done most of the work developing bio-tech to do the opposite; attacking melanin markers above a specific threshold.
Without the past one would be constantly reinventing the wheel unnecessarily. Modern western civilization is based on Greek and Roman governance and society. A ignorance of the past on their part would not have allowed Europeans to build what they have today. It would be absolutely unintelligent to not investigate Africa's past.
Posts: 1296 | From: the planet | Registered: May 2011
| IP: Logged |
posted
Originally posted by Narmerthoth: Actually, I think that absolutely no money should be spent on investigation of the past. What use is it when you're all dead or completely subjugated??
Typezeist say: Without the past one would be constantly reinventing the wheel unnecessarily. Modern western civilization is based on Greek and Roman governance and society. A ignorance of the past on their part would not have allowed Europeans to build what they have today. It would be absolutely unintelligent to not investigate Africa's past.
Mena say: I agree with Typezeist and disagree with Narmerthot studying the past or history is very important. To avoid to repeat the same mistakes in the future you have to study the mistakes people make in the past. African people and black peole have to study the mistakes maked during the slave trade and colonization to avoid repeating them. European have to study the mistakes that lead to WW1 and WW2 in order to avoid WW3.
There is a Chinese proverb that say if you are traveling and become lost and you don't understand what is going on, you have to go back to the beginning at the starting point to understand whats going on and find your way back. If black people in the world want to understand why they are the victims of racism and poverty they have to go back and study the fall of black civilizations, the African slave trade and the colonization of Africa.
Posts: 5374 | From: sepedat/sirius | Registered: Jul 2012
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Narmerthoth: Actually, I think that absolutely no money should be spent on investigation of the past. What use is it when you're all dead or completely subjugated??
Instead, monies would be better spent in developing new technologies to safe guard Africa's future. Start by developing biological elements to attack OCA variances above a specific researched threshold to limit white takeover of all of Africa as the Northern usurpers attempt to work their way south. This is not so difficult to achieve since whites have already done most of the work developing bio-tech to do the opposite; attacking melanin markers above a specific threshold.
Without the past one would be constantly reinventing the wheel unnecessarily. Modern western civilization is based on Greek and Roman governance and society. A ignorance of the past on their part would not have allowed Europeans to build what they have today. It would be absolutely unintelligent to not investigate Africa's past.
Knowledge of the past is currently more than significant to aggressively plan for the future.
At this stage; Energy Out - Energy In - -X
No small wonder there are no Black Think Tanks in existence.
Posts: 4693 | From: Saturn | Registered: Apr 2012
| IP: Logged |
UBBFriend: Email this page to someone!
Printer-friendly view of this topic