Khoisan, or Bushmen, now number about 100,000 individuals For much of last 150,000 years tribe comprised majority of living humans Only during the last 22,000 years have other African ethnicities, including the ones giving rise to Europeans and Asians, become bigger
It is time that we look at the Khoisan cultures that formerly existed around the world. I am beginning to believe that they were not always simply hunter-gatherers.
For example, the Khoisan cattle herders have unique names for their cattle and the have domesticated goats of North African origin. This suggest to me that some of the Khoisan that had colonized North Africa by 40kya,who migrated into Iberia carrying Aurignacian culture, later migrated back to South Africa.
This article is must reading.
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-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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interesting climate model, that during ice age southern africa was wet, I'd anticipated that, woven and kudu-skin bowlboat coracles were invented in shallow lakes there and transported people east to India (cf Tibetan: khudru coracle and Karnataka: kudu basket fish trap), then in Southern Africa bowlboats forgotten due to drying of climate.
Note: Kalahari = kala(color?) + (h)ari(yellow-orange-reddish) ... Ari is ancient breed of Hottentot hunting dog, now called Rhodesian ridgeback, which I think evolved from an isolated pack of Tibetan wolf on Phu Quoc Island south of Cambodia, near ancestral terrain of Samre P(ea/o)r negritos, and brought west to Africa by click speaking pygmy-Khoi(pre-Andaman type).
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Supposedly Kim Kardashian has Khosian ancestry -also see the linguistic breakdown of "kardashian"
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quote:Researchers previously identified two migrations: One about 3,000 years ago, of non-Africans entering east Africa, and a second one 900–1,800 years ago.
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¨Researchers previously identified two migrations: One about 3,000 years ago, of non-Africans entering east Africa, and a second one 900–1,800 years ago.¨
I dont know..... maybe ... back migration,
a vague attempt at trying to de Africanize North East Africa ....... again....
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Most of these Back-to-Africa hypothesis are not supported by genetic or archaeology,only ancient DNA from Africa can confirm these hypothesis.
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Barachit quoted "Researchers previously identified two migrations: One about 3,000 years ago, of non-Africans entering east Africa, and a second one 900–1,800 years ago."
A migration from Borneo to Madagascar is attested about 1,000 years ago, I read a paper on it years ago that suggested Asian yams were brought with them.
On Madagascar, the term Dahalo means zebu rustler.
In the Rift Valley, the Dahalo were elephant hunters, a click-speaking tribe that later mixed with Cushitic speakers.
Iban (Borneo tribe) grow hill rice with slash & burn (swidden) technique, this may have derived from millet growing?
comment MFlick > Jack Bertram • 4 days ago "I did In fact in the small Namibian village of Tsintsabis for over two years as a volunteer community health advisor and school teacher from 2010-2012 and where I became fluent in Khoekhoegowab."
The Hadza and Sandawe languages in Tanzania are classified as Khoisan also. The Hadzabe once roamed freely with their cattle over the Great Rift Valley. Genetic research has shown that the Hadzabe split from other Click-speaking populations perhaps as early as 100,000 years ago, but definitely by 50,000 years ago. (Science, 27 Feb. 2004, p. 1320)
Before the 20th century, many Sandawe lived in tepee-like huts called "sandu." [ sandu/shanty/xyambu/shade/xya(mo)ngolu cf (x)harigolu(Ind)/corwycl(Gael)/parical(Ind)/pacal(Maya)/magal(Baseque)/Magen(Heb)/shield/child ]
Today these are built only as temporary shelters at circumcision sites. [souq[Arb]/sukha(Heb)/booth/hootch/shade/shed]
Among the Nilotic Sandawe are the Bisa, a small population of people who conform to the older ways. The Bisa call their light skin cattle ánaku, which means "to bleach in the sun." (Eric Ten Raa’s The Couth and the Uncouth: Ethnic, Social, and Linguistic Divisions among the Sandawe of Central Tanzania, p. 148) The singular form of the word is ának. [anak (Malay) infant/ki(n)d/x.interest-loan/lanolin/lamb(a)lineage/trampoline\kitten/litter]
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The first Americans Naia, and Luzia dating to 12,000 BC were Negroes
NAIA of Mexico
LUZIA of Brazil
Archaeologist have reconstructed the faces of ancient Americans from Brazil and Mexico. These faces are based on the skeletal remains dating back to 12,000BC.
Researchers working on these ancient people note that they resemble Negroes, instead of contemporary Native Americans.
In the Smithsonian Magazine Dr. Chatters who found Naia's skeleton, noted that:
“The small number of early American specimens discovered so far have smaller and shorter faces and longer and narrower skulls than later Native Americans, more closely resembling the modern people of Africa, Australia, and the South Pacific. "This has led to speculation that perhaps the first Americans and Native Americans came from different homelands," Chatters continues, "or migrated from Asia at different stages in their evolution."
Although Dr. Chatters believes these Negroes came from Asia this seems unlikely. It is unlikely because the Ice Age would have made it impossible to sail from Asia to Mexico and Brazil at this time. These Negroes were probably Blacks from Africa. This is the most likely origin of these Blacks; the Dafuna boat dating back to 18,000 BC, shows that Africans had boats at this early date. Posted by Dr. Clyde Winters at 8:46 PM 1 comment: The Khoisan Probably took haplogroups N and y-chromosome R to Eurasia during the Aurignacian period
I quote" The traditional view for the spread of L3(M, N) across Eurasia is that the M and N macrohaplogroups originated in western Eurasia and returned to Africa as a result of back-migration. The big problem for this theory is that the proposed dates for the origin of haplogroups N and M in western Europe, date to a period when these areas were inhabited by Neanderthal people—not AMH. This supports an African origin for L3(M, N).
The craniometric evidence supports a Khoisan presence in Europe during Aurignacian times. If the Khoisan represent the ancient dark skinned European population, this reality should be able to be confirmed by genetic research.
The most archaic AMH remains come from Florished, South Africa; they date between 190 - 330 kya (Rito et al., 2013). Other ancient fossil evidence of AMH in South Africa come from Broken Hill (c. 110 kya) and the Klasis River caves (c. 65 - 105 kya). Researchers have been surprised to find Khoisan and European admixture. The idea that the Khoisan acquired Eurasian admixture via Ethiosemitic speakers is pure speculation (Pickrell et al., 2013). There is no archaeological evidence of Ethiopians migrating into East and South Africa, but there is evidence of an ancient migration of Khoisan into Europe based on archaeological and skeletal data.
The Khoisan carry haplogroups L3(M, N). Before they reached Iberia, they probably stopped in West Africa. The basal L3(M) motiff in West Africa is characterized by the Ddel site np 10,394 and Alul site np 10,397 associated with AF-24. This supports my contention that Khoisan speakers early settled West Africa on their way to Iberia.
Granted L3 and L2 are not as old as LOd, but Gonder et al. (2006) provides very early dates for this mtDNA e.g., L3(M, N) 94.3; the South African Khoisan (SAK) carry L1c, L1, L2, L3 M, N dates to 142.3 kya; the Hadza are L2a, L2, L3, M, N, dates to 96.7 kya.
The dates for L1, L2, L3, M, N are old enough for the Khoisan to have taken N to West Africa, where we find L3, L2 and LOd and thence to Iberia as I suggested in my paper (Winters, 2011). It is interesting to note that LO haplogroups are primarily found among Khoisan and West Africans. This shows that at some point in prehistory the Khoisan had migrated into West Africa.
The first modern European reconstructed by Forensic artist Richard Neave based on skull fragments from 35,000 years ago resembled a Khoisan (Figure 1). The skull was discovered in the southwest region of Romania’s Carpathian Mountains. This supports the research of Boule and Vallois that South Africans migrated into Europe 35 kya. This genetic evidence now supports Boule and Vallois of a Khoisan migration into Europe.
The Khoisan may have introduced the L haplogroup to Iberia. The SAK populations carry haplogroups L2, and L3. de Domínguez (2005), noted that much of the ancient mtDNA found in Iberia has no relationship to the people presently living in Iberia today and correspond to African mtDNA haplogroups. de Domínguez (2005) found that the lineages recovered from ancient Iberian skeletons are the African lineages L1b, L2 and L3."
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Boule, M., & Vallois, H. V. (1957). Fossil Man. New York: Dryden Press.
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Caramelli, D., Lalueza-Fox, C., Vernesi, C., Lari, M., Casoli, A., Mallegni, B. C., Dupanloup, I., Bertranpetit, J., Barbujani, G., & Bertorelle, G. (2003). Evidence for a Genetic Discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000 Year-Old Anatomically Modern Europeans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 6593-6597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1130343100
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de Domínguez, E. F. (2005). Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea. PhD Thesis, Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, Departament Biologia Animal.
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Gonder, M. K., Mortensen, H. M., Reed, F. A., de Sousa, A., & Tishkoff, S. A. (2006). Whole mtDNA Genome Sequence Analysis of Ancient African Lineages. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24, 757-768. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msl209
González, A. M., Cabrera, V. M., Larruga, J. M., Tounkara, A., Noumsi, G., Thomas, B. N., & Moulds, J. M. (2006). Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Mauritania and Mali and Their Genetic Relationship to Other Western Africa Populations. Annals of Human Genetics, 70, 631-657. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-1809.2006.00259.x?cookieSet=1&journalCode=ahg Haak, W., Forster, P., Bramanti, B., Matsumura, S., Brandt, G., Tänzer, M., Villems, R., Renfrew, C., Gronenborn, D., Alt, K. W., & Burger, J. (2005). Ancient DNA from the First European Farmers 7500-Year-Old Neolithic Sites. Science, 310, 1016-1018.
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from the Levant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 98, 7641-7646. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.121590798 Wendorf, F. (1968). The History of Nubia. Dallas, TX.
Winters, C. (2008). Aurignacian Culture: Evidence of Western Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. South Asian Anthropologist, 8, 79-81.
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The Khoisan were probably the original North Africans. They were the Cro-Magnon people who took the Augrinacian culture into Europe. The Khoisan are the ancestors of the Black Berbers whoes descendants probably live in Morocco and the Atlas Mountains. The Black Berbers of the Atlas Mountains and other parts of Northwest Africa are of Sub-Saharan origin and took African mtDNA into Western Europe over 40kya. The Gibraltar Straits appears to be the most reliable route for the spread of many mtDNA haplogroups from Africa, into Europe over the past 30ky (Winters,2012), including L3(M,N) . The Khoisan carry L1c,L1i, L2b, L3d ( Rito, et al ,2013) . The motif L3b, is widespread in western Africans. It is mainly found among populations that speak languages of the Niger-Congo family like the Mandekan.
Like most African haplogroups the control region of hg L1i include 16189,16223 and 16311, just like L3a and L3b. The mutation that connects the Khoisan to the spread of L3(M,N) is AF24. The AF24 mutation is found in LOd and among the Khoisan and Senegalese .The existence of AF24 in Senegal and Southern Africa suggest that L1c, L2b, L3d and L3e is not the result of intermarriage with Bantu immigrants , as suggested by Rito et al(2013) .
LOd is the oldest mtDNA haplogroup . This haplogroup is primarily carried by the Khoisan people (Winters,2014) . It is also found among Niger-Congo speakers in West Africa where we also find LOa in West Africa in addition to L3b.
The Cro Magnon DNA found in the ancient skeletons dates back to the Aurignacian period (Winters,2011). The Cro magnon skeletons belong to the N haplogroup.
The Cro Magnon skeletons carried N1a,N1b,N1c and N* (Winters, 2010,2011). It is characterized by motifs 00073G,10873C, 10238T and A4CC between nucleotide positions 10397 and 10400. Most of the skeletons carried hg N*.
It is obvious that L3 (M,N) had expanded into Europe prior to the Neolithic. . .
Frigi et al (2010), in Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations noted that: “Our results also point to a less ancient western African gene flow to Tunisia involving haplogroups L2a and L3b. Thus the sub-Saharan contribution to northern Africa starting from the east would have taken place before the Neolithic. The western African contribution to North Africa should have occurred before the Sahara’s formation (15,000 BP)”.
This would explain why Pericot and Dominguez (2005) found evidence of hg L3 at ancient Iberian sites. Luis Pericot was sure that the populations associated with the Gravettian (32kya) and Soultrean (23kya) cultures were phylogenetically Sub-Saharan African (Dominguez,2005). Dominguez (2005) found that the lineages recovered from ancient skeletons associated with these cultures belonged to the African lineages L1b,L2 and L3. Almost 50% of the lineages from the Abauntz Chalcolithic deposits and Tres Montes, in Navarre are the Sub-Saharan lineages L1b,L2 and L3.
In summary, the Black Berbers took African mtDNA into Western Europe over 40kya. The Tuareg probably helped spread hg H in Europe after they invaded Europe along with other sahelians/Moors during the Islamic period.
References: Domínguez E.F. (2005). Polimorfismos de DNA mitocondrial en poblaciones antiguas de la cuenca mediterránea. Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Biologia Animal, 2005 (PhD thesis).
Frigi et al. (2010). Ancient Local Evolution of African mtDNA Haplogroups in Tunisian Berber Populations, Human Biology (August 2010 (82:4). Rito T, Richards MB, Fernandes V, Alshamali F, Cerny V, et al. (2013) The First Modern Human Dispersals across Africa. PLoS ONE 8(11): e80031. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031
Winters,C. (2010). Origin and spread of the Haplogroup N. Bioresearch Bull (2010) 3:116-122.
Winters C.(2011). The Gibraltar Out of Africa Exit for Anatomically Modern Humans. WebmedCentral BIOLOGY 2011;2(10):WMC002319 doi: 10.9754/journal.wmc.2011.002319
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For thousands of years African/Black sailors were the dominant people on the planet earth.
Researchers have found evidence that Solutrean artifacts have been found on North American sites where Paleo-Native Americans have been found. This has led some researchers to create the so-called Solutrean hypothesis that proposes that ancient America was settled by ancient Europeans.
The proposed Solutrean migration route seems highly unlikely because these early men would have had to brave glaziers and Ice Age tempertures which would have made it impossible to reach North America.
Although a migration from Europe seems highly unlikely 20-30kya because of the Ice Age. Ancient man could have made their way to the Americas directly from Africa which is a shorter distance to the Americas than Europe, and also ancient sailors could have made their way to the Americas on Currents, especially the Gulf Stream, that regularly flow from Africa, to the Americas.
The first Americans Naia, and Luzia dating to 12,000 BC were Negroes
NAIA of Mexico
LUZIA of Brazil
Archaeologist have reconstructed the faces of ancient Americans from Brazil and Mexico. These faces are based on the skeletal remains dating back to 12,000BC.
Researchers agree that the first Americans, Naia of Mexico, Luzia of Brazil and Kennewick Man, found near the Columbia River in Washington, were all Negroes. This finding is not so significant because the first Europeans were also Blacks.
It appears that the first Europeans entered Western Europe across the Straits of Gibraltar. These people were Khoisan. The Khoisan took their art and culture to Europe 40kya. Here they contructed the Aurignacian, Grimaldi and Solutrean cultures. Since the first Europeans had come from North Africa, we also find a Solutrean culture in Africa.
Africa is closer to the Americas than Europe. As you can notice from the map above the Currents could have easily carried the Khoisan from Africa to the Americas. This view is supported by the face that most ancient archaeological sites of paleo-Indian habitation are nearer to the Atlantic Ocean, than the Pacific.
In addition in Africa we find the Dafuna boat. The Dafuna boat has been dated to 8000 B.C., the culture associated with the people who built the Dafuna boat date back to 12,000 BC. This would indicate that around the time Kennewick man, Naia and Luzia inhabited the Americas, Khoisan in Africa had the naval technology to have sailed to the Americas.
In summary , the Solutrean artifacts in the Americas probably relate to Khoisan from Africa sailing to America. The fact that these ancient people in Europe, Africa and the Americas indicate that for a considerable period of time the world was dominated by Black or Negro people.
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-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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