ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI . Most of us think of Europe as the ancestral home of white people. But a new study shows that pale skin, as well as other traits such as tallness and the ability to digest milk as adults, arrived in most of the continent relatively recently. The work, presented here last week at the 84th annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, offers dramatic evidence of recent evolution in Europe and shows that most modern Europeans dont look much like those of 8000 years ago.
The origins of Europeans have come into sharp focus in the past year as researchers have sequenced the genomes of ancient populations, rather than only a few individuals. By comparing key parts of the DNA across the genomes of 83 ancient individuals from archaeological sites throughout Europe, the international team of researchers reported earlier this year that Europeans today are a mix of the blending of at least three ancient populations of hunter-gatherers and farmers who moved into Europe in separate migrations over the past 8000 years. The study revealed that a massive migration of Yamnaya herders from the steppes north of the Black Sea may have brought Indo-European languages to Europe about 4500 years ago.
Now, a new study from the same team drills down further into that remarkable data to search for genes that were under strong natural selectionincluding traits so favorable that they spread rapidly throughout Europe in the past 8000 years. By comparing the ancient European genomes with those of recent ones from the 1000 Genomes Project, population geneticist Iain Mathieson, a postdoc in the Harvard University lab of population geneticist David Reich, found five genes associated with changes in diet and skin pigmentation that underwent strong natural selection.
First, the scientists confirmed an earlier report that the hunter-gatherers in Europe could not digest the sugars in milk 8000 years ago, according to a poster. They also noted an interesting twist: The first farmers also couldnt digest milk. The farmers who came from the Near East about 7800 years ago and the Yamnaya pastoralists who came from the steppes 4800 years ago lacked the version of the LCT gene that allows adults to digest sugars in milk. It wasnt until about 4300 years ago that lactose tolerance swept through Europe.
When it comes to skin color, the team found a patchwork of evolution in different places, and three separate genes that produce light skin, telling a complex story for how Europeans skin evolved to be much lighter during the past 8000 years. The modern humans who came out of Africa to originally settle Europe about 40,000 years are presumed to have had dark skin, which is advantageous in sunny latitudes. And the new data confirm that about 8500 years ago, early hunter-gatherers in Spain, Luxembourg, and Hungary also had darker skin: They lacked versions of two genesSLC24A5 and SLC45A2that lead to depigmentation and, therefore, pale skin in Europeans today.
But in the far northwhere low light levels would favor pale skinthe team found a different picture in hunter-gatherers: Seven people from the 7700-year-old Motala archaeological site in southern Sweden had both light skin gene variants, SLC24A5 and SLC45A2. They also had a third gene, HERC2/OCA2, which causes blue eyes and may also contribute to light skin and blond hair. Thus ancient hunter-gatherers of the far north were already pale and blue-eyed, but those of central and southern Europe had darker skin.
Then, the first farmers from the Near East arrived in Europe; they carried both genes for light skin. As they interbred with the indigenous hunter-gatherers, one of their light-skin genes swept through Europe, so that central and southern Europeans also began to have lighter skin. The other gene variant, SLC45A2, was at low levels until about 5800 years ago when it swept up to high frequency. The team also tracked complex traits, such as height, which are the result of the interaction of many genes. They found that selection strongly favored several gene variants for tallness in northern and central Europeans, starting 8000 years ago, with a boost coming from the Yamnaya migration, starting 4800 years ago. The Yamnaya have the greatest genetic potential for being tall of any of the populations, which is consistent with measurements of their ancient skeletons. In contrast, selection favored shorter people in Italy and Spain starting 8000 years ago, according to the paper now posted on the bioRxiv preprint server. Spaniards, in particular, shrank in stature 6000 years ago, perhaps as a result of adapting to colder temperatures and a poor diet.
Surprisingly, the team found no immune genes under intense selection, which is counter to hypotheses that diseases would have increased after the development of agriculture. The paper doesnt specify why these genes might have been under such strong selection. But the likely explanation for the pigmentation genes is to maximize vitamin D synthesis, said paleoanthropologist Nina Jablonski of Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), University Park, as she looked at the posters results at the meeting. People living in northern latitudes often dont get enough UV to synthesize vitamin D in their skin so natural selection has favored two genetic solutions to that problemevolving pale skin that absorbs UV more efficiently or favoring lactose tolerance to be able to digest the sugars and vitamin D naturally found in milk. What we thought was a fairly simple picture of the emergence of depigmented skin in Europe is an exciting patchwork of selection as populations disperse into northern latitudes, Jablonski says. This data is fun because it shows how much recent evolution has taken place.
Anthropological geneticist George Perry, also of Penn State, notes that the work reveals how an individuals genetic potential is shaped by their diet and adaptation to their habitat. Were getting a much more detailed picture now of how selection works.
posted
This is further evidence that vitamin D synthesis had nothing to do with the first Europeans turning white.
This research shows that probably as late as 4800 years ago there were no white people in Europe.This supports my theory that after 3000 BC, the depigmented Africans who had been in the caves since the last Ice Age, left the caves and began to spread from the Caucasus mountains throughout Eurasia.
quote: Dr. Clyde Winters- Origin of the White Race; The Aurignacians 35-45Kya
Originally posted by Clyde Winters: The Caves of Europe, were seen as temples by the ancient Blacks of Europe. here they congregated and used them like temples.
In the caves these Blacks recorded their history and worshiped their gods.
The last Ice Age in Europe came suddenly. The Aurignacians probably sought santuary in their caves/temples.
. Since the last Ice Age came suddenly the Blacks were trapped in the caves. In darkness.
The first Europeans were definitely Black when they entered the Caucasus Caves.
In the caves due to the absence of sunlight the Aurignacians lost the melanin in their skin. The melanin left the skin and congregated in the hair. This is evident when we look at the depigmented creatures who live in the caves.
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As you can see living in caves can cause the lost of melanin in the skin.
posted
As you can see living in caves can cause the lost of melanin in the skin.After the tectonic events of 2000 BC the entrances of the caves opened in the Caucasus.
The original Black Europeans had turned into the people we call Europeans today.
The first Caucasians had lived in the caves for thousands of years.
During this time they probably treated each other badly.
Given the lack of life in the caves these first caucasians probably ate each other and suffered many bad things.
These first Caucasians probably left the caves bitter because they had lost their pigmentation--while many of the people they saw when they left the caves were pigmented=Blacks. The original home of the Caucasians was the Caucasus Mountains.
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. They came from the caves after 2000BC. They were probably not associated with the Yamnaya pastoralists.
posted
The Caves of Europe, were seen as temples by the ancient Blacks of Europe.
The last Ice Age in Europe came suddenly. The Aurignacians probably sought santuary in their caves/temples.
. Since the last Ice Age came suddenly the Blacks were trapped in the caves. In darkness.
The first Europeans were definitely Black when they entered the Caucasus Caves. In the caves due to the absence of sunlight the Aurignacians lost the melanin in their skin. The melanin left the skin and congregated in the hair.
This is evident when we look at the depigmented creatures who lived in the caves.The drawings from the Grotte de Marche shows tha various facial changes that took place among the Proto-Europeans who remained trapped in the caves until after 1400-1200 BC.
The Grotte de Marche engravings show the evolution of Blacks into europeans.
Below is a Magdalenian carving from the Grotte de La Marche from 17 000-15 000BC:
This 17ky cave painting appears to record the changes in the Proto-European into more 'human' like forms today. The pictures make it clear that the long chins and noses were a major feature of the Proto-Europeans.Check out information on Grotte de Marche at : http://pascal.lefalher.perso.neuf.fr/la_grotte_de_la_marche.htm
Europeans are not native to Europe except underground. Since they remained in the caves the Proto-Europeans at Grotte de Marche probably did not interact with the Blacks of Europe that did not enter the caves and become depigmented.
Granted the Aurignacian culture spread across Eurasia. The Europeans exited the caves in Central Asia--not western Eurasia. In Central Asia they probably hid in the mountains grew in numbers until they felt they were strong enough to attack the Blacks ruling the great cities of Eurasia and the Egyptian Delta, that were weakened after the tectonic chanes surrounding the Santorini volcanic eruption and other catatrophic events between 1700-1200 BC.
quote:
Santorini's volcanic activity during the past 2-500,000 years has been dominated by very large explosive eruptions at intervals of few tens of thousands of years. The most recent of this type occurred at around 1613 BC and is known as the so-called Minoan eruption. The late Bronze Age eruption, one of the biggest known volcanic explosions in younger time,- and one of the most studied, but still most mysterious eruptions of all time-, devastated not only Santorini, but had a deep impact on the whole of the Eastern Mediterranean. Perhaps it even had serious world-wide effects and changed history. Still today, one can see its deposits, the characteristic, tens of meters thick layer of white pumice and ash that blankets most of the surface of the island group. The eruption changed the shape of the island itself dramatically: it is now believed that before the eruption, it had the shape of an almost complete ring that enclosed an earlier, shallower caldera. Then, large sections of island collapsed into the emptied magma chamber after the eruption, literally disappearing under the sea. The ring-island was breached to the W and NW, and the caldera was significantly widened and deepened.
The Minoan eruption devastated the rich, highly developed economic center, that Santorini was at that time. Since 1969, intense archaeological excavations have brought to light an important Cycladic/Minoan town which had been buried beneath the volcanic ash for almost 4000 years. Although it appears that people had time to evacuate their island in time before the eruption, carrying most of their goods with them, the findings from Akrotiri are impressive: especially, they include well-preserved and magnificent wall paintings, ceramics and other objects. Thanks to the work of numerous archaeologists, a new light was thrown on an important prehistoric period and culture. The spectacular discovery even induced continuing speculations that relate the volcanic destruction of Santorini to the legend of the sunken Atlantis.
Since the Proto-Europeans in western Eurasia, like those living at Grotte de Marche remaind in their self imposed imprisonment underground, they did not interact with the Black Europeans. As a result, they cannot be considered Europeans because they were either unable, or afraid to exit the caves of western Eurasia.
Europeans do not expand out of Central Asia until after 1700 BC. By 1200 BC, Proto-Europeans were expanding into Egypt Delta, Eastern Eurpe and India by 1000BC.
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-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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posted
The drawings from the Grotte de Marche shows the various facial changes that took place among the Proto-Europeans who remained trapped in the caves until after 1400-1200 BC.
The Grotte de Marche engravings show the evolution of Blacks into europeans.
Below is a Magdalenian carving from the Grotte de La Marche from 17 000-15 000BC:
This 17ky cave painting appears to record the changes in the Proto-European into more 'human' like forms today. The pictures make it clear that the long chins and noses were a major feature of the Proto-Europeans.Check out information on Grotte de Marche at : http://pascal.lefalher.perso.neuf.fr/la_grotte_de_la_marche.htm
Europeans are not native to Europe except underground. Since they remained in the caves the Proto-Europeans at Grotte de Marche probably did not interact with the Blacks of Europe that did not enter the caves and become depigmented.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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posted
There you go with your Whites aren't human Clyde. Will be saving this never know when it'll come in handy. Unlike your belief Clyde White people ARE Humans, we are NOT inferior, we are NOT Central Asians, we DO have a history, we DO have a heritage, we DO have an identity, we DO have a homeland, we DO have a right to exist, we DO have a right to self determination, we DO have a right to knowledge of self. Clyde what did White children ever do to you to make you hate them so???
Posts: 3257 | From: Madisonville, KY USA | Registered: Nov 2011
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quote:Originally posted by CelticWarrioress: There you go with your Whites aren't human Clyde. Will be saving this never know when it'll come in handy. Unlike your belief Clyde White people ARE Humans, we are NOT inferior, we are NOT Central Asians, we DO have a history, we DO have a heritage, we DO have an identity, we DO have a homeland, we DO have a right to exist, we DO have a right to self determination, we DO have a right to knowledge of self. Clyde what did White children ever do to you to make you hate them so???
Stop this garbage. I don't hate anybody. I never said that these whites were not human those are your words. .
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It is your people who claim that Europeans had these features:
quote: The depiction of the individual inprehistory: human representations inMagdalenian societies
by
Oscar Fuentes
The Magdalenian stage of the Upper Palaeolithic is renowned for its ‘art’, both inthe form of portable objects and of motifs and depictions on cave walls. Many of these portrayanimals,withhumanimageryplaying a relatively minor role. Systematic analysis of human images from three separate zones of south-western France demonstrates that different styles of image were chosen by different communities. The evocative power of the human form, and the conceptual importanceofthehumanimageasadepictionof the self, highlights the significance of theseMagdalenianrepresentations.Particular attention is drawn to the realistic styles of portrayal employed in some parts of the region. This, it is argued, betokens the arrival of the individual, and the regional styles illustrate the presence of separate Magdalenian territories,occupiedbycommunitiesthatwereincontactwithoneanotherbutthatchosedifferentapproaches to the human form as expressions of group identity. See: https://www.academia.edu/5267204/The_depiction_of_the_individual_in_prehistory_human_representations_in_Magdalenian_societies
Don't blame me write the European researchers who determined that white skin only recently came to Europe.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Clyde this proves that the Grimaldi were albino
LOL. You wish. It took thousands of years for the Black Europeans to be depigmented in the caves. Grimaldi people lived on the surface.
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why are you saying the Grimaldi live on the surface? They were albino cave dwellers and their remains were found in a cave
What are the other ancient human remains evidence for these cave albinos? what other sites?
Posts: 42922 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
Clyde has demonstrated that less sunlight = less dark skin, people being trapped inside caves for over a thousand years are the extreme example
Posts: 42922 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
Clyde, Would you say that this hypothesis also applies to North East Asians-Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, etc. who can be just as depigmented as Europeans?
Posts: 5492 | Registered: Nov 2004
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: Clyde, Would you say that this hypothesis also applies to North East Asians-Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, etc. who can be just as depigmented as Europeans?
I don't know. The Han claim they originated in the mountains so it may apply to the Koreans and Chinese. The Classical mongoloids e.g., Indonesians, Japanese and etc., don't have any mountain origin myths , plus until recently they were darker than the Northeast Asians.
The Caves of Europe, were seen as temples by the ancient Blacks of Europe.
The last Ice Age in Europe came suddenly. The Aurignacians probably sought santuary in their caves/temples.
. Since the last Ice Age came suddenly the Blacks were trapped in the caves. In darkness.
In the caves due to the absence of sunlight the Aurignacians lost the melanin in their skin. The melanin left the skin and congregated in the hair.
This is evident when we look at the depigmented creatures who lived in the caves.The drawings from the Grotte de Marche shows tha various facial changes that took place among the Proto-Europeans who remained trapped in the caves until after 1400-1200 BC.
The Grotte de Marche engravings show the evolution of Blacks into europeans.
Below is a Magdalenian carving from the Grotte de La Marche from 17 000-15 000BC:
This 17ky cave painting appears to record the changes in the Proto-European into more 'human' like forms today. The pictures make it clear that the long chins and noses were a major feature of the Proto-Europeans.Check out information on Grotte de Marche at : http://pascal.lefalher.perso.neuf.fr/la_grotte_de_la_marche.htm
So, these Europeans in France at Grotte de Marche became white from being trapped in the caves.
Clyde you are showing the above art from around 17-15 kya in France but then you go on to say they "remained trapped in the caves until after 1400-1200 BC."
How are people still trapped in these caves over 10,000 years later in times like say 1500 BC or 2000 BC ???
Posts: 42922 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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The Caves of Europe, were seen as temples by the ancient Blacks of Europe.
The last Ice Age in Europe came suddenly. The Aurignacians probably sought santuary in their caves/temples.
. Since the last Ice Age came suddenly the Blacks were trapped in the caves. In darkness.
In the caves due to the absence of sunlight the Aurignacians lost the melanin in their skin. The melanin left the skin and congregated in the hair.
This is evident when we look at the depigmented creatures who lived in the caves.The drawings from the Grotte de Marche shows tha various facial changes that took place among the Proto-Europeans who remained trapped in the caves until after 1400-1200 BC.
The Grotte de Marche engravings show the evolution of Blacks into europeans.
Below is a Magdalenian carving from the Grotte de La Marche from 17 000-15 000BC:
This 17ky cave painting appears to record the changes in the Proto-European into more 'human' like forms today. The pictures make it clear that the long chins and noses were a major feature of the Proto-Europeans.Check out information on Grotte de Marche at : http://pascal.lefalher.perso.neuf.fr/la_grotte_de_la_marche.htm
So, these Europeans in France at Grotte de Marche became white from being trapped in the caves.
Clyde you are showing the above art from around 17-15 kya in France but then you go on to say they "remained trapped in the caves until after 1400-1200 BC."
How are people still trapped in these caves over 10,000 years later in times like say 1500 BC or 2000 BC ???
Remember they dated the cave drawings to 17kya. This has nothing to do with when the people exited these caves.
This is evident when we look at the depigmented creatures who lived in the caves.The drawings from the Grotte de Marche shows tha various facial changes that took place among the Proto-Europeans who remained trapped in the caves until after 1400-1200 BC.
The Grotte de Marche engravings show the evolution of Blacks into europeans.
why were Proto-Europeans trapped in caves as late as 1500 BC?
Posts: 42922 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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Given the lack of life in the caves these first caucasians probably ate each other and suffered many bad things.
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