posted
Using a method of analysis that infers ancestral source populations, we have discovered nine ancestral regions that combine to make up everyone’s genome. Everyone has a mix of these components ranging from 0% to 100% due to interaction between these regions of the world over the past 50,000 years. Native Americans have their own group, as do Oceanians and the Khoisan people of southern Africa. In these places it is possible to have 100% of the respective region. Everyone else in the world is a mix of these components, reflecting ancient and modern migration patterns.
Northeast Asian: This component is found at highest frequencies in the populations of northeast Asia—people from Japan, China and Mongolia in our reference populations. It is also found at lower frequencies in southeast Asia and India, where it likely arrived in the past 10,000 years with the expansion of rice farmers coming from further north. Interestingly, it is also found at a frequency of 5-10% in the Finns, likely introduced by the migrations of the Saami people from Siberia into Finland over the past 5,000 years. Mediterranean: This component is found at highest frequencies in southern Europe and the Levant—people from Sardinia, Italy, Greece, Lebanon, Egypt and Tunisia in our reference populations. While not limited to these groups, it is found at lower frequencies throughout the rest of Europe, the Middle East, Central and South Asia, due to these populations traveling through this region on their journeys and retaining that in their DNA. This component is likely the signal of the Neolithic population expansion from the Middle East, beginning around 8,000 years ago, likely from the western part of the Fertile Crescent.
Southern African: This component is found at highest frequency in the Khoisan people of southern Africa—the famous ‘Bushmen of the Kalahari.’ It likely represents the earliest split in the human population in Africa, before we left to colonize the rest of the world, more than 100,000 years ago. These early southern Africans were once more widespread, accounting for the low frequency of this component in other African populations. Southwest Asian: This component is found at highest frequencies in India and neighboring populations, including Tajikistan and Iran in our reference dataset. It is also found at lower frequencies in Europe and North Africa. As with the Mediterranean component, it was likely spread during the Neolithic expansion, perhaps from the eastern part of the Fertile Crescent. Individuals with heavy European influence in their ancestry will show traces of this because all Europeans have mixed with people from Southwest Asia over tens of thousands of years.
Native American: This component is found at highest frequency in the populations of the Americas. It represents the signal of the original settlers of North and South America who arrived via the Bering land bridge between 15-20,000 years ago. Interestingly, the only other place in the world where it is found—at frequencies of 2-3%—is in central Siberia and Mongolia, the likely place of origin of the first Native Americans.
Oceanian: This component is found at highest frequencies in Near Oceania—people from Papua New Guinea and Melanesia in our reference populations. It is also found at much lower, but still detectable, frequency in populations from eastern India, reflecting a small degree of migration between these regions. It is likely a signal of the earliest coastal migrants to Near Oceania, who arrived in the region around 50,000 years ago.
Southeast Asian: This component is found at highest frequencies in the populations of southeast Asia and India, particularly in the northeast Indian and Vietnamese populations in our reference set. It is also found at lower frequency in populations from Oceania, where it persists as a signal of the Austronesian migrations into the region beginning ~5,000 years ago—a migration that would eventually colonize Polynesia. Interestingly, it is also found in the population of Madagascar, brought there by the seafaring Austronesians around 2,000 years ago.
Northern European: This component is found at highest frequency in northern European populations—people from the UK, Denmark, Finland, Russia and Germany in our reference populations. While not limited to these groups, it is found at lower frequencies throughout the rest of Europe. This component is likely the signal of the earliest hunter-gatherer inhabitants of Europe, who were the last to make the transition to agriculture as it moved in from the Middle East during the Neolithic period around 8,000 years ago.
Sub-Saharan African: This component is found at highest frequency in the people of sub-Saharan Africa, particularly among those speaking Bantu languages such as the Yoruba and Luhya in our reference populations. It likely represents a signal of the original inhabitants of eastern and central Africa, and was spread in part due to the migrations of the Bantu speakers throughout Africa in the past 2,500 years. It is also found at lower frequencies north of the Sahara, in populations such as the Tunisians and Egyptians.
Posts: 496 | From: Greenland | Registered: Mar 2011
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: the idea of Sub-saharan Africa is just stupidly racist.
Put aside the comic books and crack a ral book once in a while. [/QB]
African population density 2000
The people in the North are around half African on average. The Sahara is sparsely populated. Below the Sahara is much more populated and the people on average have much lower admixture with Eurasians. So isn't it reasonable to have some term to describe this?
Posts: 42930 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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Silly request? Nonsense talk about mixtures with Eurasians. Yes, you may have cracked some books but you are bereft of common sense. This talk about "sub-Saharan Africa" is just a racist and transparent euphemism for "BlacK Africa".
The sub-rosa element here is that the Euros and Arabs have ganged up to excise the Arab invasions and conquests of North Africa from the rest of Africa and to hook it up with the equally colonized West Asia. Case in point: when Gaddafi, Africa's patron, was overthrown by Obama and Hillary the North African Arab settlers waged a genocidal race war against the indigenous Africans to hurry up their racist MENA fantasies.
OK, so what about "yellow Asia" and "brown Asia" and "brown/yellow Asia". Who talks like that?
Posts: 5492 | Registered: Nov 2004
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: the idea of Sub-saharan Africa is just stupidly racist.
Put aside the comic books and crack a ral book once in a while.
http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/07_map-centre/7_1_entire-range/thematic-maps/human_density_africa_2000.png African population density 2000
The people in the North are around half African on average. The Sahara is sparsely populated. Below the Sahara is much more populated and the people on average have much lower admixture with Eurasians. So isn't it reasonable to have some term to describe this? [/QB]
You just can't help yourself. Sad.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by iTrump: Intelligent People Trust Respected Sources:
AFRO DUMMIES APPEAL TO FAKE AFROCENTRIC IDIOTS! LOL
quote:
As we'll see, other genetic data corroborates the mitochondrial results, placing the root of the human family tree - our most recent common ancestor- in Africa within the past few hundred thousand years. Consistent with this result, all of the genetic data shows the greatest number of polymorphisms in Africa - there is simply far more variation in that continent than anywhere else. You are more likely to sample extremely divergent genetic lineages within a single African village than you are in whole of the rest of the world. The majority of the genetic polymorphisms found in our species are found uniquely in Africans - Europeans, Asians and Native Americans carry only a small sample of the extraordinary diversity that can be found in any African village.
Why does diversity indicate greater age? Thinking back to our hypothetical Provencal village, why do the bouillabaisse recipes change? Because in each generation, a daughter decides to modify her soup in a minor way. Over time, these small variations add up to an extraordinary amount of diversity in the village's kitchens. And - critically - the longer the village has been accumulating these changes, the more diverse it is. It is like a clock, ticking away in units of rosemary and thyme - the longer it has been ticking, the more differences we see. It is the same phenomenon Emile Zuckerkandl noted in his proteins - more time equals more change. So, when we see greater genetic diversity in a particular population, we can infer that the population is older - and this makes Africa the oldest of all.
--Dr Spencer Wells,
The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, p 39. 2004.
Autosomal! As explained before, and confirmed on their own page. Yet, the anscetral clades are found in Africa, but not just Africa. Sub Sahara Africa. Yep!
quote: According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations [1]. The antiquity of the east African gene pool could be viewed not only from the perspective of the amount of genetic diversity endowed within it but also by signals of uni-modal distribution in their mitochondrial DNA (Hassan et al., unpublished) usually taken as an indication of populations that have passed through ‘‘recent’’ demographic expansion [33], although in this case, may in fact be considered a sign of extended shared history of in situ evolution where alleles are exchanged between neighboring demes [34].
Figure S1 Neighbor joining (NJ). NJ tree of the world populations based on MT-CO2 sequences. The evolutionary relationship of 171 sequences and evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.20401570 is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset. There were a total of 543 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4. Red dots: east Africa, Blue: Africa, Green: Asia, Yellow: Australia, Pink: Europe and gray: America. (TIF)
Figure S2 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 2nd and 3rd coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 nuclear microsatellite loci from 469 individuals of 24 world populations. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia. (TIF)
Figure S3 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 3rd and 4th coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The central position of east Africans and some other Africans emphasizes the founding role of east African gene pool and the disparate alignment on coordinates along which the world populations were founded including populations of Aftica aligning along the 4th dimension. (TIF)
Figure 4. Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). A. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite Marshfield data set across the human genome for 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS plot was constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin program (Table S3). B. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. East Africans cluster to the left of the plot, while Beja (red cluster in the middle), assumes intermediate position. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097674.g004
Figure S4 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). First and second coordinates of an MDS plot based on MT-CO2 data set constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin v3.11. Population code as follows: Nara: Nar, Kunama (Kun), Hidarb (Hid), Afar (Afa), Saho (Sah), Bilen (Bil), Tigre (Tgr), Tigrigna (Tig), Rashaida (Rsh), Nilotics (Nil), Beja (Bej), Ethiopians(Eth), Egyptians (Egy), Moroccans (Mor), Southern Africans (Sth), Pygmy (Pyg), Saudi Arabia (Sdi), Asia (Asi), Europe (Eur), Native Americans (NA), Australians (Ast), Nubians (Nub), Nuba (Nba) (TIF)
--Jibril Hirbo, Sara Tishkoff et al.
The Episode of Genetic Drift Defining the Migration of Humans out of Africa Is Derived from a Large East African Population Size
PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97674. Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097674
quote:Originally posted by lamin: the idea of Sub-saharan Africa is just stupidly racist.
Put aside the comic books and crack a ral book once in a while.
http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/07_map-centre/7_1_entire-range/thematic-maps/human_density_africa_2000.png African population density 2000
The people in the North are around half African on average. The Sahara is sparsely populated. Below the Sahara is much more populated and the people on average have much lower admixture with Eurasians. So isn't it reasonable to have some term to describe this?
You just can't help yourself. Sad.
[/QB]
maps of desert trade routes are irrelevant to the points I made
Posts: 42930 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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lamin has to explain, he made the original remark that "sub-Saharan Africa" is just a racist and transparent euphemism for "BlacK Africa". Dont try to guess just let him answer
Posts: 42930 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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This talk about "sub-Saharan Africa" is just a racist and transparent euphemism for "BlacK Africa".
what is wrong with "Sub-Saharan Africa" = "BlacK Africa" ?
(I asked lamin not you Ish)
are you saying other parts of Africa are not black
Right on, this where that imposter gets trapped. Always try to flip it with another excuse.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: the idea of Sub-saharan Africa is just stupidly racist.
Put aside the comic books and crack a ral book once in a while.
http://www.catsg.org/cheetah/07_map-centre/7_1_entire-range/thematic-maps/human_density_africa_2000.png African population density 2000
The people in the North are around half African on average. The Sahara is sparsely populated. Below the Sahara is much more populated and the people on average have much lower admixture with Eurasians. So isn't it reasonable to have some term to describe this?
You just can't help yourself. Sad.
maps of desert trade routes are irrelevant to the points I made [/QB]
You don't know the habitation of the Sahara and the trade routes. We always had connections all troughout the Saraha-Sahel. The Sahara-Sahel is the bridge between Northern regions and Southern regions. This why the locations are geographically mapped, with people actually living in these regions. Something you know very little about. You mentally challenged fake "African American woman." For some funny reason you think you have a saying in this. I had to school you on climatology in the Sahara-Sahel regions. This little you know about the area.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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You're such a dense Afro Dummy Troll, that no amount of explanation is going to get through to your dense head! LOL
What the Fvck is the word "Trace" supposed to mean?
Dummy: They're talking about the majority of the people of Egypt. Nothing Trace about it, except your trace of Intelligence, as usual! LOL
lol @ This dumbo, are you truly going all over the forum asking what the word trace means? lol are you really that dumb?
The majority of Egyptians are due to recent migrations. Especially in the North (lower) Egypt. The majority of the Egyptian population is at the North.
The trace shows us the pattern of a Hg where it is found more, dumbo. Trace regions.
Better yet, we know that modern Northern Egyptians are cold adapted to intermediate in body portions and limb ratio. While the Southern Egyptians are tropical in body portions and limb ratio, like the ancient Egyptians from lower and upper Egypt. LOL
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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