White Americans are the racial majority. African Americans are the largest racial minority, amounting to 13.2% of the population. Hispanic and Latino Americans amount to 17% of the population, making up the largest ethnic minority.
FBI - Expanded Homicide Data
The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program of the FBI collects supplementary homicide data that provides information regarding the age, sex, and race of the murder victim and offender; the type of weapon used; the relationship of the victim to the offender; and the circumstance surrounding the incident. Data gleaned from these supplemental data are provided in this section.
Overview
Of the 13,636 murder victims in 2009 for which supplemental data were received, most (77.0 percent) were male. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 1.)
Concerning murder victims for whom race was known, 48.7 percent were white, 48.6 percent were black, and 2.7 percent were of other races. Race was unknown for 152 victims. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 2.)
Single victim/single offender situations accounted for 48.6 percent of all murders for which the UCR Program received supplemental data. (See Expanded Homicide Data Table 4.)
Of the offenders for whom gender was known, 89.7 percent were males. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 3.)
Of the offenders for whom race was known, 51.6 percent were black, 46.3 percent were white, and 2.1 percent were of other races. The race was unknown for 4,339 offenders. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 3.)
[In the U.S. murders are "INTRARACE": Blacks overwhelmingly kill Blacks, Whites overwhelmingly kill Whites].
Of the homicides for which the FBI received weapons data, most (71.8 percent) involved the use of firearms. Handguns comprised 70.5 percent of all firearms used in murders and nonnegligent manslaughters in 2009. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 8.)
In 2009, 24.2 percent of victims were slain by family members; 53.8 percent were killed by someone they knew (acquaintance, neighbor, friend, boyfriend, etc.). The relationship of murder victims and offenders was unknown in 43.9 percent of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter incidents in 2009.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Of the offenders for whom race was known, 51.6 percent were black, 46.3 percent were white, and 2.1 percent were of other races. The race was unknown for 4,339 offenders.
Used to be that when someone said our folks were "Animalistic" they would get a punch in the face.
Now if the say Blacks are "Animalistic" they get a punch in the face.
If they say the Negro is "Animalistic": lower the head and walk away.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Blacks are 13.2% of U.S. population
White Americans are the racial majority. African Americans are the largest racial minority, amounting to 13.2% of the population. Hispanic and Latino Americans amount to 17% of the population, making up the largest ethnic minority.
FBI - Expanded Homicide Data
The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program of the FBI collects supplementary homicide data that provides information regarding the age, sex, and race of the murder victim and offender; the type of weapon used; the relationship of the victim to the offender; and the circumstance surrounding the incident. Data gleaned from these supplemental data are provided in this section.
Overview
Of the 13,636 murder victims in 2009 for which supplemental data were received, most (77.0 percent) were male. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 1.)
Concerning murder victims for whom race was known, 48.7 percent were white, 48.6 percent were black, and 2.7 percent were of other races. Race was unknown for 152 victims. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 2.)
Single victim/single offender situations accounted for 48.6 percent of all murders for which the UCR Program received supplemental data. (See Expanded Homicide Data Table 4.)
Of the offenders for whom gender was known, 89.7 percent were males. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 3.)
Of the offenders for whom race was known, 51.6 percent were black, 46.3 percent were white, and 2.1 percent were of other races. The race was unknown for 4,339 offenders. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 3.)
[In the U.S. murders are "INTRARACE": Blacks overwhelmingly kill Blacks, Whites overwhelmingly kill Whites].
Of the homicides for which the FBI received weapons data, most (71.8 percent) involved the use of firearms. Handguns comprised 70.5 percent of all firearms used in murders and nonnegligent manslaughters in 2009. (Based on Expanded Homicide Data Table 8 . ) In 2009, 24.2 percent of victims were slain by family members; 53.8 percent were killed by someone they knew (acquaintance, neighbor, friend, boyfriend, etc.). The relationship of murder victims and offenders was unknown in 43.9 percent of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter incidents in 2009.
Whether you say "the Negro" or "black" makes little difference to white racists. And negroes are not throwing punches on these stats. When was the last time you actually seen so-called "gang bangas" taking on skinheads or kluxers? They are too busy shooting up other "soul brothas" while white racists sit back and laugh. Who needs the old Klan riders anymore? Negroes are already doing the dirty work.
Below is my analysis of 2013 data.
Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Blacks are 13.2% of U.S. population
White Americans are the racial majority. African Americans are the largest racial minority, amounting to 13.2% of the population. Hispanic and Latino Americans amount to 17% of the population, making up the largest ethnic minority.
This is not the true figure for Afro-Americans in the U.S. We have never been counted accurately since these United States were formed. They only count 3/5 or less of the Afro-American population to keep us mentally believing we are a super minority in the U.S. Even though slavery has ended the Three-Fifths Compromise has remained constant to keep Afro-Americans down and feeling inferior.
quote: The Three-Fifths Compromise, is found in Article 1, Section 2, Paragraph 3 of the United States Constitution, which reads:
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons
quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: Whether you say "the Negro" or "black" makes little difference to white racists. And negroes are not throwing punches on these stats. When was the last time you actually seen so-called "gang bangas" taking on skinheads or kluxers? They are too busy shooting up other "soul brothas" while white racists sit back and laugh. Who needs the old Klan riders anymore? Negroes are already doing the dirty work.
I don't know your ethnicity zarahan, but for some time now, I have been attacking the "Created" misconception that all Black skinned people are the same.
Africans are very different from Blacks in the Americas. And in the Americas, there are different types and classes of Blacks.
Low class Blacks, like justice Thomas, and Blacks who willingly inhabit the Black ghettos, and the associated criminal lifestyle, cannot and should not be confused with the overwhelming majority of Blacks who are hard working, law abiding citizens.
In order to differentiate between those very different groups of Blacks, I refer to the former as Negroes.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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posted
Of that 17% classified as Latino/Hispanic 3 to 4% are phenotypically black. So the largest racial minority would be 16-17%--not 13%. And another 5% of that 17% would be phenotypically white.
It was deliberate act to create a separate category for "Hispanics/Latinos" in order to dilute the black post-Civil Rights push for entry into the jobs and contracts market.
The term "oppressed blacks" morphed into "minorities" in order to encompass white females, Hispanics, Asian Indians, Koreans, etc.
Liberal blacks always talk of "blacks and Latinos" but Latinos never talk of "Latinos and blacks". Their goal has always been to displace the blacks as the major non-white group in the U.S. Democratic and Republican groups have complied with that Latino goal by importing cheaper Latino and Hispanic labor into the U.S.
Just as the Native Americans are now kept quiet on their reservations--out of sight out of mind, the post-Civil Rights counter-goal was to keep blacks penned up in their urban reservations.
New Latino blood--white and mestizo-is now supposed to displace the blacks from their number 2 position in the U.S.
Posts: 5492 | Registered: Nov 2004
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: Liberal blacks always talk of "blacks and Latinos" but Latinos never talk of "Latinos and blacks". Their goal has always been to displace the blacks as the major non-white group in the U.S.
(I can't believe me and lamin agree on something).
Dominicans in Denial In visiting the Dominican Republic, The Root's editor-in-chief discovers that its citizens claim they're anything but black. By: Henry Louis Gates Jr.Posted: August 5, 2011
posted
While discussing another topic on Youtube, someone decided to put in rape statistics on black males and white females. The stats seemed a bit odd to me, considering America demography.
Surprisingly I bumped in to this:
According to the FBI, about 95,000 forcible rapes were reported in 2004.8 Based on the statements and studies cited above, some 47,000 American men are falsely accused of rape each year. These men are disproportionately African-American.9
posted
Dominicans lack tact and sophistication, so they are the ones getting caught.
But all of the Mulatto lands of the Americas play the Brazilian game of convincing ignorant Negro populations that the way to success is marrying "WHITE or LIGHTER".
In this way, they maintain power for their Albino masters.
Some Negroes have caught on, but it seems most have not.
And as is typical with the Negro who doesn't really understand that Black is the height of evolution and sophistication, they seek to demonstrate their Blackness with gross shows of backwardness.
posted
"More than New York and Los Angles combined - but each have much larger populations.
Clearly Chicago has a particularly virulent brand of self-hating animalistic Negro."
No. NY and LA gentrification programs were first.
Chicago for reasons unknown gets it now.
pump in drugs and guns (while making sure you keep both illegal which facikitates gangsamd justifies high policing and incarceration of the males). Mass incarceration wrecks the families and local economies which, Wreck property values. Redline. Cut social benefits and force Negroes out.
Once Negroes are on their way out....facilitate Albino entry.
Standard playbook. U should know better than that Mike.
-------------------- Keldal Posts: 2818 | From: new york | Registered: Apr 2014
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quote:Originally posted by kdolo: "More than New York and Los Angles combined - but each have much larger populations.
Clearly Chicago has a particularly virulent brand of self-hating animalistic Negro."
No. NY and LA gentrification programs were first.
Chicago for reasons unknown gets it now.
pump in drugs and guns (while making sure you keep both illegal which facikitates gangsamd justifies high policing and incarceration of the males). Mass incarceration wrecks the families and local economies which, Wreck property values. Redline. Cut social benefits and force Negroes out.
Once Negroes are on their way out....facilitate Albino entry.
Standard playbook. U should know better than that Mike.
Most of the shootings in Chicago, are an attempt to force the poor and especially Black people to move out of Chicago. Many communities where the shootings are taking place are located in areas whites are slowly moving back in. That's why you see so many people wounded.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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posted
'Most of the shootings in Chicago, are an attempt to force the poor and especially Black people to move out of Chicago.'
Of course. Standard playbook.
Question 1.
Where do all the drugs come from ?
They are being brought in in Commercial quantities. Obvious government/intelligence agency complicity or they are directing it. (This has been proven).
2. Where do all the arms come from ?
They are being shipped in in commercial quantities. The idea that billion dollar agencies ATF, FBI, and others do not know where they come from nor can they stop the flow is laughable. Often times they are the ones behind it. (See FAST and FURIOUS)
Gunwalking", or "letting guns walk", was a tactic of the Arizona Field Office of the United States Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), which ran a series of sting operations[2][3] between 2006[4] and 2011[2][5] in the Tucson and Phoenix area where the ATF "purposely allowed licensed firearms dealers to sell weapons to illegal straw buyers, hoping to track the guns to Mexican drug cartel leaders and arrest them."[6] These operations were done under the umbrella of Project Gunrunner, a project intended to stem the flow of firearms into Mexico by interdicting straw purchasers and gun traffickers within the United States.
-------------------- Keldal Posts: 2818 | From: new york | Registered: Apr 2014
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^Surely the two of you jest.
I would also say that such jokes are very bad form considering the seriousness of the subject.
I am very disappointed in both of you.
No I am not joking. Think about it many of the victims are just sitting in cars and involve no teenagers or young adults.
Do you know how much a gun cost. Yet they expect me to believe unemployed youth without any money own enough guns to randomly shot people mainly in areas which are planned to be or being gentrified .
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: Do you know how much a gun cost. Yet they expect me to believe unemployed youth without any money own enough guns to randomly shot people mainly in areas which are planned to be or being gentrified.
I have been a student of Urban American Society for many years.
As Blacks flooded the cities to find work, Albinos fled to "Newly created" Suburban communities to avoid them. Over time, there was huge turnover where Albinos fled as Blacks arrived.
This left Blacks in possession of the nations most valuable real-estate. But Blacks did not have the means to generate enough income to keep cities afloat and in good shape - so they deteriorated.
Cities are the home of Arts, Academics, Business, Commerce, and still some manufacturing.
The Albinos gave that up, and took on a 3-4 hour commute, in exchange for a patch of grass. As an example: the money for a Manse in suburbia, buys a closet in a prosperous city.
But the low quality neighborhoods are still the domain of the Black immigrants from mostly the southern U.S.
Over time, the children and grandchildren of those who fled to the suburbs realized the stupidity of what their parents had done: Now they want to take back the cities - especially the AFFORDABLE Black neighborhoods - the process is called gentrification.
Gentrification works because those incoming Albinos have superior money resources, and the support of the Albino infrastructure of those cities.
I will not delve deeply into the Drug issue, because it is too complicated. But as in all cases, Blacks had a chance to say NO!
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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Avant garde Blacks, like Jazz musicians and the Jazz crowd, have always dabbled in hard Drugs.
What caused the genie to blow out of the bottle was EVERYDAY AVERAGE GUY - VIETNAM VETERANS coming back with a taste for drugs, and some serious Drug Jones. Soon there was a mad dash to supply these NEW drug addicts - and EVERYONE got involved.
Blacks, the Mob, Government.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: Do you know how much a gun cost. Yet they expect me to believe unemployed youth without any money own enough guns to randomly shot people mainly in areas which are planned to be or being gentrified .
Average Drug Dealer Income: $24,000 A Year July 11, 1990|By Knight-Ridder Newspapers.
WASHINGTON — In a new study with bleak implications for the war on illegal drugs, researchers have found that street drug dealers here aren`t getting rich but willingly take unusually high risks to make far more money than they could in legitimate jobs.
The Rand Corp., issuing what it said was the first systematic study of the economics of street drug dealers, reported Tuesday that the typical daily drug dealer between 18 and 40 years old nets $24,000 a year. The study is based on interviews with people charged with crimes, people on probation, data for the city and a prior Urban Institute survey.
The researchers interviewed 186 adult men on probation and found two-thirds of them earned an average of $7 an hour on legitimate jobs and averaged $30 an hour as ``moonlighting`` drug dealers, working only when demand is highest.
That is not ``the kind of income from which Mercedes and great fortunes are made,`` the researchers said, but it is ``much more profitable on an hourly basis than are legitimate jobs available to the same persons.``
Moreover, many of the drug dealers need the extra income to support drug habits of their own and were willing to accept the extraordinarily high risks involved.
City dealers have a 1.4 percent chance of dying and a 7 percent chance of suffering severe injury. Even for the hazardous job of a police officer, the risk of a job-related injury is less than 1 percent and the risk of a job-related death is 1 in 1,000. And in a city that leads the nation in per capita drug arrests and convictions, drug dealers run a 22 percent risk of going to prison.
Karen Hastie Williams, who heads a community anti-poverty coalition that asked for the study, said her organization had hoped that the research ``would show that most drug dealers in Washington could be attracted to the benefits of risk-free, legitimate employment.``
Instead, the study showed that ``a job alone does not offer enough of an incentive to lure current adult dealers away from the trade,`` she said.
``Even the creation of considerably higher-paying legitimate jobs probably wouldn`t get us very far,`` said economist Peter Reuter, principal author of the study. ``Dealers would still have smaller total incomes than they can earn now by supplementing their regular wages with drug selling.``
The vast majority of the 11,430 District of Columbia residents charged with selling drugs between 1985 and 1987 were young (18-29), male, poorly educated and black District residents, Reuter said.
the radio program “This American Life” aired an up-close look at gun violence affecting Harper. WBEZ education reporter Linda Lutton worked on the programs. In this story, she asks kids the question: How do you get a gun here in Chicago?
Linda Lutton: Can you all come in a little tighter?
Most of them are freshman, 15 years old. It was often hard at Harper to get kids to talk about how they felt about the violence in their neighborhood. But when it came to something concrete, like where a kid around here would get a gun, it was easy to get into a detailed conversation about dirty guns and clean guns and the prices of each. They said if it's a cheap gun on the street, you have to be careful. It might have a murder on it.
Boy 1: It'll usually have a murder or something on it.
And they know how clean guns, guns with no murders on them, end up on the street.
Boy 2: They got they gun cards. And then when they sell them, they just report them stolen-- like a month later, reported stolen.
LL: OK, what's the cheapest? Even if it's a dirty gun with a murder on it, what's the cheapest?
Boy 1: Like $100.
Boy 2: It depends on what kind of gun it is.
LL: $100. And what kind of gun would that be for $100?
Boy 2: Because you gotta trick some people. They would be like, give me $100 for a .22 caliber. Boy, I don't even play with those. What, I'm going to give you $100? I'll give you $25 for it.
The boys argue for a while over how much a .22 caliber handgun would be worth-- $25, $40, $150, or if it's worth anything at all since it's not a big gun. And who are they getting the guns from?
LL: As a kid, how do you know where to go to?
Boy 3: I go to one of the guys.
Boy 4: That's what I was going to say, too-- one of the guys.
LL: What does one of the guys mean? What does that mean?
Boy 2: One of your friends.
Boy 4: Well, like for some people, like if you're in a gang or something, you gonna automatically have that. So if you've got connections to a gang, then you gonna have it.
LL: So how do know who in the gang has the gun?
Boy 4: We know. We know.
Boy 1: I've actually made phone calls. If wanted a gun--
Boy 4: That's what I'm saying, too.
Boy 1: I could make a phone call.
Of course, this isn't the most satisfying answer to the question, where do you get your gun? To shrug and say, "from my friends," it doesn't explain how your friends get them. Guns arrive in the neighborhood through all the means you've probably heard of-- straw purchasers, gun show loopholes.
The feds recently charged a college student with buying duffel bags full of guns at Indiana gun shows for sale on Chicago streets.
A University of Chicago crime lab analysis has shown that the biggest proportion of police-recovered guns, around 40%, are purchased legally just outside Chicago, in the suburbs or Indiana.
One of the police officers who works at Harper told me $40 or $50 would be a normal price around the neighborhood for a revolver. $100 will get you a semiautomatic. But talking to these kids, I realize they often can get a gun for nothing at all. They're free. This kid got two guns from his brother.
Boy 4: When my brother got it, of course he gonna give to me. Because my brother, he went to jail for a charge. He's still in there right now.
LL: For a gun charge?
Boy 4: Yeah. My brother got several guns, though. But the one that he got caught with, they got it. But he got several of them. So I'm going to look at them for him while he in there.
One kid says he was given a gun by fellow gang members who handed it to him, he says, for having certain rank in the gang. He was 14. Another boy who's backed away from his gang, he moved out of Englewood, says he could still get a gun if he needed it for something, as long as he promised to bring it back.
Another boy says his mom has a gun, a legal gun. She keeps it in a box, he says.
Boy 3: I was 12 when I got my first gun. I was 12. I found it. I saw it. I found it.
He was near 67th Street, three blocks from Harper.
LL: Just in the middle of the day, you're going to your grandma's house. And you find a gun.
Boy 3: Yeah, it was 4 o'clock. And I walked through the alley because I had come up to my grandma's backyard. And something just told me, look down. It was five, six houses down from my grandma.
Boy 5: People stash guns outside. They don't want their guns in the house.
All the kids agree, if a gun's in your house, the police can find it in a raid. So people stash them. This one was on the side of the garage.
Boy 3: It was on the side of the garage like somebody tried to throw it in there while they was running. But they missed or something. It was just laying, not on the garage, on the garbage. You know, the garbages in the alley? It was just laying next to it. And I just picked it up, brung it home.
The boy kept the gun for a while. Later, because he couldn't figure out how to get any bullets for it and because, he says, he had no use for it, he gave it to a friend.
When I asked what type of gun it was, the boy said he was too little to know at the time. He only knew it was black. But now that he's older, 15, he does know. It was a .45.
LL: So where do you keep a gun, if not at home? I'm still not clear on that.
Boy 4: Abandoned house, I'm going to say that.
LL: A what?
Boy 4: Abandoned house.
LL: What, like next door to you maybe or something?
Boy 4: Well, not next door to you. I could be like a block or something. But it can't be that far.
LL: How do protect it, then? How do you know somebody's not going to get in there and get it?
Boy 4: Because you hide it.
LL: Well, maybe I live on your block, too, and I'm--
Boy 4: Well, one of my guys, he had a banger. And he put it in an abandoned house. He put in the basement. And in the basement, they got a little vent. And just scooted it all the way back then just closed. And that's it.
LL: So if he needs it, he's got it.
Boy 4: Yeah.
LL: But it's not on him. It's not in his house.
Boy 3: You're just close.
As you'd expect, some guns are more popular than others.
LL: Do young people want a certain type of gun?
Boy 3: A .30.
LL: What kind?
Boy 3: A .30, with a long clip-- a clip like this out the gun.
He's not talking about a specific gun but an accessory, a magazine that holds 30 rounds.
LL: You like those? Why?
Boy 3: They got the most shots. You can shoot forever. Let out 15. Run back to where you going. Somebody else come out and let out five more. There you go.
A lot of these student say they know kids who are only alive because the shooters have such bad aim. That could be another reason why the long clips are popular with kids. It's a good accessory to have when you can't shoot.Nearly all these kids said you need a gun for protection and for respect. So you don’t look weak. One said he was mugged once in the neighborhood south of Englewood. It was 1:30 in the morning. Three guys came up. He saw that one had a gun. They asked to use his phone, and then wouldn’t give it back.
LL: And did you have a gun right then?
Boy 4: No, i wish i woulda had one at that moment.
Everybody in the room understands his logic. Another kid chimes in...
Boy 3: If they knew you had a gun, they weren't even gonna try to walk off with your phone, they probably wouldn't even walk up to you and ask you for your phone.
It’s like insurance. And if the other guy has a gun, getting a gun yourself seems like the only thing you can do. What these kids describe is essentially an arms race... in their neighborhood.
Boy 4: Most everybody in Englewood got guns. Most of the whole Englewood got guns.
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CHICAGO'S MURDER PROBLEM By FORD FESSENDEN and HAEYOUN PARK MAY 27, 2016 NY Times
excerpts:
Guns Are a Key Difference
People who know both cities say there are some significant differences in policing, especially around the issue of guns.
The homicide rate in Chicago is just a little higher than in New York when guns aren’t involved. But when it comes to shootings, both fatal and not, Chicago stands out, suggesting a level of armed interaction that isn’t happening in New York. Chicago has a reputation for strict gun laws, and gun rights advocates often point to it as proof that gun regulation doesn’t reduce violence. But its laws aren’t what they used to be: Federal courts struck down its ban on handgun ownership in 2010, and its ban on gun sales in 2014. And a New York Times analysis showed guns were easily available from nearby jurisdictions, especially Indiana.
And Chicago is more lenient about illegal handguns than New York, prescribing a one-year minimum for possession versus three and a half years in New York. An attempt to match the New York law in 2013 was rejected by the Illinois legislature out of concern for skyrocketing incarceration rates for young black men.
New York also hired a lot more police officers in response to the crime of the 1990s, and, during its stop-and-frisk era of the 2000s, steeply increased gun enforcement. Recent studies, including one that looked at increased police presence in London after a terrorist attack, have suggested more police might mean less crime, said Jens Ludwig, the director of Crime Lab at the University of Chicago, which studies crime in both Chicago and New York.
Chicago’s Police Department, overwhelmed, can respond only to the most serious problems, leaving citizens to feel responsible for their own security, he said.
“Everyone has to establish deterrence on a retail basis,” he said. “People carry guns in public because other people are carrying guns. It’s literally an arms race, a vicious cycle. There are lots of indications that New York City, by taking guns more seriously and hiring more officers, has gotten a lot of guns off the streets, creating a virtuous cycle.”
Gang Wars in Chicago Drive Much of Its Violence
In Chicago, gang disputes are clearly a big part of homicides, said John Hagedorn, a professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago who studies Chicago gangs. “But these are not the same kind of disputes as before – they’re more localized disputes.”
Many of Chicago’s gangs have fractured, leading to more violence, said Arthur Lurigio, a criminology professor at Loyola University Chicago. While Latino gangs have remained more hierarchical, black gangs have splintered into small, disparate factions, whose disputes are less over territory and profits, and more over personal insults or shames, often fueled by social media, he said.
Crime Persists in Chicago’s Most Segregated Neighborhoods
Whether exacerbated by gangs or guns, though, Chicago’s killings are happening on familiar turf: Its poor, extremely segregated neighborhoods on the South and West Sides. And many say that is Chicago’s real violence issue.
“Where do gangs come from? They tend to take root in the very same neighborhoods that drive these other problems,” said Robert J. Sampson, a professor at Harvard and the author of “Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect.” “You can’t divorce the gang problem from the problem of deep concentrations of poverty.”
“What predicts violent crime rates is concentrated poverty and neighborhood disadvantage, and what determines concentrated poverty is high levels of black segregation combined with high levels of black poverty,” said Douglas S. Massey, a sociology professor at Princeton University.
In Chicago, homicide rates correspond with segregation. While many areas have few or no killings, the South and West Sides are on par with the world’s most dangerous countries, like Brazil and Venezuela, and have been for many years.
_______________________________________________
You would think Obama who lived in the South Side just blocks away where murders happened would have been able to make a dent in this situation
Also notice the vast number of churches on the South side, similarly ineffective
Posts: 42938 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: Clearly Chicago has a particularly virulent brand of self-hating animalistic Negro.
. As a point of Fact: Jean-Baptist-Point Du Sable (born 1750), an explorer founded Chicago. He was a Black pioneer, trader, and founder of the settlement that later became the city of Chicago. Du Sable was from St. Marc, Sainte-Domingue [now Haiti]. .
Are Chicago Negroes different from New York, los Angles Blacks? Lets see:
CHICAGO BLACK DEMOGRAPHICS:
Chicago has the third largest urban Black population in the nation mostly the result of the huge influx of African Americans during both of the “Great Black Migrations” north. The largest percent came from Mississippi, but many also came from other South Central states such as Louisiana, Arkansas, Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and East Texas. Most were attracted by the city’s railway companies steel mills, and meatpacking houses, the black population in Chicago grew from 44,000 in 1910 to 235,000 in 1930.
The Black newspaper “The Chicago Defender” Spread the news to African Americans in the south that there was a better life and plenty of jobs in Chicago. They used the trains to let Black Southerners know where to go when they got there, to live and work. It was estimated that about 3,000 Black Americans a day were getting off of trains in the city during the 1940’s.
The majority of Blacks moved to the city’s south side where these major industries were located at the time. Chicago’s black belt consisted of a 30 block long stretch of neighborhoods on the south side of old and dilapidated housing. Much like Harlem, NY, Blacks were over-crowded in apartment buildings that lacked pluming and healthy sanitary condition.
Today it is evident that the African American population outgrew that original 30 block barrier and now the entire south side is majority Black. There is also a significant Black population on the west side of the city. Chicago followed the same patterns as many other American cities with White flight followed by Black flight both to the suburbs. African Americans have favored the southern suburbs where there are many majority Black working class and middle class municipalities
Many of the African Americans in the southern suburbs relocated from the adjacent south side of Chicago while many Black migrants favored nearby western suburbs. The 2010 census revealed that the city of Chicago itself lost 17 percent of its Black population between 2000 and 2010 while the entire Chicago region gained Black population at a modest rate of 4 percent. The latest census also revealed the effect of the reverse migration back to the south usually to the major employment centers of Atlanta, Dallas, and Houston. Also cities such as Birmingham, Memphis, and Jackson, MS all noted a gain of Black residents from Chicago.
As part of the general 1790 census of New Spain by Viceroy Juan Vicente Güemes Pacheco de Padilla Revillagigedo, the Pueblo of Los Angeles was also censused.
Of the 44 original pobladores [colonists] who founded Los Angeles, only two were white, Of the other 42, 26 had some degree of African ancestry and 16 were Indians or mestizos [people of mixed Spanish and Indian blood]. William M. Mason, 1975
.
The Great Migration: Creating a New Black Identity in Los Angeles .
The Great Migration of the 1920s that saw major populations of the Black South move to Northern cities like Detroit, Chicago and New York largely bypassed Los Angeles. It was instead what scholars refer to as "The Second Great Migration" in the 1940s that made the most significant shifts in the city. As World War II commenced, defense production skyrocketed in Los Angeles with more than $11 billion in war contracts, which called for labor in the automobile, rubber and steel industries. Black Americans migrated West in response and the Black population in Los Angeles leaped from 63,700 in 1940 to 763,000 in 1970, making the once small-pocketed community visible to the general public.
Before this grand shift, the Black community in Los Angeles had been rooted in a more complex Black identity with Mexicans of mixed-African descent. By 1821, Mexico abolished slaves as part of the Trans-Atlantic trade and thus were allowed to assimilate earlier into a society that later became America following the Mexican-American War. The Black community in Los Angeles then grew from a successive stream of small migrations, beginning in 1848 with the California Gold Rush during which more than 5,000 Blacks made their way to California by 1860.
Between the 1890s and 1910, large groups of Black Americans migrated to Los Angeles from Texas, Shreveport, New Orleans and Atlanta to escape the racial violence and bigotry of the South with hopes for better access to wealth. Job opportunities were plentiful, including hauling lumber, digging ditches, cleaning toilets, laying brick, scrubbing laundry and shining shoes. Black migrants quickly laid claim to Central Avenue between 8th and 20th Streets in Downtown Los Angeles, and the area became known as "Brick Block" - with clubs, churches black-owned businesses and newspapers like the California Eagle supplying community needs.
By the time the Second Great Migration occurred, the prewar Black population that had founded its community's vital institutions grew closer to middle-class status. Homeownership amongst Blacks in Los Angeles by 1910 reached over 36% - the highest rate in the nation. L.A.'s prewar Black community viewed these "great" migrations with uncertainty. Some valued the opportunity for black families to reconnect and welcomed the new migrants as a chance to advance the race or as potential new business for their personal ventures. While others saw the influx as a threat to the peace their small existence afforded. Blacks had been in Los Angeles for nearly a century by the Second Great Migration, yet their population in contrast to the Latino and Asian population was miniscule.
Meanwhile, on the westside, another small-pocketed Black community was forged from the vision of developer and tobacco mogul, Abbot Kinney. Black Americans migrated west at the turn of the century to build the Venice canal system. They worked long hours digging ditches and dredging earth against a fast-approaching deadline, while storms flooded the area in March of that year. They finished in time for the July 04, 1905 opening. Subsequently, Blacks settled nearby in Oakwood, a 1.1 square mile community set aside for them. Of the better-known migrants from that generation was Kinney's confidante and driver, Irving Tabor, whose name is commemorated today on an alley street one block east of Abbot Kinney Boulevard in Venice.
When Kinney died in 1920, he left his private residence to the Tabor family. Navalette Tabor Bailey, one of the last remaining residents from that migration wave, passed away in 2010. Before she died, Bailey recounted her earlier days in the Oakwood as a Louisiana migrant. Below she describes the freedom Blacks experienced in the West during the 1920s:
With this influx in the Black population, housing became more and more scarce, overwhelming the already established communities and providing opportunities for real estate developers. Davenport Builders for instance, was a large developer that responded to the demand, with eyes on undeveloped land in Compton. What was once an all-white neighborhood in the 1940s quickly became an African American, middle-class dream where blue-collar laborers could enjoy suburbia away from the slums. These new housing developments provided better ways of life with more space for families to grow and live healthy.
Marie Hollis, an early Black homeowner in the Compton community, moved to Compton in the 1960s with her husband and small child. At that time other Black families were few and far between. In the video below, Hollis describes the quiet and spacious lifestyle Compton afforded for her family:
This heyday of peaceful living, ownership, and pride in the Black community eventually faded as the influx of Blacks in Los Angeles threatened the perceived value of property for Caucasian homeowners. Racially restrictive covenants would soon become widespread and condense the growing Black population to South Los Angeles, and in that density grew gang violence, crime, and one of the most severe riots in the city's history.
The New York City Metropolitan area represents the largest city and metro in America with more than 18 million residents. African Americans have a rich history in this region even before the civil war. The New York Metro Black population is the largest of any city in the United States at close to 3.5 million. This is almost 9% of the entire Black population of the United States. New York City Proper has more than 2.4 million African Americans.
The largest most concentrated Black population in America consists of more than 900,000 African Americans living in a 4 mile square area in the New York Borough of Brooklyn. Harlem, located at the north end of Manhattan is still the most dense (people per square mile) Black community in the nation. New York enjoys a more diverse Black population than most cities. 935,512 of the areas residents where born outside of the US and 413,669 of them are still not American citizens. The majority (84.4%) of Foreign-born Black residents are from the Caribbean. 13.0% are immigrants from Africa and 1.6% are from Europe.
HARLEM
In 1905 Philip Payton and his company, The Afro-American Realty Company, was almost single-handedly responsible for migration of blacks from their previous neighborhoods. He did this by buying, leasing, and selling empty and white owned properties to Blacks without apologies for and against the white tenets objections. Less than two decades later African Americans from the south fueled the Great Migration, taking trains from southern U.S. states, especially Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia, As blacks moved in, white residents left; between 1920 and 1930, 118,792 white people left the neighborhood and 87,417 blacks arrived.
There were also many immigrants from the British West Indies. In the 1920s, Harlem was the center of a blossoming of black culture and became known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was a time of artistic, educational, and overall cultural production. After The Great Depression and the loss of industrialization after WWII brought more poverty and crime to New York and especially Harlem. By 1960 more than half of Harlem’s housing was considered to be less than sound. Complaints included rats, falling plaster, lack of heat, and unsanitary plumbing. Harlem’s population began to decline quickly. It’s population finally bottomed out in 1990, at 101,026. Decreasing by 57% from its peak of 237,468 in 1950.
During the mid 1990s Harlem experienced an influx of middle class Black, white, Asian, and Hispanics. This gentrification was driven by rising prices on lower areas of Manhattan as well as an overall reduction of crime, and changes in city policy.
posted
^As we can clearly see, Americas three greatest cities, are populated by different type Black people.Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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posted
Mike you should make a thread, about how the Albino's are trying to use Mongol Mulatto (Koreans, Japanese, Chinese) immigrants, who set up shop in black neighborhoods at the tax payer's dime in the U.S, AND AT THE EXPENSE OF THE BLACK COMMUNITY ALLOWING THESE PEOPLE TO SET UP BUSINESSES IN THEIR NEIGHBORHOOD; as a racial buffer class and an attempt to basically prevent and put down Black Americans from actually developing self-sufficient economies.
Because the mulatto's (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Arabs etc) that the Albino's are importing into the U.S from Asia and elsewhere; are seriously harming and depressing the economies of many Black American communities, because they practice predatory economics on the Black communities they have set up shop in, AND TREAT BLACK AMERICAN LIKE SCUM IN THEIR OWN NEIGHBORHOODS IN AMERICA AND GET AWAY W/ IT!
That's one reason why Blacks are killing each other in these cities; the other reason is of course, because the European albino's are outsourcing all of the key factories and industry in the U.S; to mulatto countries like China, PRECISELY BECAUSE THEY DON'T WANT ANY SORT OF WEALTH FALLING INTO BLACK AMERICAN HANDS, THAT WOULD ALLOW THEM TO DEVELOP SELF-SUFFICIENT COMMUNITIES!
This is one of the good things about albino's like Donald Trump; because he attacks these mulatto's and this outsourcing globalist phenomenon, all designed to prevent wealth from falling into Black American hands! At least he is giving those scum mulatto's, the treatment they deserve!
Posts: 1558 | From: US | Registered: Sep 2015
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quote:Originally posted by Mindovermatter: [QB] Mike you should make a thread, about how the Albino's are trying to use Mongol Mulatto (Koreans, Japanese, Chinese) immigrants, who set up shop in black neighborhoods at the tax payer's dime in the U.S, AND AT THE EXPENSE OF THE BLACK COMMUNITY ALLOWING THESE PEOPLE TO SET UP BUSINESSES IN THEIR NEIGHBORHOOD; as a racial buffer class and an attempt to basically prevent and put down Black Americans from actually developing self-sufficient economies.
That's why we as black people need to pool our resources and start our own Chinese restaurants.
Posts: 42938 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Mindovermatter: Mike you should make a thread, about how the Albino's are trying to use Mongol Mulatto (Koreans, Japanese, Chinese) immigrants, who set up shop in black neighborhoods at the tax payer's dime in the U.S, AND AT THE EXPENSE OF THE BLACK COMMUNITY ALLOWING THESE PEOPLE TO SET UP BUSINESSES IN THEIR NEIGHBORHOOD; as a racial buffer class and an attempt to basically prevent and put down Black Americans from actually developing self-sufficient economies.
Because the mulatto's (Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Arabs etc) that the Albino's are importing into the U.S from Asia and elsewhere; are seriously harming and depressing the economies of many Black American communities, because they practice predatory economics on the Black communities they have set up shop in, AND TREAT BLACK AMERICAN LIKE SCUM IN THEIR OWN NEIGHBORHOODS IN AMERICA AND GET AWAY W/ IT!
Years ago, I had an article about why the small business administration favored Asians for loans, while ignoring Black Americans. I can't find the article, but here is the gist:
When they give the loan to an Asian to start a business, the first thing he does is go out and buy a 25 pound bag of Rice. His family will eat from that bag of rice until it's finished, then they will buy another bag.
His entire family will help him work in the business, including the children after school and homework.
When they give a Black man money to start a business, the first thing he does is to start looking to hire help.
Which is more likely to pay back the loan?
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posted
When they give the loan to an Asian to start a business, the first thing he does is go out and buy a 25 pound bag of Rice. His family will eat from that bag of rice until it's finished, then they will buy another bag.His entire family will help him work in the business, including the children after school and homework.
When they give a Black man money to start a business, the first thing he does is to start looking to hire help.
Which is more likely to pay back the loan?'
What is your point exactly ?
-------------------- Keldal Posts: 2818 | From: new york | Registered: Apr 2014
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: As a point of Fact: Most of the Indian tribes who originally inhabited what is now the New York area were Black Paleoamericans.
[/qb] Paleoamericans haven't existed for thousands of years.
The most prominent haplogroup of the Paleoamericans is haplogroup Q.
Haplogroup Q is found predominantly in Central Siberia, Central Asia and among Native Americans. Approximately 90% of pre-Columbian Native Americans belonged to haplogroup Q, and all descend from the branch Q1a2a1 (L54), including various subclades of Q1a2a1a1 (M3) and Q1a2a1a2 (Z780). In Europe haplogroup Q is found chiefly in southern Sweden (5%), among Ashkenazi Jews (5%), and is various isolated pockets in central and Eastern Europe such as the Rhône-Alpes region of France, southern Sicily, southern Croatia, northern Serbia, parts of Poland and Ukraine. Šarić et al. (2013) also found 6.1% of haplogroup Q out of 412 samples from the island of Hvar in southern Croatia (accompanied by 2% of East Asian mtDNA haplogroup F).
Posts: 42938 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: As a point of Fact: Most of the Indian tribes who originally inhabited what is now the New York area were Black Paleoamericans.
Paleoamericans haven't existed for thousands of years.
The most prominent haplogroup of the Paleoamericans is haplogroup Q.
Haplogroup Q is found predominantly in Central Siberia, Central Asia and among Native Americans. Approximately 90% of pre-Columbian Native Americans belonged to haplogroup Q, and all descend from the branch Q1a2a1 (L54), including various subclades of Q1a2a1a1 (M3) and Q1a2a1a2 (Z780). In Europe haplogroup Q is found chiefly in southern Sweden (5%), among Ashkenazi Jews (5%), and is various isolated pockets in central and Eastern Europe such as the Rhône-Alpes region of France, southern Sicily, southern Croatia, northern Serbia, parts of Poland and Ukraine. Šarić et al. (2013) also found 6.1% of haplogroup Q out of 412 samples from the island of Hvar in southern Croatia (accompanied by 2% of East Asian mtDNA haplogroup F). [/QB]
Those frequencies are considerably low. What happened?
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: As a point of Fact: Most of the Indian tribes who originally inhabited what is now the New York area were Black Paleoamericans.
Paleoamericans haven't existed for thousands of years.
The most prominent haplogroup of the Paleoamericans is haplogroup Q.
Haplogroup Q is found predominantly in Central Siberia, Central Asia and among Native Americans. Approximately 90% of pre-Columbian Native Americans belonged to haplogroup Q, and all descend from the branch Q1a2a1 (L54), including various subclades of Q1a2a1a1 (M3) and Q1a2a1a2 (Z780). In Europe haplogroup Q is found chiefly in southern Sweden (5%), among Ashkenazi Jews (5%), and is various isolated pockets in central and Eastern Europe such as the Rhône-Alpes region of France, southern Sicily, southern Croatia, northern Serbia, parts of Poland and Ukraine. Šarić et al. (2013) also found 6.1% of haplogroup Q out of 412 samples from the island of Hvar in southern Croatia (accompanied by 2% of East Asian mtDNA haplogroup F).
Those frequencies are considerably low. What happened? [/QB]
wikipedia
Today, the frequency of Q runs at 53.7% in Greenland, showing the highest in east Sermersooq at 82% and the lowest in Qeqqata at 30%.
Haplogroup Q-M242 has been found in approximately 94% of Indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica and South America.[17] Q-M242 built many ancient cultures and civilizations such as Tiwanaku, Caral(Norte Chico civilization), Maya, Inca, Aztec, and so on.
As a result of five centuries of wide-scale biological mestizaje, or miscegenation, between indigenous Americans and European immigrants, today in Mesoamerica and South America the frequencies of Q-M242 (mostly M3) among the whole male population of each country are lower than indigenous Amerincan populations, but nonetheless run far higher than in the population of North America.
The frequencies of Q among the whole male population (inclusive of all mixed-race and mono-racial groups) of each country reach as follow:
61% in Bolivia.[18] 51% in Guatemala,[19] 40.1% (159/397)[20] to 50% in Peru 37.6% in Ecuador,[21] 37.3% (181/485) in Mexico[20] (30.8% (203/659) among the specifically Mestizo segment)[22] 31.2% (50/160) in El Salvador,[23] 15.3% (37/242) to 21.8% (89/408) in Panama,[20][24] 16.1% in Colombia,[25] 15.2% (25/165) in Nicaragua,[26] 9.7% (20/206) in Chile,[20] 5.3% (13/246 in 8 provinces in northeastern, central, southern regions)[27] to 23.4% (181/775 in 8 provinces in central-west, central, northwest regions)[28] in Argentina, 5% in Costa Rica,[29] 3.95% in Brazil,[30] and so on. Based on the data above, the average frequency in the whole male population of Mesoamerica and South America is estimated to be about 18%.
In case of Turkmenistan, the frequency is not clear, but it can reach about 40% in light of the frequencies (34%~43%) in Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran who live in the areas adjacent to Turkmenistan.
Only some regions and ethnic groups in the continent show high frequencies. Q-M242 is found in 2.8% (3/106, all Q-M346) in Myanmar, and all the Q samples are concentrated in Ayeyarwady (2/11) and Bago (1/14) regions in southwest Myanmar.[60] And, Q-M242 is found in 55.6% (15/27) in the Akha tribe in northern Thailand.[41] The Akha are known to have moved from southern China (east Tibet and Yunnan) to Southeast Asia over the past centuries, and to have originated from a northern area such as Mongolia or Manchuria a long time ago
The First Peopling of South America: New Evidence from Y-Chromosome Haplogroup Q
Vincenza Battaglia, Viola Grugni, Ugo Alessandro Perego, Norman Angerhofer, J. Edgar Gomez-Palmieri, Scott Ray Woodward, Alessandro Achilli, Natalie Myres, Antonio Torroni, Ornella Semino Published: August 21, 2013
Abstract
Recent progress in the phylogenetic resolution of the Y-chromosome phylogeny permits the male demographic dynamics and migratory events that occurred in Central and Southern America after the initial human spread into the Americas to be investigated at the regional level. To delve further into this issue, we examined more than 400 Native American Y chromosomes (collected in the region ranging from Mexico to South America) belonging to haplogroup Q – virtually the only branch of the Y phylogeny observed in modern-day Amerindians of Central and South America – together with 27 from Mongolia and Kamchatka. Two main founding lineages, Q1a3a1a-M3 and Q1a3a1-L54(xM3), were detected along with novel sub-clades of younger age and more restricted geographic distributions. The first was also observed in Far East Asia while no Q1a3a1-L54(xM3) Y chromosome was found in Asia except the southern Siberian-specific sub-clade Q1a3a1c-L330. Our data not only confirm a southern Siberian origin of ancestral populations that gave rise to Paleo-Indians and the differentiation of both Native American Q founding lineages in Beringia, but support their concomitant arrival in Mesoamerica, where Mexico acted as recipient for the first wave of migration, followed by a rapid southward migration, along the Pacific coast, into the Andean region. Although Q1a3a1a-M3 and Q1a3a1-L54(xM3) display overlapping general distributions, they show different patterns of evolution in the Mexican plateau and the Andean area, which can be explained by local differentiations due to demographic events triggered by the introduction of agriculture and associated with the flourishing of the Great Empires.
Posts: 42938 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: Do you know how much a gun cost. Yet they expect me to believe unemployed youth without any money own enough guns to randomly shot people mainly in areas which are planned to be or being gentrified .
Average Drug Dealer Income: $24,000 A Year July 11, 1990|By Knight-Ridder Newspapers.
WASHINGTON — In a new study with bleak implications for the war on illegal drugs, researchers have found that street drug dealers here aren`t getting rich but willingly take unusually high risks to make far more money than they could in legitimate jobs.
The Rand Corp., issuing what it said was the first systematic study of the economics of street drug dealers, reported Tuesday that the typical daily drug dealer between 18 and 40 years old nets $24,000 a year. The study is based on interviews with people charged with crimes, people on probation, data for the city and a prior Urban Institute survey.
The researchers interviewed 186 adult men on probation and found two-thirds of them earned an average of $7 an hour on legitimate jobs and averaged $30 an hour as ``moonlighting`` drug dealers, working only when demand is highest.
That is not ``the kind of income from which Mercedes and great fortunes are made,`` the researchers said, but it is ``much more profitable on an hourly basis than are legitimate jobs available to the same persons.``
Moreover, many of the drug dealers need the extra income to support drug habits of their own and were willing to accept the extraordinarily high risks involved.
City dealers have a 1.4 percent chance of dying and a 7 percent chance of suffering severe injury. Even for the hazardous job of a police officer, the risk of a job-related injury is less than 1 percent and the risk of a job-related death is 1 in 1,000. And in a city that leads the nation in per capita drug arrests and convictions, drug dealers run a 22 percent risk of going to prison.
Karen Hastie Williams, who heads a community anti-poverty coalition that asked for the study, said her organization had hoped that the research ``would show that most drug dealers in Washington could be attracted to the benefits of risk-free, legitimate employment.``
Instead, the study showed that ``a job alone does not offer enough of an incentive to lure current adult dealers away from the trade,`` she said.
``Even the creation of considerably higher-paying legitimate jobs probably wouldn`t get us very far,`` said economist Peter Reuter, principal author of the study. ``Dealers would still have smaller total incomes than they can earn now by supplementing their regular wages with drug selling.``
The vast majority of the 11,430 District of Columbia residents charged with selling drugs between 1985 and 1987 were young (18-29), male, poorly educated and black District residents, Reuter said.
To make 1990 money current today, multiply it by about 1.7:
So the average drug dealer income would be about $40,000.
LOL Mike. Most gangbangers today donot sell drugs. Today you have to buy your own product so you really don't make that much money.
Back in the 1990's gangs controlled the sell of drugs. The organized gangs are broken up. As a result, gangs today are made up of local kids who want to go for bad.
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: As a point of Fact: Most of the Indian tribes who originally inhabited what is now the New York area were Black Paleoamericans.
Paleoamericans haven't existed for thousands of years.
The most prominent haplogroup of the Paleoamericans is haplogroup Q.
Haplogroup Q is found predominantly in Central Siberia, Central Asia and among Native Americans. Approximately 90% of pre-Columbian Native Americans belonged to haplogroup Q, and all descend from the branch Q1a2a1 (L54), including various subclades of Q1a2a1a1 (M3) and Q1a2a1a2 (Z780). In Europe haplogroup Q is found chiefly in southern Sweden (5%), among Ashkenazi Jews (5%), and is various isolated pockets in central and Eastern Europe such as the Rhône-Alpes region of France, southern Sicily, southern Croatia, northern Serbia, parts of Poland and Ukraine. Šarić et al. (2013) also found 6.1% of haplogroup Q out of 412 samples from the island of Hvar in southern Croatia (accompanied by 2% of East Asian mtDNA haplogroup F). [/QB]
Haplogroup Q is not the dominant haplogroup in North America, the dominant haplogroup is M173.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Paleoamericans haven't existed for thousands of years.
The most prominent haplogroup of the Paleoamericans is haplogroup Q.
Naia carried mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup D1. D1 is name for M1 in Asia.
However I was talking about Y DNA
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: Haplogroup Q is not the dominant haplogroup in North America, the dominant haplogroup is M173.
^^ you have your own chart here that is not including the various Native American haplogroups. The title of it is "The frequency of R1b subclades in North America" . So that is only looking at one haplogroup.
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
in conclusion, many West African slaves were brought to the United States that carried R-M173. This y-chromosome has the third highest frequency among WestAfricans.The historical evidence makes it clear that manyAfrican males married NA females (Chambers, 1891;Katz, 2011). It is interesting to note that those NA groupswith the highest frequencies of the R1 y-chromosomeincluding the Ojibwa (79%), Seminole (50%), andCherokee (47%) are NA populations that experiencedconsiderable intermarriage between NA females and SSAmales. Given the interbreeding between NA and SSApopulations the presence of R-M173 among NA groupsprobably represents the sex biased admixture between NAfemales and SSA males (Bryc et al. , 2010).Even though we may be able to use the involuntarymigration of SSAs to the USA, to account for the highfrequency of R1b among such groups as the Ojibwa
REFERENCES:
Distribution of Y chromosomes among Native North Americans: A study of Athapaskan population history Ripan Singh Malhi 2009
High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas Stephen L. Zegura,* Tatiana M. Karafet, § Lev A. Zhivotovsky,à and Michael F. Hammer* 2003
____________________
Is Native American R Y-Chromosome of African Origin? Clyde Winters 2011
If that is the case M173 in the Americas is very recent and not indigenous to the Americas
Nevertheless if we look at your own source we do indeed see the Q frequencies higher than the R
and another of your sources, the same high prevalence of Q
quote: On the basis of our new data and analyses, 76 of 79 Native American R lineage chromosomes belong to haplogroup R-P25. The median-joining network for R-P25 (fig. 5) exhibits extensive sharing of microsatellite haplotypes between Europeans and Native Americans, unlike the case for Asians. Also, the European and Native American modal haplotypes are identical for haplogroup R-P25, whereas the Asian modal haplotype differs at two positions. To investigate the hypothesis of European–Native American admixture for haplogroup R-P25 further, we performed a 16-population non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis on the R-P25 microsatellite data (data not shown). The five European populations formed a distinct cluster with five of the seven Native American groups. In contrast, none of the four Asian populations were part of the European–Native American cluster.
In sum, our evidence supports the admixture hypothesis for the presence of R-P25 individuals in Native American populations and concurs with the recent findings of Bosch et al. (2003), who concluded that all 18 of their haplogroup R Greenlandic Inuit (n = 69) are the result of European admixture. Their overall admixture estimate for their Greenlandic Inuit sample was 58 ± 6% and they conjectured that the Greenlandic Inuit sample in Karafet et al. (1999) from Nanortalik (n = 62), one of their minor sampling locations (n = 5), exhibited between 15% and 56% European admixture, depending on the outcome of further typing to resolve haplogroup status according to the YCC (2002) system. Our new results yielded an admixture estimate of 17% ± 5% for this Inuit (i.e., Aleut-Eskimo–speaking) sample, whereas the admixture estimate for our entire Native American sample was 17% ± 2%, following the procedures in Bosch et al. (2003).
--- High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Americas Stephen L. Zegura * , Tatiana M. Karafet † § , Lev A. Zhivotovsky ‡ and Michael F. Hammer *
As for northern Cameroon that clade is specific and apart form the Chad basin region is not common in the rest of Africa, the clade is R1b1c. That is not the clade found in the Americas.
You remember how Mike often points out many modern Native Americans often looking lighter skinned and semi-European. Well that's evident in the genetics, R1b, the most frequently occurring Y chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe, as well as some parts of Russia.
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^Once again you have allowed lioness to derail a thread with voluminous barely relevant posts.
When will you learn not to answer lioness posts - ignore the Bitch. Her/his purpose is to derail posts valuable to Blacks. Why help this vile creature do it?
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