The 2015 population survey marked the first time since the 19th century that the Mexican government included a distinct category for people of Afro-Mexican descent. As of 2015, the INEGI found that 1,973,555 persons or 1.7% of the population self-identified as Afro-Mexican or partially Afro-Mexican (1.2% of the population excluding people who self-identified as only partially Afro-Mexican).
This 3D terrain map of the Costa Chica from Acapulco to Huatulco zooms in on the area with the highest percentage of Afro-Mexicans and shows how it is surrounded by mountains. The prevailing theory of how Afro-Mexicans arrived in the Costa Chica is that escaped slaves brought by Spanish galleons settled here, and found freedom and refuge thanks to the area’s isolation.
One problem with using self-identification to determine ethnic origin —as the population survey did— is that there have now been many genetic studies of Mexican populations and a robust finding is that the vast majority of Mexicans are part Black. Here’s an image of several individuals from different Mexican states taken from The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
One problem with using self-identification to determine ethnic origin —as the population survey did— is that there have now been many genetic studies of Mexican populations and a robust finding is that the vast majority of Mexicans are part Black. Here’s an image of several individuals from different Mexican states taken from The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
The red bars represent European ancestry, the green bars Sub-Saharan African (Yoruba), and the blue bars indigenous ancestry. Granted, genetics is a fast changing field1, but the results shouldn’t change much, and you can clearly see how just about everyone in Mexico has some very minor SSA ancestry, with a low variance, except for the states of Guerrero, Veracruz and Oaxaca where there were individuals with high African admixture. Also, note how those individuals have a high percentage of indigenous ancestry.
More than 200,000 slaves were brought to Mexico, compared to 450,000 in the US, and 4.5 million in Brazil. In the 1742 and 1793 censuses, the Black and Mulatto population of Mexico came in at about 10%, being much less numerous than the indigenous and mestizo population, and with no strictures against intermarriage, with time they were absorbed into the general Mexican population.
Source: The History of Mexico From Pre-Conquest to Present
Looking at the table, a big part of the recovery of the Indian population during the colonial period must have been due to Indian women having children with Mestizos and Mulattos, and with the forging of Mexico’s mestizo identity, the ‘afromestizos’ were simply forgotten.
The states with large populations of Afro-Mexicans are also states with large indigenous populations as the following map shows:
Some Native Mexicans also present SSA admixture. If you squint really hard at the SSA admixture for the Mayan Native Mexicans in the chart below you can see that they have some African ancestry. In the 1789 census, 12% of the population in Yucatán was Black or Mulatto. And today there are several municipios in Yucatan that have a high Afro-Mexican or part Afro-Mexican presence (wether you consider yourself Afro-Mexican or part Afro-Mexican seems to vary somewhat by state): Dzoncauich (17.5%), Mama (5.2%) and Chikindzonot (5.1%).
Source: The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
I tried to find a genetic study that focused specifically on Afro-Mexicans, but I couldn’t find one. My best guess is that one would find much higher SSA ancestry among self-identified Afro-Mexicans, but with a large variance, unlike the rest of Mexico which consistently shows low variance.
Indigenous and Afro-Mexican are not exclusive categories. People who consider themselves both Afro-Mexican and indigenous outnumber those who consider themselves to be solely Afro-Mexican.
This tendency to belong to more than one group could bias some measurements. If you want to predict literacy in Guerrero and Veracruz it seems to be more important to be indigenous than to be Afro-Mexican.
In fact, people who consider themselves to be only Afro-Mexican have the highest literacy rates in Veracruz and second highest in Guerrero, while in Oaxaca, for some reason, they cluster with the indigenous population. This certainly merits further research. When comparing literacy rates to the Mexican average, keep in mind that the three states with the highest proportion of Afro-Mexicans together with Chiapas have the lowest rates of literacy in Mexico.
In Brazil and the United States the Black population suffers from much higher rates of violence, but in Mexico the percentage of the population that is Black is not correlated with the homicide rate in Veracruz, is positively correlated in Oaxaca, and the correlation is actually negative in Guerrero. Though, that is mostly because drug trafficking routes don’t go through the areas Afro-Mexicans live in and there has been some spillover of violence into Oaxaca from Guerrero (Mexico’s most violent state). Even if less violent than the rest of Guerrero, the Costa Chica region is still very violent by any standard.
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Mexico had an active slave trade since the early colonial period and an estimated 200,000 Africans were brought there. From the beginning, the slaves, who were mostly male, intermarried with indigenous women. In some cases Spanish colonists had unions with female slaves. Spanish colonists created an elaborate racial caste system, classifying people by racial mixture. This system broke down in the very late colonial period; after Independence, the legal notion of race was eliminated.
Although the vast majority had their roots in Africa, not all slaves made the trip directly to America, some came from other Hispanic territories. Those from Africa belonged mainly to groups coming from Western Sudan and ethnic Bantu.
The origin of the slaves is known through various documents such as transcripts of sales. Originally the slaves came from Cape Verde and Guinea[7]. Later slaves were also taken from Angola and the Canary Islands.[8]
To decide the sex of the slaves that would be sent to the New World, calculations that included physical performance and reproduction were performed. At first half of the slaves imported were women and the other half men, but it was later realized that men could work longer without fatigue and that they yielded similar results throughout the month, while women suffered from pains and diseases more easily.[8] Later on, only one third of the total slaves were women.
From the African continent dark skinned slaves were taken; "the first true blacks were extracted from Arguin."[9] Later in the sixteenth century, black slaves came from Bran, biafadas and Gelofe (in Cape Verde). Black slaves were classified into several types, depending on their ethnic group and origin, but mostly from physical characteristics. There were two main groups. The first, called Retintos, also called swarthy, came from Sudan and the Guinean Coast. The second type were amulatados or amembrillados of lighter skin color, when compared with other blacks and were distinguishable by their yellow skin tones.
Mexican anthropologist Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán estimated that there were six blacks who took part in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. The first African slave brought to Mexico is said to be Juan Cortés, a slave who accompanied Hernán Cortés in 1519. Another conquistador, Pánfilo de Narváez, brought an African slave who has been blamed for the smallpox epidemic of 1520. Early slaves were likely personal servants or concubines of their Spanish masters, who had been brought to Spain first and came with the conquistadors
Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés. The Spaniards are accompanied by Malinche and Cortés' black slave. Codex Azcatitlan.
Important economic sectors such as sugar production and mining relied heavily on slave labor during that time.[13] After 1640, slave labor became less important but the reasons are not clear. The Spanish Crown cut off contacts with Portuguese slave traders after Portugal gained its independence. Slave labor declined in mining as the high profit margins allowed the recruitment of wage labor. In addition, the indigenous and mestizo population increased, and with them the size of the free labor force.[13] In the later colonial period, most slaves continued to work in sugar production but also in textile mills, which were the two sectors that needed a large, stable workforce. Neither could pay enough to attract free laborers to its arduous work. Slave labor remained important to textile production until the later 18th century when cheaper English textiles were imported.[13]
View inside the Museo de las Culturas Afromestizas in Cuajinicuilapa. Slave labor was most common in Mexico City, where they were domestic servants such as maids, coachmen, personal service or armed bodyguards. However, they were more of a status symbol rather than an economic necessity
Castas painting showing the various race combinations
According to the 2015 Encuesta Intercensal, there were 1,381,853 Mexicans that self identified as Afro-descendants, or 1.2% of the country's population.[1] This is the first time that the government of Mexico has asked citizens whether they identify as Afro-Mexican. Places with large Afro-Mexican communities are: Costa Chica of Guerrero, Costa Chica of Oaxaca and Veracruz. While Northern Mexico has some towns with a minority of Mexicans of African descent. Afro-descendants can be found throughout the country, however they are statistically insignificant in some states. There are also recent immigrants of African and Caribbean origin.
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Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages 2012
Gabriela Martı ́nez-Corte ́s1,5, Joel Salazar-Flores1, Laura Gabriela Ferna ́ndez-Rodrı ́guez1, Rodrigo Rubi-Castellanos1, Carmen Rodrı ́guez-Loya1, Jesu ́s Salvador Velarde-Fe ́lix2, Jose ́ Franciso Mun ̃oz-Valle3, Isela Parra-Rojas4 and He ́ctor Rangel-Villalobos1,5
African paternal ancestry The observed homogeneous distribution of African ancestry through- out the Mexican territory (range, 0–8.8%) contrasts with previous genetic studies and admixture models suggesting an appreciable African ancestry in coastal regions.34,43,44 For example, African haplotypes of the b-globin gene have been detected at high frequencies in the Costa-Chica regions of Guerrero and Oaxaca.45 Although the population samples analyzed in our study did not derive from these coastal regions, our results suggest a limited African gene flow of males to the surrounding cities. This conclusion is in agreement with previous results suggesting that the increasing African ancestry is limited to particular coastal regions, but not to wide coastal areas of Mexico.13 Similarly, states with presumable higher African ancestry (that is, Veracruz and Guerrero) have not shown a significant increase; they have only presented the highest interpopulation genetic variance of this ancestry.5 This also could bedescribed as a ‘‘diluting effect’’, in which the settlement of African slaves has not significantly affected the African-ancestry average of nearby cities, but it is indeed possible to find a few individuals with a higher African ancestry. Regarding the relatively high African ancestry in Jalisco (8.8%), this result is attributable to its economic influence during the colonial period when African slaves were brought to work in mines and on sugar plantations, after the indigenous population diminished owing to different causes, such as diseases and Mixto ́n warfare in Jalisco.2,46 In addition, African ancestry may have come to Mexico via the Spaniards, who also received lineages 34 from Middle East and North Africa, as described in different parts of Europe (that is, the Balkans, Italy, Portugal and the south of Spain).47
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In a recent study of post-Classic Mexicans at Tlatilco , dating between 10-13 centuries the subjects carried the founder haplogroups A (36%), B (13%), C (4.3%) and D (17.4%) (27). We should note, that in Yucatec, the Mayans were predominately haplogroup A, the Maya in Hondurus, a stronghold of the Black Native Americans belonged to haplogroup C. The mtDNA haplogroup A common to Mexicans is also found among the Mande speaking people and some East Africans (28-29). Haplogroup A found among Mixe and Mixtecs (28).The Mande speakers carry mtDNA haplogroup A, which is common among Mexicans (30). In addition to the Mande speaking people of West Africa, Southeast Africa Africans also carry mtDNA haplogroup A (29).
The major American Indian male lineages include R1, C,D and Q3.There is evidence of African admixture in the American y-chromosome haplogroups. The Q y-haplogroup has the highest frequency among indigenous Mexicans. The frequency hg Q varies from a high of 54% for Q-M243, and a low of 46% for QM (34). African y-chromosome are associated with YAP+ and 9bp. The YAP-à associated with A-àG transition at DYS271 is found among Native Americans. The YAP+ individuals include Mixe speakers (32-33). YAP+ is often present in haplogroups (hg) C and D. The DYS271 transition is of African origin (32).The DSY271 Alu insertion is found only in chromosomes bearing Alu insertion (YAP+) at locus DYS287 (33). The DYS271 transition was found among the Wayuu, Zenu and Inzano. The Mexican Native American y-chromosome bearing the African markers is resident in haplogroups C and D (34). R-M173 is also found in Mexico.
Haplogroups R and Q are part of the CT microgroup which dates back 56kya. Haplogroup R branches from hg Q, with the SNP M242. The CT haplogroup has SNP mutation M168, along with P and M294. Haplogroup P (M45) has two branches Q (M242) and R-M207 which share the common marker M45. The M45 chromosome is subdivided by the biallelic variant M173 (35). In Africa we find P (M173), R1b (M343) and V88; and R1b1a2 (M269). Native Americans carry a high frequency of R-M173 (48). The predominate y-chromosome in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found only in the Northeastern United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but is absent in Siberia. There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between 8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in Africa.
This is very interesting given the presence on R-M173 is found among many American Indian groups (48). R-M173 among the North American Algonquian group range from Ojibwe (79%), Chipewyan (62%),Seminole (50%), Cherokee (47%), Dogrib (40%) and Papago (38%) . These Indian groups have a long association with Africans and many live in areas were Europeans found Black Native Americans. In most studies of North American Indians, any evidence of African haplogroups are excluded from all analyses (47). Exclusion of evidence of non-Amerindian admixture and non-foundational Amerindian haplogroups is regularly left out of publications on Native American DNA (49). The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%), Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%).
There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the Ch'ol and Chontal which stood around 15% (38). The Ch'ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b (38). The Spanish identified the Otomi as a Black Native American tribe(11). African ancestry has been found among indigenous groups that have had no historical contact with African slaves and thus support an African presence in America, already indicated by African skeletons among the Olmec and Mayan people. Lisker et al, noted that "The variation of Indian ancestry among the studied Indians shows in general a higher proportion in the more isolated groups, except for the Cora, who are as isolated as the Huichol and have not only a lower frequency but also a certain degree of black admixture. The black admixture is difficult to explain because the Cora reside in a mountainous region away from the west coast" (22).
A recent study of African - Mexican admixture yielded a frequency range between 22-41% (25). In one study the researcher found that 3% of Native Americans showed African haplogroups (25). Underhill et al , noted that:" One Mayan male, previously [has been] shown to have an African Y chromosome" (31). This is very interesting because the Maya language illustrates a Mande substratum, in addition to African genetic markers (3) Plus the Chontal were identified as a Black Native American tribe (11). The African haplogroups among indigenous Mexicans include L0a1a'3, L2a1, L3b, L3d, and U6a (25).
Interestingly, an individual at Laguna de los Condores, Peru dating between AD 1000-1500 carried L3 (36). Green et al also found Indians with African genes in North Central Mexico, including the L1 and L2 clusters (25). An important indicator of African admixture is 9bp (22,27). Haplogroup B is defined by 9bp (27) and is linked to haplogroup A. .
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Ivan van Sertima told us about the work Dr. Wiercinski who examined many Olmec skeletons. Dr. Wiercinski (1972) claims that the some of the Olmecs were of African origin. He supports this claim with skeletal evidence from several Olmec sites where he found skeletons that were analogous to the West African type black. Wiercinski discovered that 13.5 percent of the skeletons from Tlatilco and 4.5 percent of the skeletons from Cerro de las Mesas were Africoid (Rensberger,1988; Wiercinski, 1972; Wiercinski & Jairazbhoy 1975).
Diehl and Coe (1995, 12) of Harvard University have made it clear that until a skeleton of an African is found on an Olmec site he will not accept the art evidence that the were Africans among the Olmecs. This is rather surprising because Constance Irwin and Dr. Wiercinski (1972) have both reported that skeletal remains of Africans have been found in Mexico. Constance Irwin, in Fair Gods and Stone Faces, says that anthropologist see "distinct signs of Negroid ancestry in many a New World skull...."
Dr. Wiercinski (1972) claims that some of the Olmecs were of African origin. He supports this claim with skeletal evidence from several Olmec sites where he found skeletons that were analogous to the West African type black. Many Olmec skulls show cranial deformations (Pailles, 1980), yet Wiercinski (1972b) was able to determine the ethnic origins of the Olmecs. Marquez (1956, 179-80) made it clear that a common trait of the African skulls found in Mexico include marked prognathousness ,prominent cheek bones are also mentioned. Fronto-occipital deformation among the Olmec is not surprising because cranial deformations was common among the Mande speaking people until fairly recently (Desplanges, 1906).
To determine the racial heritage of the ancient Olmecs, Dr. Wiercinski (1972b) used classic diagnostic traits determined by craniometric and cranioscopic methods. These measurements were then compared to a series of three crania sets from Poland, Mongolia and Uganda to represent the three racial categories of mankind. In Table 1, we have the racial composition of the Olmec skulls. The only European type recorded in this table is the Alpine group which represents only 1.9 percent of the crania from Tlatilco.
The other alleged "white" crania from Wiercinski's typology of Olmec crania, represent the Dongolan (19.2 percent), Armenoid (7.7 percent), Armenoid-Bushman (3.9 percent) and Anatolian (3.9 percent). The Dongolan, Anatolian and Armenoid terms are euphemisms for the so-called "Brown Race" "Dynastic Race", "Hamitic Race",and etc., which racist Europeans claimed were the founders of civilization in Africa.
In Table 2, we record the racial composition of the Olmec according to the Wiercinski (1972b) study. The races recorded in this table are based on the Polish Comparative-Morphological School (PCMS). The PCMS terms are misleading. As mentioned earlier the Dongolan , Armenoid, and Equatorial groups refer to African people with varying facial features which are all Blacks. This is obvious when we look at the iconographic and sculptural evidence used by Wiercinski (1972b) to support his conclusions.
Wiercinski (1972b) compared the physiognomy of the Olmecs to corresponding examples of Olmec sculptures and bas-reliefs on the stelas. For example, Wiercinski (1972b, p.160) makes it clear that the clossal Olmec heads represent the Dongolan type. It is interesting to note that the emperical frequencies of the Dongolan type at Tlatilco is .231, this was more than twice as high as Wiercinski's theorectical figure of .101, for the presence of Dongolans at Tlatilco.
The other possible African type found at Tlatilco and Cerro were the Laponoid group. The Laponoid group represents the Austroloid-Melanesian type of (Negro) Pacific Islander, not the Mongolian type. If we add together the following percent of the Olmecs represented in Table 2, by the Laponoid (21.2%), Equatorial (13.5), and Armenoid (18.3) groups we can assume that at least 53 percent of the Olmecs at Tlatilco were Africans or Blacks. Using the same figures recorded in Table 2 for Cerro,we observe that 40.8 percent of these Olmecs would have been classified as Black if they lived in contemporary America. Below are the racial types identified by Wiercinski:
Equatorial Type
Dongolan Type
Sub-Pacific and Bushmanoid-Armenoid
Anatolian
Rossum (1996) has criticied the work of Wiercinski because he found that not only blacks, but whites were also present in ancient America. To support this view he (1) claims that Wiercinski was wrong because he found that Negro/Black people lived in Shang China, and 2) that he compared ancient skeletons to modern Old World people.
First, it was not surprising that Wiercinski found affinities between African and ancient Chinese populations, because everyone knows that many Negro/African /Oceanic skeletons (referred to as Loponoid by the Polish school) have been found in ancient China see: Kwang-chih Chang The Archaeology of ancient China (1976,1977, p.76,1987, pp.64,68). These Blacks were spread throughout Kwangsi, Kwantung, Szechwan, Yunnan and Pearl River delta.
Skeletons from Liu-Chiang and Dawenkou, early Neolithic sites found in China, were also Negro. Moreover, the Dawenkou skeletons show skull deformation and extraction of teeth customs, analogous to customs among Blacks in Polynesia and Africa.
Secondly, Rossum argues that Wiercinski was wrong about Blacks in ancient America because a comparison of modern native American skeletal material and the ancient Olmec skeletal material indicate no admixture. The study of Vargas and Rossum are flawed. They are flawed because the skeletal reference collection they used in their comparison of Olmec skeletal remains and modern Amerindian propulations because the Mexicans have been mixing with African and European populations since the 1500's. This has left many components of these Old World people within and among Mexican Amerindians.
The iconography of the classic Olmec and Mayan civilization show no correspondence in facial features. But many contemporary Maya and other Amerind groups show African characteristics and DNA. Underhill, et al (1996) found that the Mayan people have an African Y chromosome. This would explain the "puffy" faces of contemporary Amerinds, which are incongruent with the Mayan type associated with classic Mayan sculptures and stelas.
Wiercinski on the otherhand, compared his SRC to an unmixed European and African sample. This comparison avoided the use of skeletal material that is clearly mixed with Africans and Europeans, in much the same way as the Afro-American people he discussed in his essay who have acquired "white" features since mixing with whites due to the slave trade.
A. von Wuthenau (1980), and Wiercinski (1972b) highlight the numerous art pieces depicting the African or Black variety which made up the Olmec people. This re-anlysis of the Olmec skeletal meterial from Tlatilco and Cerro, which correctly identifies Armenoid, Dongolan and Loponoid as euphmisms for "Negro" make it clear that a substantial number of the Olmecs were Blacks support the art evidence and writing which point to an African origin for Olmec civilization.
In conclusion, the Olmec people were called Xi. They did not speak a Mixe-Zoque language they spoke a Mande language, which is the substratum language for many Mexican languages.
The Olmec came from Saharan Africa 3200 years ago.They came in boats which are depicted in the Izapa Stela no.5, in twelve migratory waves. These Proto-Olmecs belonged to seven clans which served as the base for the Olmec people.
Physical anthropologist use many terms to refer to the African type represented by Olmec skeletal remains including Armenoid, Dongolan, Loponoid and Equatorial. The evidence of African skeletons found at many Olmec sites, and their trading partners from the Old World found by Dr. Andrzej Wiercinski prove the cosmopolitan nature of Olmec society. This skeletal evidence explains the discovery of many African tribes in Mexico and Central America when Columbus discovered the Americas (de Quatrefages, 1836).
The skeletal material from Tlatilco and Cerro de las Mesas and evidence that the Olmecs used an African writing to inscribe their monuments and artifacts, make it clear that Africans were a predominant part of the Olmec population. These Olmecs constructed complex pyramids and large sculptured monuments weighing tons. The Maya during the Pre-Classic period built pyramids over the Olmec pyramids to disguise the Olmec origin of these pyramids. .
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Meso-America is the geographical name for Mexico and the countries of Central America. Today people believe that the Blacks of Mexico and the Blacks of Guatemala, Hondurus and Belize are the descendants of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) slaves taken to Mexico during the Atlantic Slave trade.This is false.
The Black Costa Chicas or negrocostachicanos in a region where numerous artifacts have been found that indicate that Black cultures trives in Western Mexico, Belize, and Guatemala almost 2000 years before the Olmec sailed to mexico from Africa and landed on the Gulf coast of Mexico.
In Belize , around 2500 B.C., we see evidence of agriculture. The iconography of this period depicts Africoids. And at Izapa in 1358 B.C., astronomer-priests invented the first American calendar. In addition numerous sculptures of blacks dating to the 2nd millennium B.C, have been found at La Venta, Chiapas, Teotihuacan and Tlatilco.
Chiapas Blacks
The earliest culture founded by Blacks in the Pacific coats region was the Mokaya tradition. The Mokaya tradition was situated on the Pacific coast of Mexico in the Soconusco region. Sedentary village life began as early as 2000BC. By 1700-1500 BC we see many African communities in the Mazatan region. This is called the Barra phase or Ocos complex.
During the Barra phase these Blacks built villages amd made beautiful ceramic vessels often with three legs. They also made a large number of effigy vessels.
The figurines of the Ocos are the most significant evidence for Blacks living in the area during this period. The female figurine from Aquiles Serdan is clearly that of an African woman. Ocos Female
The Blacks of the Mokaya traditions were not Olmec. The civilization of the Mokaya traditions began 700 years before the Olmec arrived in Mexico.
Cherla
In most history text the Ocos are presented as the original founders of Mayan civilization. As you can see from the art they do not look like native Americans they look negro like other Africans.
Researchers have suggested that Sub-Saharan Africans (SSA) were among the first Americans (1-6). Spanish explorers found Sub-Saharan African communities in Mexico when they arrived (1,7).
Sub-Saharan Africans were living in Mexico in 1492 (1-2). These SSA were trading with the mongoloid Amerindians, in addition to having their own settlements in the Americas. Amerigo Vespucci met African merchants on their way back to West Africa in the Middle of the Atlantic Ocean (7).
Much of what we know about African nautical sciences comes from Vaco da Gama. Vasco da Gama is said to have found information about the West Indies from Ahmad b. Majid, a West African he met during his travels along the West Coast of Africa (8). Da Gama claimed that ibn Majid wrote a handbook of navigation on the Indian Ocean, the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, Sea of Southern China and the waters around the West Indian Islands. Majid is also said to be the inventor of the compass (8-9).
The Spanish left us mention of many Sub-Saharan Communities in Central America and Mexico (10-11). These dark skinned Indians were Africans not mongoloid Indians. Paul Gaffarel noted that when Balboa reached America he found "negre veritables" or true Blacks(12). Balboa noted "...Indian traditions of Mexico and Central America indicate that Negroes were among the first occupants of that territory” (12)." This is probably why so many Mexicans have "African faces “ .
In addition, eyewitness accounts of SSA populations in the Caribbean, and Mexico anthropologists have found SSA skeletons at Pre-Columbian sites (5, 13-17 ). Some of the ancient Mayan skeletal remains indicate that they suffered from sickle cell anemia an illness associated with Sub-Saharan Africans (18-20). The presence of sickle cell anemia among the ancient Maya, supports Quatrefages claim that the Chontal Maya were Africans( 7,11) .
References:
1.Alcina-Franch J.(1985). Los orígenes de America. : Editorial Alhambra.
3.Winters,C. ( 2011 ). Olmec (Mande) Loan Words in the Mayan, Mixe-Zoque and Taino Languages. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences 3(3): 152-179.
4. Winters,C. (2013). African Empires in Ancient America. Createspace,Amazon.com.
5. Winters,C.(2015). Olmec Language and Literature. Createspace,Amazon.com.
6. Winters,C. (2014). History of Blacks in America from Pre-History to 1877. Createspace,Amazon.com.
7. Winters,C.(1977). Islam in Early North and South America. Al-Ittihad, (July-October) pp.57-67.
8.Bazan, R.A.G. (1967). Latin America the Arabs and Islam, Muslim World, pp.284-292.
9.Ferrand,G. (1928). Introduction a l’astrnomie nautique des Arabes, Paris.
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The Blacks of Costa Chica are not the descendants of run-away slaves. The ancestors of these Blacks were the Cherla, Mokaya, Ocos and Xi (Olmecs),
After 800 BC the Olmec entered Western mexico. At this time it appears that the Mokaya were “Olmecizied”. At this time we see the introduction of Olmec ceramics, culture items and writing.
It is becoming increasingly clear that the Olmec played a prominent role in the rise of Mayan civilization. In Guatemala, we find jaguar stucco masks on the pyramids of EI Mirador Structure 34, Cerros Structure 5C-2nd, E-VII Sub at Takalik Uxaxatun, and Structure 5D 22-2nd at Tikal. These jaguar masks are identical to Olmec jaguar masks: Stela C Tres Zapotes, the La Venta Sarcophagus, and Monument 15 La Venta. In this presentation, we test the hypothesis that there is a correlation between the pre-Classic Guatemalan writing and the (Epi)Olmec writing of Mexico. The purpose of this project is to compare these symbols to fully decipher the inscriptions of Guatemala, and to learn more about the religious and political system of the pre-Classic Guatemalans.
Most researchers have assumed that this pyramid was built by the Maya. Although this is the popular view, this pyramid was probably built by the Olmec. And the Maya probably built a new pyramid over the original Olmec pyramid.
Under many pyramids found in Guatemala and Belize we find stucco-modeled jaguar pyramids. These pyramids with jaguar mask and large earrings predate all the Mayan pyramids. They are found at Uaxactun, Tikal and Cerros.
Most researchers have assumed that this pyramid was built by the Maya. Although this is the popular view, this pyramid was probably built by the Olmec. And the Maya probably built a new pyramid over the original Olmec pyramid.
Under many pyramids found in Guatemala and Belize we find stucco-modeled jaguar pyramids. These pyramids with jaguar mask and large earrings predate all the Mayan pyramids. They are found at Uaxactun, Tikal and Cerros.
We see new Black civilizations rise along the Pacific coast after 500 BC. Between 500-200 BC Guatemala was a center of Black civilizations. Some of these civilization include San Bartolo, Izapa and Kaminaljuyu. The founders of these civilizations were probably the ancestors of the Black Costa Chicas the negrocostachicanos.
The Negrocostachicanos are responsible for the pre-Classic pyramids the Maya built their pyramids upon. They left us numerous inscriptions on artifacts from Izapa, San Bartolo and Kuinaljuyu they may provide us with keen insight into their history and civilization.
Stone head From San Bartolo
The San Bartolo, Guatemala murals are very beautiful they were discovered by William Saturno of the University of New Hampshire. These murals were found in an unexcavated pyramid. Entering a looter’s trench Dr. Saturno dug into the pyramid and discovered the murals. Much of the mural was destroyed when the Maya built another pyramid over the original structure.
King Kali
The San Bartolo pyramid has two murals. One of the murals is of a procession of people on a boat . The other mural is of King Tali, sitting on his pyramid.
On the boat there are a number of figures. Moving from right to left we see four standing figures nearest the end of the boat. These figures are carrying bundles raised above their heads.
In front of these figures we see several symbols. These symbols provide context to the procession.
There are a number of female figures on the boat. The woman near the Corn God has writing symbols on their faces. The kneeling figure holding the vase on the far left side toward the end has the words gyo ti “righteous cult specialist” on her cheek.
The standing female figure in front of the last three symbols placed in front of the person carrying gifts has the words ti i “she is righteous” written on her cheek.
Another Black chiefdoms was situated at Kaminaljuyu. Mike provides an interesting monument from this site.
It is clear that Blacks along the Pacific coast in Costa Chica the Negrocostachicanos are descendants of the original Africans who lived in Mexico, Belize and Guatemala for thousands of years. The Blacks along the Gulf are mainly of African Slave origin.
posted
Clyde Winters is shameless in his self promotion. Instead of considering current research and new information he simply posts the same large selfish large posts over and over again year after year much of it outdated and obsolete. He's very old and set in his ways. His views never change, He's posted the above hundreds of times. He's jealous of other researchers and trying to make a name for himself.
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The 2015 population survey marked the first time since the 19th century that the Mexican government included a distinct category for people of Afro-Mexican descent. As of 2015, the INEGI found that 1,973,555 persons or 1.7% of the population self-identified as Afro-Mexican or partially Afro-Mexican (1.2% of the population excluding people who self-identified as only partially Afro-Mexican).
This 3D terrain map of the Costa Chica from Acapulco to Huatulco zooms in on the area with the highest percentage of Afro-Mexicans and shows how it is surrounded by mountains. The prevailing theory of how Afro-Mexicans arrived in the Costa Chica is that escaped slaves brought by Spanish galleons settled here, and found freedom and refuge thanks to the area’s isolation.
One problem with using self-identification to determine ethnic origin —as the population survey did— is that there have now been many genetic studies of Mexican populations and a robust finding is that the vast majority of Mexicans are part Black. Here’s an image of several individuals from different Mexican states taken from The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
One problem with using self-identification to determine ethnic origin —as the population survey did— is that there have now been many genetic studies of Mexican populations and a robust finding is that the vast majority of Mexicans are part Black. Here’s an image of several individuals from different Mexican states taken from The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
The red bars represent European ancestry, the green bars Sub-Saharan African (Yoruba), and the blue bars indigenous ancestry. Granted, genetics is a fast changing field1, but the results shouldn’t change much, and you can clearly see how just about everyone in Mexico has some very minor SSA ancestry, with a low variance, except for the states of Guerrero, Veracruz and Oaxaca where there were individuals with high African admixture. Also, note how those individuals have a high percentage of indigenous ancestry.
More than 200,000 slaves were brought to Mexico, compared to 450,000 in the US, and 4.5 million in Brazil. In the 1742 and 1793 censuses, the Black and Mulatto population of Mexico came in at about 10%, being much less numerous than the indigenous and mestizo population, and with no strictures against intermarriage, with time they were absorbed into the general Mexican population.
Source: The History of Mexico From Pre-Conquest to Present
Looking at the table, a big part of the recovery of the Indian population during the colonial period must have been due to Indian women having children with Mestizos and Mulattos, and with the forging of Mexico’s mestizo identity, the ‘afromestizos’ were simply forgotten.
The states with large populations of Afro-Mexicans are also states with large indigenous populations as the following map shows:
Some Native Mexicans also present SSA admixture. If you squint really hard at the SSA admixture for the Mayan Native Mexicans in the chart below you can see that they have some African ancestry. In the 1789 census, 12% of the population in Yucatán was Black or Mulatto. And today there are several municipios in Yucatan that have a high Afro-Mexican or part Afro-Mexican presence (wether you consider yourself Afro-Mexican or part Afro-Mexican seems to vary somewhat by state): Dzoncauich (17.5%), Mama (5.2%) and Chikindzonot (5.1%).
Source: The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
I tried to find a genetic study that focused specifically on Afro-Mexicans, but I couldn’t find one. My best guess is that one would find much higher SSA ancestry among self-identified Afro-Mexicans, but with a large variance, unlike the rest of Mexico which consistently shows low variance.
Indigenous and Afro-Mexican are not exclusive categories. People who consider themselves both Afro-Mexican and indigenous outnumber those who consider themselves to be solely Afro-Mexican.
This tendency to belong to more than one group could bias some measurements. If you want to predict literacy in Guerrero and Veracruz it seems to be more important to be indigenous than to be Afro-Mexican.
In fact, people who consider themselves to be only Afro-Mexican have the highest literacy rates in Veracruz and second highest in Guerrero, while in Oaxaca, for some reason, they cluster with the indigenous population. This certainly merits further research. When comparing literacy rates to the Mexican average, keep in mind that the three states with the highest proportion of Afro-Mexicans together with Chiapas have the lowest rates of literacy in Mexico.
In Brazil and the United States the Black population suffers from much higher rates of violence, but in Mexico the percentage of the population that is Black is not correlated with the homicide rate in Veracruz, is positively correlated in Oaxaca, and the correlation is actually negative in Guerrero. Though, that is mostly because drug trafficking routes don’t go through the areas Afro-Mexicans live in and there has been some spillover of violence into Oaxaca from Guerrero (Mexico’s most violent state). Even if less violent than the rest of Guerrero, the Costa Chica region is still very violent by any standard.
Mexico had an active slave trade since the early colonial period and an estimated 200,000 Africans were brought there. From the beginning, the slaves, who were mostly male, intermarried with indigenous women. In some cases Spanish colonists had unions with female slaves. Spanish colonists created an elaborate racial caste system, classifying people by racial mixture. This system broke down in the very late colonial period; after Independence, the legal notion of race was eliminated.
Although the vast majority had their roots in Africa, not all slaves made the trip directly to America, some came from other Hispanic territories. Those from Africa belonged mainly to groups coming from Western Sudan and ethnic Bantu.
The origin of the slaves is known through various documents such as transcripts of sales. Originally the slaves came from Cape Verde and Guinea[7]. Later slaves were also taken from Angola and the Canary Islands.[8]
To decide the sex of the slaves that would be sent to the New World, calculations that included physical performance and reproduction were performed. At first half of the slaves imported were women and the other half men, but it was later realized that men could work longer without fatigue and that they yielded similar results throughout the month, while women suffered from pains and diseases more easily.[8] Later on, only one third of the total slaves were women.
From the African continent dark skinned slaves were taken; "the first true blacks were extracted from Arguin."[9] Later in the sixteenth century, black slaves came from Bran, biafadas and Gelofe (in Cape Verde). Black slaves were classified into several types, depending on their ethnic group and origin, but mostly from physical characteristics. There were two main groups. The first, called Retintos, also called swarthy, came from Sudan and the Guinean Coast. The second type were amulatados or amembrillados of lighter skin color, when compared with other blacks and were distinguishable by their yellow skin tones.
Mexican anthropologist Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán estimated that there were six blacks who took part in the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. The first African slave brought to Mexico is said to be Juan Cortés, a slave who accompanied Hernán Cortés in 1519. Another conquistador, Pánfilo de Narváez, brought an African slave who has been blamed for the smallpox epidemic of 1520. Early slaves were likely personal servants or concubines of their Spanish masters, who had been brought to Spain first and came with the conquistadors
Spanish conquistadors led by Hernán Cortés. The Spaniards are accompanied by Malinche and Cortés' black slave. Codex Azcatitlan.
Important economic sectors such as sugar production and mining relied heavily on slave labor during that time.[13] After 1640, slave labor became less important but the reasons are not clear. The Spanish Crown cut off contacts with Portuguese slave traders after Portugal gained its independence. Slave labor declined in mining as the high profit margins allowed the recruitment of wage labor. In addition, the indigenous and mestizo population increased, and with them the size of the free labor force.[13] In the later colonial period, most slaves continued to work in sugar production but also in textile mills, which were the two sectors that needed a large, stable workforce. Neither could pay enough to attract free laborers to its arduous work. Slave labor remained important to textile production until the later 18th century when cheaper English textiles were imported.[13]
View inside the Museo de las Culturas Afromestizas in Cuajinicuilapa. Slave labor was most common in Mexico City, where they were domestic servants such as maids, coachmen, personal service or armed bodyguards. However, they were more of a status symbol rather than an economic necessity
Castas painting showing the various race combinations
According to the 2015 Encuesta Intercensal, there were 1,381,853 Mexicans that self identified as Afro-descendants, or 1.2% of the country's population.[1] This is the first time that the government of Mexico has asked citizens whether they identify as Afro-Mexican. Places with large Afro-Mexican communities are: Costa Chica of Guerrero, Costa Chica of Oaxaca and Veracruz. While Northern Mexico has some towns with a minority of Mexicans of African descent. Afro-descendants can be found throughout the country, however they are statistically insignificant in some states. There are also recent immigrants of African and Caribbean origin.
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Admixture and population structure in Mexican-Mestizos based on paternal lineages 2012
Gabriela Martı ́nez-Corte ́s1,5, Joel Salazar-Flores1, Laura Gabriela Ferna ́ndez-Rodrı ́guez1, Rodrigo Rubi-Castellanos1, Carmen Rodrı ́guez-Loya1, Jesu ́s Salvador Velarde-Fe ́lix2, Jose ́ Franciso Mun ̃oz-Valle3, Isela Parra-Rojas4 and He ́ctor Rangel-Villalobos1,5
African paternal ancestry The observed homogeneous distribution of African ancestry through- out the Mexican territory (range, 0–8.8%) contrasts with previous genetic studies and admixture models suggesting an appreciable African ancestry in coastal regions.34,43,44 For example, African haplotypes of the b-globin gene have been detected at high frequencies in the Costa-Chica regions of Guerrero and Oaxaca.45 Although the population samples analyzed in our study did not derive from these coastal regions, our results suggest a limited African gene flow of males to the surrounding cities. This conclusion is in agreement with previous results suggesting that the increasing African ancestry is limited to particular coastal regions, but not to wide coastal areas of Mexico.13 Similarly, states with presumable higher African ancestry (that is, Veracruz and Guerrero) have not shown a significant increase; they have only presented the highest interpopulation genetic variance of this ancestry.5 This also could bedescribed as a ‘‘diluting effect’’, in which the settlement of African slaves has not significantly affected the African-ancestry average of nearby cities, but it is indeed possible to find a few individuals with a higher African ancestry. Regarding the relatively high African ancestry in Jalisco (8.8%), this result is attributable to its economic influence during the colonial period when African slaves were brought to work in mines and on sugar plantations, after the indigenous population diminished owing to different causes, such as diseases and Mixto ́n warfare in Jalisco.2,46 In addition, African ancestry may have come to Mexico via the Spaniards, who also received lineages 34 from Middle East and North Africa, as described in different parts of Europe (that is, the Balkans, Italy, Portugal and the south of Spain).47
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Clyde Winters is shameless in his self promotion. Instead of considering current research and new information he simply posts the same large selfish large posts over and over again year after year . He's very old and set in his ways. His views never change, He's posted the above hundreds of times. He's jealous of other researchers and trying to make a name for himself.
Hahaha. I already made a name for myself.
I am not jealous of any researcher. My research supports the pre-Columbian presence of Blacks in Mexico, the researchers you prefer think Black Mexicans are solely descendants of slaves.
My studies relating to the phylogeography of Black Mexicans has been published between 2014-2016, so my work is very recent.Also, the research has not been published 100's of times.
You sound stupid. I am presenting new information. The skeletal and genetic evidence make it clear that Blacks were here before the Europeans arrived so your admixture studies does not erase this fact. Your proposition is that all Blacks in Mexico are of slave origin I can not allow you to promote this LIE.
People need to know thr truth about the genetic influence of Africans in Mexico, which is more than 3-5%. The so called European admixture in Black Mexicans involve R1, which is of African-not European origin.
In a recent study of post-Classic Mexicans at Tlatilco , dating between 10-13 centuries the subjects carried the founder haplogroups A (36%), B (13%), C (4.3%) and D (17.4%) (27). We should note, that in Yucatec, the Mayans were predominately haplogroup A, the Maya in Hondurus, a stronghold of the Black Native Americans belonged to haplogroup C. The mtDNA haplogroup A common to Mexicans is also found among the Mande speaking people and some East Africans (28-29). Haplogroup A found among Mixe and Mixtecs (28).The Mande speakers carry mtDNA haplogroup A, which is common among Mexicans (30). In addition to the Mande speaking people of West Africa, Southeast Africa Africans also carry mtDNA haplogroup A (29).
The major American Indian male lineages include R1, C,D and Q3.There is evidence of African admixture in the American y-chromosome haplogroups. The Q y-haplogroup has the highest frequency among indigenous Mexicans. The frequency hg Q varies from a high of 54% for Q-M243, and a low of 46% for QM (34). African y-chromosome are associated with YAP+ and 9bp. The YAP-à associated with A-àG transition at DYS271 is found among Native Americans. The YAP+ individuals include Mixe speakers (32-33). YAP+ is often present in haplogroups (hg) C and D. The DYS271 transition is of African origin (32).The DSY271 Alu insertion is found only in chromosomes bearing Alu insertion (YAP+) at locus DYS287 (33). The DYS271 transition was found among the Wayuu, Zenu and Inzano. The Mexican Native American y-chromosome bearing the African markers is resident in haplogroups C and D (34). R-M173 is also found in Mexico.
Haplogroups R and Q are part of the CT microgroup which dates back 56kya. Haplogroup R branches from hg Q, with the SNP M242. The CT haplogroup has SNP mutation M168, along with P and M294. Haplogroup P (M45) has two branches Q (M242) and R-M207 which share the common marker M45. The M45 chromosome is subdivided by the biallelic variant M173 (35). In Africa we find P (M173), R1b (M343) and V88; and R1b1a2 (M269). Native Americans carry a high frequency of R-M173 (48). The predominate y-chromosome in North America is R-M173. R-M173 is found only in the Northeastern United States along with mtDNA haplogroup X (25%). Both haplogroups are found in Africa, but is absent in Siberia. There are varying frequencies of y-chromosome M-173 in Africa and Eurasia. Whereas only between 8% and 10% of M-173 is carried by Eurasians, 82% of the carriers of this y-chromosome are found in Africa.
This is very interesting given the presence on R-M173 is found among many American Indian groups (48). R-M173 among the North American Algonquian group range from Ojibwe (79%), Chipewyan (62%),Seminole (50%), Cherokee (47%), Dogrib (40%) and Papago (38%) . These Indian groups have a long association with Africans and many live in areas were Europeans found Black Native Americans. In most studies of North American Indians, any evidence of African haplogroups are excluded from all analyses (47). Exclusion of evidence of non-Amerindian admixture and non-foundational Amerindian haplogroups is regularly left out of publications on Native American DNA (49). The R haplogroup is carried by Mexicans. The frequency of hg R varies from Tarahumara (5.6%), Otomi (14.3%), Yucateca Maya (10.5%).
There is also a high frequency of haplogroup R among the Ch'ol and Chontal which stood around 15% (38). The Ch'ol and Chontal also carry E1b1b (38). The Spanish identified the Otomi as a Black Native American tribe(11). African ancestry has been found among indigenous groups that have had no historical contact with African slaves and thus support an African presence in America, already indicated by African skeletons among the Olmec and Mayan people. Lisker et al, noted that "The variation of Indian ancestry among the studied Indians shows in general a higher proportion in the more isolated groups, except for the Cora, who are as isolated as the Huichol and have not only a lower frequency but also a certain degree of black admixture. The black admixture is difficult to explain because the Cora reside in a mountainous region away from the west coast" (22).
A recent study of African - Mexican admixture yielded a frequency range between 22-41% (25). In one study the researcher found that 3% of Native Americans showed African haplogroups (25). Underhill et al , noted that:" One Mayan male, previously [has been] shown to have an African Y chromosome" (31). This is very interesting because the Maya language illustrates a Mande substratum, in addition to African genetic markers (3) Plus the Chontal were identified as a Black Native American tribe (11). The African haplogroups among indigenous Mexicans include L0a1a'3, L2a1, L3b, L3d, and U6a (25).
Interestingly, an individual at Laguna de los Condores, Peru dating between AD 1000-1500 carried L3 (36). Green et al also found Indians with African genes in North Central Mexico, including the L1 and L2 clusters (25). An important indicator of African admixture is 9bp (22,27). Haplogroup B is defined by 9bp (27) and is linked to haplogroup A. .
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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The 2015 population survey marked the first time since the 19th century that the Mexican government included a distinct category for people of Afro-Mexican descent. As of 2015, the INEGI found that 1,973,555 persons or 1.7% of the population self-identified as Afro-Mexican or partially Afro-Mexican (1.2% of the population excluding people who self-identified as only partially Afro-Mexican).
This 3D terrain map of the Costa Chica from Acapulco to Huatulco zooms in on the area with the highest percentage of Afro-Mexicans and shows how it is surrounded by mountains. The prevailing theory of how Afro-Mexicans arrived in the Costa Chica is that escaped slaves brought by Spanish galleons settled here, and found freedom and refuge thanks to the area’s isolation.
One problem with using self-identification to determine ethnic origin —as the population survey did— is that there have now been many genetic studies of Mexican populations and a robust finding is that the vast majority of Mexicans are part Black. Here’s an image of several individuals from different Mexican states taken from The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
One problem with using self-identification to determine ethnic origin —as the population survey did— is that there have now been many genetic studies of Mexican populations and a robust finding is that the vast majority of Mexicans are part Black. Here’s an image of several individuals from different Mexican states taken from The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
The red bars represent European ancestry, the green bars Sub-Saharan African (Yoruba), and the blue bars indigenous ancestry. Granted, genetics is a fast changing field1, but the results shouldn’t change much, and you can clearly see how just about everyone in Mexico has some very minor SSA ancestry, with a low variance, except for the states of Guerrero, Veracruz and Oaxaca where there were individuals with high African admixture. Also, note how those individuals have a high percentage of indigenous ancestry.
More than 200,000 slaves were brought to Mexico, compared to 450,000 in the US, and 4.5 million in Brazil. In the 1742 and 1793 censuses, the Black and Mulatto population of Mexico came in at about 10%, being much less numerous than the indigenous and mestizo population, and with no strictures against intermarriage, with time they were absorbed into the general Mexican population.
Source: The History of Mexico From Pre-Conquest to Present
Looking at the table, a big part of the recovery of the Indian population during the colonial period must have been due to Indian women having children with Mestizos and Mulattos, and with the forging of Mexico’s mestizo identity, the ‘afromestizos’ were simply forgotten.
The states with large populations of Afro-Mexicans are also states with large indigenous populations as the following map shows:
Some Native Mexicans also present SSA admixture. If you squint really hard at the SSA admixture for the Mayan Native Mexicans in the chart below you can see that they have some African ancestry. In the 1789 census, 12% of the population in Yucatán was Black or Mulatto. And today there are several municipios in Yucatan that have a high Afro-Mexican or part Afro-Mexican presence (wether you consider yourself Afro-Mexican or part Afro-Mexican seems to vary somewhat by state): Dzoncauich (17.5%), Mama (5.2%) and Chikindzonot (5.1%).
Source: The genetics of Mexico recapitulates Native American substructure and affects biomedical traits
I tried to find a genetic study that focused specifically on Afro-Mexicans, but I couldn’t find one. My best guess is that one would find much higher SSA ancestry among self-identified Afro-Mexicans, but with a large variance, unlike the rest of Mexico which consistently shows low variance.
Indigenous and Afro-Mexican are not exclusive categories. People who consider themselves both Afro-Mexican and indigenous outnumber those who consider themselves to be solely Afro-Mexican.
This tendency to belong to more than one group could bias some measurements. If you want to predict literacy in Guerrero and Veracruz it seems to be more important to be indigenous than to be Afro-Mexican.
In fact, people who consider themselves to be only Afro-Mexican have the highest literacy rates in Veracruz and second highest in Guerrero, while in Oaxaca, for some reason, they cluster with the indigenous population. This certainly merits further research. When comparing literacy rates to the Mexican average, keep in mind that the three states with the highest proportion of Afro-Mexicans together with Chiapas have the lowest rates of literacy in Mexico.
In Brazil and the United States the Black population suffers from much higher rates of violence, but in Mexico the percentage of the population that is Black is not correlated with the homicide rate in Veracruz, is positively correlated in Oaxaca, and the correlation is actually negative in Guerrero. Though, that is mostly because drug trafficking routes don’t go through the areas Afro-Mexicans live in and there has been some spillover of violence into Oaxaca from Guerrero (Mexico’s most violent state). Even if less violent than the rest of Guerrero, the Costa Chica region is still very violent by any standard.
posted
^^^ no references given. He says " a recent article" so you can't find the source and see how he has bent and misshapen.
Promoting his self published books on Egyptsearch is not enough for Clyde. Having his own blog is not enough for Clyde. His shameless self promotion knows no bounds. He doesn't want any other points of view about Mexico discussed so he spams his oversize old articles year after year hundreds of times in response to anybody who posts a thread on Mexico. You don't see Runoko Rashidi going into forums doing this, trying to piss on everything like a dog marking territory. He's out doing lectures and historical tours. Not trying to dominate forums with extreme repetition.
Here is Clyde being a complete hypocrite
this is the original version:
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
. It's due to the slave trade that many contemporary Mexicans have African features.
.
^^ So here Clyde has altered the title and saying that have these people have the features they do because of the slave trade.
Yet the people on the east cost who live in the region in around the old slave ports in Veracruz and neighboring regions on the east coat who actually have African slave ancestry and related DNA he denies. It's a scam
( Costa Chica is a part of Guerrero)
Again we add this up and the total population of these places is 105,000
No, Mexico has more people than that. Over 122 million
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
^^ here is an amateur made misleading chart that Clyde likes to post.
Again if you add up the entire population of these areas it's under 8 million people. Yet Clyde continues to not understand that Mexico has 122.3 MIllion people.
So there is no way Clyde can comment on the African ancestry of the whole of Mexico because his brian won't accept it. There is about 3 times less or African ancestry in Mexico than there is in the United States.
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posted
I like how to refute, "she" will self project what "she" is actually doing in topics. If exposed with these things or any contradiction really, will all of a sudden not be able to read or becoming jaw droppingly stupid. It's actually gotten me to chuckle a couple of times. It's predictable. I could almost write a dailogue and play out exactly how the poster would respond.
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posted
Lol, "when exposed, baby out with filthy language, then attempt to redirect from said exposition." Lol its like posters of this ilk are literally working from a check list. It's boring, but it's funny.
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quote:Originally posted by Fencer: I like how to refute, "she" will self project what "she" is actually doing in topics. If exposed with these things or any contradiction really, will all of a sudden not be able to read or becoming jaw droppingly stupid. It's actually gotten me to chuckle a couple of times. It's predictable. I could almost write a dailogue and play out exactly how the poster would respond.
LOL Cosigned. Clyde is a well know person, who's degrees are known. Lioness is a faceless euronut. LOL
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Real tawk: Clyde Winters is a laughingstock in academia and viewed as an academic sociopath.
So, what is your position in this exactly? Considering your continuous idiotic NAZI rants. Most of Clyde his work is backed up by work of other academics. Ha ha ha
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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