The last slave-ship survivor: How Zora Neale Hurston's 1931 story about man who was kidnapped from Africa to be enslaved in Alabama languished in a vault for 87 years - until now Cudjo Lewis was kidnapped from his village in West African and forced into slavery being transported on a ship to Alabama aged 19 in 1859 - 52 years after it was made illegal to transport slaves from Africa to the US He was sold upon arrival and forced to work for the owner of a shipping business toting freight for more than five years on the Alabama River Lewis, who was born as Kossola, was freed in 1865 at the end of the Civil War when the Emancipation Proclamation was issued In the late 1920s, Harlem Renaissance author Zora Neale Hurston traveled to Alabama to meet Lewis and document his story He was then thought to be last African man alive who had been enslaved in US Her interviews and time spent with Lewis resulted with her writing a manuscript about his life, but was refused by publishers in 1931 Now, 87 years later, the book 'Barracoon: The Story of the Last 'Black Cargo' published Tuesday after the manuscript was discovered in archives at a college
Mena: Zora N Hurston book Barracoon tell us the story of a 19 years old African name Kossola who was kidnapped in 1859 in the West coast of Africa and sold with 100 other kidnapped Africans to American slave trader boat 52 years after the slave trade was abolished. When Kossola arrived in the State Alabama in the USA his name was changed to Lewis. Lewis was sold to the owner of a shipping business were he worked as slave transporting freight for five years. After the US civil war Kossola aka Lewis became a free man. Lewis and other freed slave founded a town name Africatown in Alabama.
I think The African Slave Trade was one of the greatest crime against humanity in world history. the other crime against humanity the happened in the same time in the colonial era was the genocide of the Native Americans. For 400 years Africans during the AST were kidnapped by African kingdoms, Arabs and Europeans and sold to slave trading ships in the coast of Africa. In the Slave trading ships African were in a unsanitary manner stored like sardine close together during the month long voyage that took them to the plantation in the Americas.
The American continents was a Western hell for those enslaved Africans who had to worked from dusk until dawn seven days a week. The slaves were beaten, tortured and killed by their owners. Female, male and children slaves were raped by the slave owners. I disagree with rapper Kanye West who stated slavery was a choice. Slavery wasnt a choice because Africans were kidnapped and forced into slavery. No sane human being is going to want to work for free from morning to night seven days a week for somebody and be also beaten, torture and rape in the process.
Six years prior to writing the book she is best known for, 'Their Eyes Were Watching God', famed Harlem Renaissance author Zora Neale Hurston in was just starting her career in 1928 when she met Cudjo Kazoola Lewis (pictured). Lewis, who was born as Kossola, was nearly 90 years old and living in Plateau, Alabama. He was thought to be the last African man alive who had been kidnapped from his village in West Africa in 1859 and forced into slavery in America aged 19
Hurston (pictured), who was an anthropologist, documented her interviews with Lewis during the late 1920s and wrote a book that was refused by publishers for print in 1931
Now, 87 years later, 'Barracoon: The Story of the Last 'Black Cargo',' was published on Tuesday by HarperCollins. Lewis and more than 100 other villagers were kidnapped and forced aboard a ship named Clotilda chartered by Alabama slaveholder Timothy Meaher who bet that he wouldn't be caught for breaking the 1808 law of transporting Africans to America for slavery in 1859
He wasn't caught and Lewis was sold to the owner of a shipping business. He was freed in 1865 after the Civil War and remained in Alabama where he founded a town with other freed slaves called Africatown
elling Lewis's prolific story was one of her first major projects after she finished studying anthropology at Barnard College and Howard University. Hurston immersed herself completely in his life: helping him clean the church where he was a sexton, bringing him summertime fruit, driving him down to the bay to get crabs and more
Hurston's book (cover pictured) documents how Lewis's life seemingly was marked by loss: his humanity, his homeland, his given name and his family.
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According to Theo Conaut--a slaver himself who wrote "20 Years of Slaving on the West African Coast" most of the captives were war prisoners with a smaller number being actually kidnapped. The case of Ajayi Crowder is well known in this regard.
Other known cases: Suleiman Diallo and Mahomma Baquaqua
posted
Don't think Kanye West was saying that "slavery was a choice over 400 years".
Slavery lasted 246 years--from 1619 to 1865-enme-not 400 years. Officially, it lasted from 1641--not 1619--to 1865.
What was meant was that blacks now have choices beyond being almost totally committed to the Democratic Party---that supported slavery, the 3/5 Clause, the Dred Scott SC Decision, Jim Crow laws, and had the KKK as its Terror wing. The Democratic Party also strongly opposed the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. Plus was not as fully supporting of the Civil Rights Act of 1965 as opposed to the Republican Party.
Question: How should first victims of the Atlantic Slave Trade be vindicated?
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: Don't think Kanye West was saying that "slavery was a choice over 400 years".
Slavery lasted 246 years--from 1619 to 1865-enme-not 400 years. Officially, it lasted from 1641--not 1619--to 1865.
What was meant was that blacks now have choices beyond being almost totally committed to the Democratic Party---that supported slavery, the 3/5 Clause, the Dred Scott SC Decision, Jim Crow laws, and had the KKK as its Terror wing. The Democratic Party also strongly opposed the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. Plus was not as fully supporting of the Civil Rights Act of 1965 as opposed to the Republican Party.
Question: How should first victims of the Atlantic Slave Trade be vindicated?
Slavery during the middle age passage took place in the Americas, not solely Northern America. And yes, that is 400 years from the Papa Bull till the ever last... see this is what happens when people who aren’t knowledgeable about issues evolve themselves in these type of topics.
quote:Dum Diversas (English: Until different) is a papal bull issued on 18 June 1452 by Pope Nicholas V. It authorized Afonso V of Portugal to conquer Saracens and pagans and consign them to "perpetual servitude".[1][2] Pope Calixtus III reiterated the bull in 1456 with Inter Caetera (not to be confused with Alexander VI's), renewed by Pope Sixtus IV in 1481 and Pope Leo X in 1514 with Precelse denotionis. The concept of the consignment of exclusive spheres of influence to certain nation states was extended to the Americas in 1493 by Pope Alexander VI with Inter caetera.[3][4][5][6]
Has Kanye ever thought about the punishments inflicted upon those who rebelled? Not because one knows how to sample well and program a few notes in a sampler one becomes a scholar. It takes more than just that.
People like Chuck D, KRS One or Paris are known for speaking with wisdom and from a learned place.
Years ago, when Kanye started with the confederate flag I knew he was a jackass and uneducated.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote: Sublimis Deus (English: The sublime God;[1] erroneously cited as Sublimus Dei) is a papal encyclical promulgated by Pope Paul III on June 2, 1537, which forbids the enslavement of the indigenous peoples of the Americas (called Indians of the West and the South) and all other people.[2] It went further to state that the Indians were fully rational human beings and had rights to freedom and private property, even if they were heathen[3][4][5][6][7][8][9] It strengthened the recent decree issued by Charles V of Spain in 1530 in which the King prohibited the enslavement of Indians.[10] Another related document was the ecclesiastical letter Pastorale Officium, issued May 29, 1537, and usually seen as a companion document to Sublimis Deus.[11]
There is still some controversy about how this bull is related to the documents known as Veritas Ipsa, Unigenitus Deus, and Pastorale Officium (May 29, 1537). Alberto de la Hera (see footnote 1)[citation needed] believes that Veritas ipsa and Unigenitus Deus are simply other versions of Sublimis Deus, and not separate bulls. Joel Panzer (The Popes and Slavery [New York: Alba House, 1996] p. 17)[citation needed] sees Veritas Ipsa as an earlier draft of Sublimis Deus. While some scholars see Sublimis Deus as a primary example of Papal advocacy of Indian rights, others see it as part of an inconsistent and politically convenient stance by Paul III, who later rescinded Sublimis Deus or the Pastorale in 1538.
quote:Hostis humani generis (Latin for "enemy of mankind") is a legal term of art that originates in admiralty law. Before the adoption of public international law, pirates and slavers were already held to be beyond legal protection and so could be dealt with by any nation, even one that had not been directly attacked.
A comparison can be made between this concept and the common law "writ of outlawry", which declared a person outside the King's law, a literal out-law, subject to the violence of anyone. The ancient Roman civil law concept of proscription, and the status of homo sacer conveyed by proscription may also be similar.
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Mena7, You seem a bit confused about your “hobby”. I suggest you start reading about Convict Leasing (Slavery by a different name) and the 13th amendment, and how this effects real black lives till this day.
quote: Initially, some states paid private contractors to house and feed the prisoners. Within a few years states realized they could lease out their convicts to local planters or industrialists who would pay minimal rates for the workers and be responsible for their housing and feeding -- thereby eliminating costs and increasing revenue. Soon, markets for convict laborers developed, with entrepreneurs buying and selling convict labor leases. Unlike slavery, employers had only a small capitol investment in convict laborers, and little incentive to treat them well. Convict laborers were often dismally treated, but the convict lease system was highly profitable for the states and the employers.
quote: After the Civil War, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Constitutional amendments were passed with the intention of establishing equality under the law for newly freed slaves, or so the story goes. The fact of the matter is that slavery was - and still is - completely legal in the United States, only in a much different form.
quote: The End of the Line: Rehabilitation and Reform in Angola Penitentiary
In the nation’s largest maximum-security prison, a remarkable warden has turned to religion to bring morality to the inmates.
A Matter of Black Lives
As we drove up a deserted Highway 66 to the prison—Angola is the actual end of the line; the highway stops at the prison’s front gate—Landrieu had two things to tell me. The first is that Angola would bring me to my knees. Six thousand three hundred men are warehoused in Angola, nearly 80 percent of whom are African American. These are some of the most forsaken men in all of America. The second is that I shouldn’t be fooled by Cain’s affect and appearance. He may seem like a “good ’ol boy,” Landrieu said, but he’s actually one of the most thoughtful corrections leaders in the country. “The warden has some very progressive ideas,” Landrieu said. “He knows that we’re all about the quick fix—more guards, more prisons, more punishment. He knows that something is seriously messed-up in the way we do things.”
[...]
Angola is a vast place, bigger than Manhattan, mostly farmland dotted with barbed-wire enclosures, gun towers and concrete dormitories, and we drove for a bit after clearing the front gate. Cain spends part of his day in a ranch house he uses to house and feed guests—a group of talented inmates serving life for murder do all the cooking—and that’s where we met him. He is rotund, garrulous, oracular, and, as Landrieu suggested to me, fascinating and contradictory—part Boss Hogg, part Marian Wright Edelman.
Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
1619 is a myth or portains only to Jamestown. 1565 St Augustine is a reality but again only applies to USA land. Africans enslaved in Cuba were the first sent to St Augustine.
Africans were enslaved and transported to Hispaniola in 1502. The Catholic Church later decided it was best to use Africans and so spare the Taino, etc. and after that the pace picked up. This was an expansion of the already ongoing trade of Africans by Iberians.
Of course, serious Afrikana students will read the surrounding pages or even buy the pamphlet.
Anyway the 400 Years trope is religious mythology and is integral at least to English speaking Diasporans familiar with the Hebrew authored books of the Christian Bible.
Peter Tosh said it was 400 years of the same philosophy. 1619-2019: Chains is still on the brain. Volunteered Slavery by Choice. Rahsaan Roland Kirk or Kanye West take yr pick.
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[google]Africans were enslaved and transported to Hispaniola in 1502. The Catholic Church later decided it was best to use Africans and so spare the Taino, etc. and after that the pace picked up. This was an expansion of the already ongoing trade of Africans by Iberians.[/google]
It was Spanish Priest, Bartolomo de las Casas who was one of the main initiators of the idea of replacing the Native Americans with Africans. The Native Americans/Indios were already enslaved for 100 years by the Spaniards
Las Casas wanted to save the Indios for Christianity so he had to find a replacement. He appealed the then Pope and the Spanish monarchs to make the substitution.
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[quote]Among the most obscure offenses – mostly from Louisiana and Mississippi – documented in the report as the impetus for life sentences:
Possessing stolen wrenches Siphoning gasoline from a truck Shoplifting a computer from WalMart Shoplifting three belts from a department store Shoplifting digital cameras from WalMart Shoplifting two jerseys from an athletics store Breaking into a parked car and stealing a bag containing a woman's lunch Stealing a 16-year-old car's radio Drunkenly threatening a police officer while handcuffed in a patrol car
Around 65 percent of nonviolent life without parole inmates are African-American, 18 percent are white and 16 percent are Hispanic, the ACLU says.[quote]
But why is such still tolerated? Blacks vote 92% Democrat every presidential election and voted 97% for Obama, yet there have been no known public protests about this bad situation. Why?
On the Slavery Issue Africans have suffered inordinately from being enslaved both in Africa and the Western Hemisphere post the 16th century at the hands of Western Europe--Spain, Portugal, France, Britain, Holland, etc.
After Emancipation, there have been varying degrees of historical memory. In Africa, there was slavery in Cape Verde, Sao Tome e Pricipe, Angola, Mozamibique, Mauritius, Seychelles, Mayotte, South Africa(it was abolisehd in 1834),yet the memory in those places seem subdued. Same for the tiny "Africa-quarantined" islands of the Caribbean. After 1834, the Africans were just put out to pasture and to serve the holiday-makers from Europe and America. White girls--as they do in Africa--are known to travel to these places for "fun" and put those places on the map. Unfortunate but true.
It's in the mainland areas of North, Central and South America that direct oppression continues. The question is why did the emancipated captives/slaves decide to stay with their oppressors rather than escape from their clutches as quickly as possible? Stockholm Syndrome? In Brazil, there is the daily destruction of blacks by the Police. It is seen as normal.
Some made it back to Lagos, Nigeria and Benin Republic--and there was Liberia--already independent since 1847. So whom to blame?
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quote:Originally posted by lamin: [QB] [quote]Among the most obscure offenses – mostly from Louisiana and Mississippi – documented in the report as the impetus for life sentences:
Possessing stolen wrenches Siphoning gasoline from a truck Shoplifting a computer from WalMart Shoplifting three belts from a department store Shoplifting digital cameras from WalMart Shoplifting two jerseys from an athletics store Breaking into a parked car and stealing a bag containing a woman's lunch Stealing a 16-year-old car's radio Drunkenly threatening a police officer while handcuffed in a patrol car
Around 65 percent of nonviolent life without parole inmates are African-American, 18 percent are white and 16 percent are Hispanic, the ACLU says.[quote]
I'm not justifying these sentences but these are largely due to certain states with 3 strikes laws in some states. If you have a long criminal history and have committed some felonies there is a law that gives you a life sentence if you do a third crime. I don't know if it is recorded but in 2012 159,000 people in the U.S. were serving life sentences. with just under a third—nearly 50,000—serving life without a chance of parole.
Where are you, did you say Nigeria? How does the criminal justice compare there? I don't know about it
Over 3,200 people in the United States are serving life terms without a chance of parole for nonviolent offenses. Of those prisoners, 80 percent are behind bars for drug-related convictions. Sixty-five percent are African-American, 18 percent are white, and 16 percent are Latino. The ACLU has called these statistics proof of extreme racial disparities
quote:Originally posted by lamin: But why is such still tolerated? Blacks vote 92% Democrat every presidential election and voted 97% for Obama, yet there have been no known public protests about this bad situation. Why?
Please answer this question. The United States presidential election is 2020. Trump will be running for second term Let's say, as is typical, there is no third party candidate that has a chance of winning. Do you advise African Americans
a) vote democrat
b) vote for Trump
c) don't vote
d) vote for a candidate that has no chance of winning
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posted
Split the votes 50D/50R--so you can bargain-- and put together some Superpacs and tell the candidates you better fix problems A, B, C, etc. or we will talk about such after--seriously.
Nobody has tried that yet. Voting just for on party has not paid off. And votes without bribe money is just useless.
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Please answer this question. The United States presidential election is 2020. Trump will be running for second term Let's say, as is typical, there is no third party candidate that has a chance of winning. Do you advise African Americans
a) vote democrat
b) vote for Trump
c) don't vote
d) vote for a candidate that has no chance of winning [/QB]
quote:Originally posted by lamin: Split the votes 50D/50R--so you can bargain-
So in 2020 millions more African Americans should vote for Trump
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Yup, play aggressive and split the vote 50D/50R. Be fearless and proactive, and tell both parties what you want. Don't be just passive voting fodder.
All politicians fear one thing: not being re-elected.
Why did you ask the same question again--after it was answered? Maybe thinking inferentially is difficult.
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Tukuler
multidisciplinary Black Scholar
Member # 19944
posted
Politicians can change party. Trump did. Black Americans have no political strategy nor political caucus with clout.
Blacks actually helped Wilson into office. To return their aid Wilson instituted Jim Crow in the nation's capital. Before then DC was not legally segregated.
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Blame on European Black Nobility, and African Kings. European Black Nobility was charge of the majority of powerful European Kingdoms of Iberia, UK, Germany,Italy,Austria and the Vatican.
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Please answer this question. The United States presidential election is 2020. Trump will be running for second term Let's say, as is typical, there is no third party candidate that has a chance of winning. Do you advise African Americans
a) vote democrat
b) vote for Trump
c) don't vote
d) vote for a candidate that has no chance of winning
quote:Originally posted by lamin: Split the votes 50D/50R--so you can bargain-
So in 2020 millions more African Americans should vote for Trump [/QB]
Trump has rolled back a lot of things that protect the poor to be exploited by the rich, i.e. Black Americans. So what the hell are you talking about?
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by Ish Gebor: Trump has rolled back a lot of things that protect the poor to be exploited by the rich, i.e. Black Americans. So what the hell are you talking about?
quote:Originally posted by lamin: Split the votes 50D/50R--so you can bargain-
quote:Originally posted by Ish Gebor: Trump has rolled back a lot of things that protect the poor to be exploited by the rich, i.e. Black Americans. So what the hell are you talking about?
quote:Originally posted by lamin: Split the votes 50D/50R--so you can bargain-
you can’t think for yourself not argue for yourself, because you don’t possess the intelligence.
Anyway, since you prompted that argument, tell me. How large is the demographic that can effectively vote.
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you can’t think for yourself not argue for yourself, because you don’t possess the intelligence.
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