In Nubia, according to the results of the analysis of physical anthropology, the original Europoid (Caucasoid) stock of the population was several times overrun by Negroid waves, flowing in from the south.4 Negroes and Negroids penetrated to Egypt only sporadically, and their frequency, uneven according to time, place and the diagnostical knowledge of the investigator, has been estimated as 1 to 5 per cent. An increase of the

[Footnotes on page 1]

1. C. F. de Chasseboeuf Volney, Voyages en Syrie et en Egypte faits pendant les anneet 1783 et 1785 (Paris, 1787); J. Kollmann, 'Die Graber von Abydos', Correspondenz-Blatt der deutschen Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte, XXXIII (1902), 119-26, A. Bioch, 'De l'origine des Egyptiens', Bulletin et Memoires de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris, ser. 5, IV (1903), 393-403; A. Thomson and D. R. McIver, The Ancient Races of the Thebaid (London, 1905); F. Falkenburger, Craniologie Egyptienne (Offenburg/Mainz, 1946); F. Falkenburger, 'La composition raciale de l'ancienne Egypte', L' Anthropologie, LI (1947), 239-50;

Ch. A. Diop, 'Histoire primitive de l'Humanite: Evolution du monde Noir', Bulletin de I'Institut Francais d'Afrique Noire, ser. B, XXIV (1962), 449-541.

2. Ch. S. Myers, 'Contributions to Egyptian Anthropometry: V. General Conclusions', J. R. Anthrop. Inst., XXXVIII (1908), 99-102;

S. Smith, 'A contribution to the study of the modem Egyptian cranium', Journal of Anatomy, L (1926), 121-30; E. Strouhal and R. Reisenauer, 'A contribution to the anthropology of recent Egyptian population. Part I. Anthropology of Abusir and Qift', Anthropologie, Brno, I, no. 3 (1963), 1-33; E. Strouhal and R. Reisenauer, 'A contribution to the anthropology of recent Egyptian population. Part II. Regional variability of some morphological features', Anthropologie, Brno, II, no. 2 (1964), 1-32.

3. A. E. Mourant, The distribution of the human blood groups (Springfield, 111., 1954).

4. M. Colett, 'A study of 12th and 13th Dynastic skulls from Kerma/Nubia', Biometrika, XXV (1933), 254-84; G. E, Smith and

F. Wood Jones, 'Report of the human remains', The Archaeological Survey of Nubia. Report for 1907-1908, II (Cairo, 1910);

D. E. Derry, 'Anatomical Report (B)', Bulletin of the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, III (1909), 29-52; A. M. Batrawi, 'The racial history of Egypt and Nubia. Part I. The craniology of Lower Nubia from Predynastic times to the sixth century A.D.', J. R. Anthrop. Inst. LXXV (1945), 81-101; A. M. Batrawi, Report on the human remains. Mission Archeologique de Nubie, 10,1929-1934 (Cairo, 1935); E. Strouhal, Anthropologicka problematika nubijske' skupiny X, unpublished dissertation for CSc., Comenius University, Bratislava, 1966; E. Strouhal, 'Uber die Langenmasse der langen Gliedmassenknochen der Bevolkerkung der nubischen Gruppe X', Festschrift fur Professor Saller (Stuttgart, 1968); E. Strouhal, A contribution to the anthropology of Nubian X-group (Praha, in press).

Page 2

number of Negroes was observed only during the New Kingdom, in connexion with the expansion of Egyptian domination to the south.5 From that time onwards, they were pictured as symbols of the south. The perfect portrayal of their morphological features shows that Egyptian artists knew them very well.6

Is it possible to presume, therefore, that the oldest inhabitants of Egypt were free of Negro admixture and that this took place only late in historic times?7 If we exclude the new findings concerning the late palaeolithic and mesolithic nomadic population groups, whose relation to the later neolithic settlement has still to be determined, the data for the oldest reliably known culture of settled farmers and pastoralists are the two craniological series of the Badarian culture of Upper Egypt, dated to the beginning of the aeneolithic period (about 4000 years B.C.). The first series was excavated by the British School of Archaeology in 1924-58 and anthropologically elaborated by B. N. Stoessiger in 1927;9 the second series, unearthed in 1928-30,10 was measured by D. E. Derry, whose data were elaborated and compared with the results of Stoessiger by G. M. Morant.11

Both series were found to be morphologically close, so that without any doubt they represent a basically identical population. Both Stoessiger and Morant, belonging to the English biometric school of Pearson, presumed that the population was homogeneous, resulting from a mixture over several generations, so they did not try to analyse its components. Both series were studied only in their mean values and variability characteristics. They were found to have rather small absolute dimensions, especially the breadth measurements, the horizontal circumference and the cranial capacity, they were not very robust, their muscular relief was developed only slightly and their general character was described as feminine. According to the indices, they were dolichocranial, orthocranial, mesenic to leptenic and chamaerrhine (i.e. narrow, average height skull, average to narrow upper face, and rather broad nose). A rather high nasal index (men 54.8, women 55.2) together with marked prognathism distinguished them from the following Predynastic series and inclined towards the Negroid direction.

Analysing the position of the Badarians, Stoessiger realized that in

[Footnotes on page 2]

5. H. Junker, 'The first appearance of the Negroes in history', J. Egypt. Archaeology, VII (1921), 121-32.

6. L. Matiegkova, 'Rozlisovani piemen a jeho prakticke dusledky v starem Egypte', Anthropologte Praha, XIII (1935), 54-68.

7. Junker, "The first appearance'.

8. G. Brunton and G. Caton-Thompson, The Badarian civilisation and predynastic remains near Badari (London, 1928).

9. B. N. Stoessiger, 'A study of the Badarian crania recently excavated by the British School of Archaeology in Egypt", Biometrika, XIX (1927), 110-50.

10. G. Brunton, Mostagedda and the Tasian culture (London, 1937)

11. G. M. Morant, 'A study of predynastic skulls from Badari based on measurements taken by Miss B. N. Stoessiger and Professor D. E. Derry', Biometrika, XXVII (1935), 293-309; G. M. Morant, 'The predynastic Egyptian skulls from Badari and their racial affinities', in G. Brunton, Mostagedda and the Tasian culture.
The
Evidence of the Early Penetration of Negroes into Prehistoric Egypt

by Eugen Strouhal, Physical Antropologist

The Journal of African History, Vol. 12, No. 1 (1971), 1-9.

Copyright © 1971 Cambridge University Press
Egypt 4000 B.C.
Page 3

metric features, which most clearly distinguish the Egyptians and the Negroes, the Badarian series stood nearer to the Negro than to all other, younger Egyptian series. The author did not, however, analyse the cause of this resemblance; instead, she turned her interest towards the comparison of the Badarians with some primitive Indian series (Dravidians, Vedda, Urija) by means of Pearson's coefficient of Racial Likeness, which showed a certain congruence. On the other hand, Morant stressed the evolutionary continuity from the Badarian series to the Predynastic ones, realizing that the gradual change of the morphologic types was the result of the diminishing of Negroid features. R. Mukherjee, C. R. Rao and J. C. Trevor12 tested the position of certain African series by means of the Mahalanobis General Distance Statistic (D2) and they found among other things that the Badarian series were rather close to the Teita Negroes of Kenya and to several other Negroid series of Northeastern, Eastern and Central Africa. In her Ph.D. thesis,

M. C. Nutter13 showed by means of Penrose's Shape and Size Distance Analysis, that the Badarian series resemble the series of Kerma and Naqada I (Early Predynastic period), both of which are Negroid according to the author. A. C. Berry, R. J. Berry and

P. J. Ucko14 studying non-metric (descriptive, discrete) traits found a significant difference between the first Badarian series and other Predynastic and Dynastic series. According to the analysis of African Negro skulls by H. de Villiers,15 'the prolonged Negro influence in North Africa is demonstrated by the fact that the early pre-Dynastic population . . . already showed some Negro characteristics'. We may conclude that, even by comparisons of the means and variability of the Badarian series, Negro or Negroid affinities were discerned by some of the authors.

In contrast with the biometricians' concept of the homogeneity of the Badarian series, the excavators of Badari cemeteries observed their marked morphological diversity, writing '. . . the variation in the physical features . . . imply that they were affected to some degree by actual admixture'.16 Matiegkova and Matiegka17 also expressed their opinion about racial mixture in the Badarian series. According to the cranial index and to Czekanowski's method of least differences, they distinguished three morphological groups, one hyperdolichocranial, a second dolichocranial and a third dolicho- to mesocranial. According to E. J. Baumgartel,18 the

[Footnotes on page 3]

12. R. Mukherjee, C. R. Rao and J. C. Trevor, The ancient inhabitants of Jebel Moya Sudan (Cambridge, 1955).

13. M. C. Nutter, 'An osteological study of the hominoidea', unpublished dissertation for Ph.D. (Cambridge University, 1958)

14. A. C. Berry, R. J. Berry, P. J. Ucko, 'Genetical change in ancient Egypt', Man, II no. 4 (1967), 551-68.

15. H. de Villiers, The skull of the South African Negro (Johannesburg, 1968), 190.

16. Brunton and Caton-Thompson, The Badarian Civilisation, 20.

17. L. Matiegkova and J. Matiegka, 'Hrob Sen Nefera a telesne znaky staroegyptskeho lidu z doby XVIII. dynasties", Anthropologie Praha, IX (1931), 320-38.

18. E. J. Baumgartel, 'Predynastic Egypt', in The Cambridge Ancient History, I, ch. IX/a (Cambridge, 1965).

Page 4

Badarian population was of mixed origin, which is demonstrated by the simultaneous occurrence of gracile and very robust skulls.

These opinions about the heterogeneity of the Badarians had to be checked by the individual analysis of the material. This was attempted for the second Badarian series by A. Wiercinski,19 applying his own and Michalski's typological method. He found the Europoid (Caucasoid) element in 76 per cent, the Mongoloid element in 19.4 per cent and the Negroid element in 4.6 per cent. The assumed high share of the Mongoloid element, which is not easy to distinguish from the Negroid one in the skeletal material, is rather strange, and I could not find it during my own re-examination of the same material. Neither geographical nor historical circumstances suggest the presence of a strong Mongoloid admixture in the oldest settled population of Egypt and Middle East. Wierciniski's analysis, nevertheless, shows that about one quarter of the Badarian series was found to be of non-Europoid character.

By the individual analysis of nasal measurements and indices of the first Badarian series in comparison with the mixed Europoid-Negroid series from Wadi Qitna in Nubia (fourth-fifth century A.D.), with the Europoid series from Manfalout in Upper Egypt (Ptolemaic period) and with a series of recent Nilotes, I came to the conclusion that the distribution of the Badarian skulls extends from the Europoid to the Negroid range.20

With the aim of elucidating the question of the morphological character of the Badarians, I studied both available Badarian series, the first one in the Duckworth Laboratory at Cambridge (53 skulls), and the second one in the Institute of Anatomy at Kasr El-Aini University of Cairo (64 skulls), making a total of 117 skulls of adult and juvenile individuals. Among several investigated features twelve were found, according to the literature21 and to my own results,22 to be important in the differential diagnosis of the Negroid and Europoid components. These were the total, nasal and alveolar profile angles, the nasal index, the index of the ramus mandibulae and the index of the prominence of nasal root (the height of the nasal root above the level of the anterior interorbital breadth, expressed as percentage of the anterior interorbital breadth). Besides the metric features, the shape of the forehead (front bombe, intermediate form, separate tubera frontalia), the development of the nasal spine, the outline of the apertura piriformis, the features of its lower margin, the development of the fossa

[Footnotes on page 4]

19. A. Wiercinski, 'Analiza struktury rasowej ludnosci Egiptu w epoce przeddynastycznej', Materiaty i prace antropologiczne, no. 56, Paristwowe wydawnictwo naukowe, Wroctaw.

20. E. Strouhal, 'Une contribution a la question du caraetere de la population pre-historique de la Haute-Egypte', Anthropologie, Brno, VI, no. I (1968), 19-22.

21. R. Martin, Lehrbuch der Anthropologie in systematischer Darstellung, 2. Auflage, Band II (Jena, 1928); S. Gorny, 'Crania africana. Uganda', Materiaty i prace antropologiczne, no. 14, Wroclaw; G. Olivier, Pratique anthropologique (Paris, 1960); K. Sailer, Leitfaden der Anthropologie (Stuttgart, 1964); M. C. Chamla, Aksha III. La population du cimetiere meroltique (Paris, 1967);

De Villiers, The skull of the South African Negro.

22. Strouhal, 'Anthropologicka problematika'.

Page 5

canina and the prominence of cheek bones were also studied. The distribution of these features into several categories, together with their evaluation, is shown in extenso in the journal Anthropologie, Brno, for all individuals studied.23

Of the total of 117 skulls, 15 were found to be markedly Europoid, 9 of these were of the gracile Mediterranean type (Figs. 1a & b),

6 were of very robust structure reminiscent of the North African Cromagnon type.24 Eight skulls were clearly Negroid (Figs. 2a

and b), and were close to the Negro types occurring in East Africa. The majority of 94 skulls showed mixed Europoid-Negroid features in different combinations and with different shares of both major race components. In one third of them the Europoid, in the other third the Negroid, features were dominant. The last third showed both components, either well-balanced or with characters of the neutral range, common to both racial groups. We may conclude that the share of both components was nearly the same, with some overweight to the Europoid side.

In some of the Badarian crania hair was preserved, thanks to good conditions in the desert sand. In the first series, according to the description of the excavators, they were curly in 6 cases, wavy in 33 cases and straight in 10 cases. They were black in 16 samples, dark brown in 11, brown in 12, light brown in 1 and grey in 11 cases.25

Thanks to the courtesy of Dr. Lawrence and Dr. Garlick from the Duckworth Laboratory in Cambridge, I was able to take samples of seven of the racially mixed Badarian individuals which were macroscopically curly (spirals of 10-20 mm in diameter) or wavy (25-35 mm). They were studied microscopically by S. Tittelbachova from the Institute of Anthropology of the Charles University, who found in five out of seven samples a change in the thickness of the hair in the course of its length, sometimes with a simultaneous narrowing of the hair pith. The outline of the cross-sections of the hairs was flattened, with indices ranging from 35 to 65. These peculiarities also show the Negroid influence among the Badarians.

The naturalistic statue of a woman made of ivory (tomb 5107), one of three human statues found during the first excavation season in Badari, shows remarkable anatomical detail. Its face, however, is very crudely carved, so that it is disputable whether its thick-set and relatively broad nose, which at the same time shows a rather great prominence, can be considered as evidence of Negro race, as stated by Ch. A. Diop.26

Regardless of this, however, the Negroid component among the Badarians is anthropologically well based. Even though the share of 'pure' Negroes is small (6-8 per cent), being half that of the Europoid forms

[Footnotes on page 5]

23. E. Strouhal, 'Individual analysis of Badarian skulls', Anthropologie, Brno, 1971, in press.

24. J. E. Anderson, 'Late paleolithic skeletal remains from Nubia', in F. Wendorf (ed.), Prehistory of Nubia (Dallas, 1968), 996-1040.

25. Brunton and Caton-Thompson, The Badarian Civilisation.

26. Diop, 'Histoire primitive'.

Page 6

(12.9 per cent), the high majority of mixed forms (80.3 per cent) suggests a long-lasting dispersion of Negroid genes in the population. It can be interpreted by the supposition that the mixture of both components began many generations previously. A remarkably similar opinion has already been expressed by Stoessiger27 when she said that if there really were relationships between the Badarians and the Negroes, it would be necessary to go very far back in evolutionary history to account for it.

We still do not know exactly when neolithic farmers first settled in the Nile Valley, nor from whence they came. A date in the sixth millennium B.C. is most likely and the sources of the settlement may probably be found in the eastern Mediterranean area. At the same period, however, with the beginning of the Makalian wet phase, the Negro population of the Sudanic savanah belt would have started its movement towards the north, into Saharan latitudes, which then, for the last time, became open to human occupation. Maybe some of these emigrant groups penetrated down the Nile as far as Upper Egypt, thus providing one of the oldest known biological contacts between the Negroids and Europoids, the ultimate evidence of which appears some 1,000-1,500 years later in skeletons preserved in the Badarian cemeteries.

In this connexion, we have to mention that Egyptologists have found in the Badarian and other Predynastic cultures of Upper Egypt some material and ideological evidence of southern or Sudanic African elements. The Badarian pottery is connected with the pottery of the Khartoum neolithic culture, which originated probably from the ceramics of the Early Khartoum culture.28 Some authors postulate the direct derivation of Badarian pottery from the Khartoum neolithic pottery.29 While in Egypt pottery of this type was later replaced by other ceramic forms, often under the influence of the Middle East, in the Sudan this archaic pottery persisted for a long time,30 and was from there later introduced on several occasions by southern immigrants into Nubia and even (though in small quantities) into Egypt.31 Fishing hooks were also found in Badari, typo-logically similar to Khartoum neolithic hooks, but more developed, and therefore probably younger.32 To this connexion between the Khartoum neolithic and Badarian cultures it is necessary to add that, according to present — unfortunately still very poor— evidence, the population of the Khartoum neolithic was Negroid.33

Badarian flint instruments are of surprisingly poor quality. They were

[Footnotes on page 6]

27. Stoessiger, 'A study of the Badarian crania'.

28. E. J, Baumgartel, 'Some notes on the origins of Egypt", Archiv Orientalni, XX (1952), 278-7

29. A. J. Arkell and P. J. Ucko, 'Review of predynastic development in the Nile Valley", Current Anthropology, VI, no. 2 (1965), 145-66 (cf. 150-1)

30. C. Aldred, Egypt to the end of the Old Kingdom (London, 1965).

31. Baumgartel, 'Predynastic Egypt'.

32. Arkell and Ucko, 'Review of predynastic development'.

33. D. E. Deny, 'Report on the Human remains", in A. J. Arkell, Early Khartoum (London, 1949).

Page 7

made from free-lying non-valuable boulders, regardless of the fact that in the living area of the Badarians plenty of superb flints could have been collected from the limestone layers. This provides an argument for the arrival of Badarian people from an area lacking limestones with flints, e.g. from more southern areas, where, starting with 25° N. latitude in the Eastern Desert and Esna in the Nile Valley, the limestone relief comes to an end.34

In some of the Badarian graves, conical buttons made from fine polished ceramics were found which were probably worn in the ear lobes or in the nasal wings. This is demonstrated by the finding of similar buttons made from a fair green stone in situ in the right nasal wing of the woman from tomb 3559 (not a man, as stated by Brunton and Caton-Thompson35). The custom of wearing ornaments in the nose or ears can be considered in this region also as being of African origin.

In the Predynastic cultures of Upper Egypt Aldred36 found evidence of the cult of celestial and astral deities, as well as of the idea of the leader (later the deified king) as the 'rain-maker'. This is also an old African conception, which may be connected with the original home of the Upper Egyptian population (or part of it) in a region depending more on rainfall than on the Nile floods. Ritual killing of the leaders in the time of their decreased strength, known also from Predynastic Egypt, has analogies in the historic and even in the recent Sudan.37

Even though without any doubt the basic agricultural and pastoral complex of the Badarian culture, the occurrence of the first painted pottery and the first copper, together with some important ideological conceptions (e.g. about the Great Mother or of the Procreative Power), have Middle Eastern roots, some other evidence points to African origins. This cultural duality is a very interesting parallel to the ascertained biological duality of the population. This is not to imply that these phenomena are identical, because the concrete situation was certainly more complicated. More new and complex findings about the beginnings of settled life in Upper Egypt are needed to prove the identity.

One question remains, namely, what was the later fate of the Negroid features found in the Badarian population? It will be necessary to re-examine this problem in further Predynastic series of anthropological material. According to the existing literature, some Negroid influence is also detectable there. Already the analysis of the post-cranial skeleton of the Predynastic series of Naqada showed that its mean stands somewhere between the Negroids and Europoids.38 This was confirmed by comparison with the mixed Negroid-Europoid series from Wadi Qitna in Nubia.39

[Footnotes on page 7]

34. Brunton and Caton-Thompson, The Badarian Civilisation, 30; Baumgartel, 'Some notes on the origins of Egypt".

35. Brunton and Caton-Thompson, The Badarian Civilisation, 30.

36. Aldred, Egypt to the end of the Old Kingdom .

37. Ibid.

38. E. Warren, 'The investigation on the variability of the human skeleton, with special reference to the Naqada race, . . .', Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 189-B, (1898), 135-227.

39. Strouhal, 'Uber die Langenmasse.

Page 8

Also C. D. Fawcett and A. Lee40 concluded from the elaboration of the skulls from Naqada that they are more similar to Negro skulls than any other Egyptian series. J. Kollmann41 determined that out of sixteen pictured Naqada skulls, three were Negro crania. Separating Naqada material according to his dating into Naqada I (Early Predynastic) and Naqada II (Late Predynastic), Nutter42 concluded that Naqada I is more Negroid, whereas Naqada II is different and more like the Ethiopians. J. M. Crichton43 using discriminant analysis, found greater similarity to Negro skulls in the Naqada series than in the series from Abydos (3rd-30th Dynasty) and that from Giza (26th-30th Dynasty). In the material of another Early Predynastic cemetery, Naga ed-Deir, G. E.

Smith44 discerned 2 per cent of Negroid skulls and 'a considerable number presenting features of nose, jaws and face in general, which may be the result of some admixture with Negro'. In the Early Predynastic series from Abydos, Negroid influence was observed by D. R. Mclver.46

More recently I had the opportunity, thanks to Professor Chiarelli, to re-examine the Early Predynastic series from Gebelein in the Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology of the University of Turin. My attention was drawn to this series by one of its skulls (No. 7), reproduced in the paper of S. Fumagalli,46 the Negroid appearance of which is evident. After a detailed study I concluded that Negroid features are present also in other skulls, their incidence being, however, less than in the Badarian series.47

Although the re-examination of Predynastic series is not yet finished, we may suppose that during Predynastic times the frequency of markedly Negroid forms diminished and that Negroid features, by now widely dispersed in the population, were fading. There is no evidence for new immigrations of Negroes during this period. This seems to be in agreement with the observation of Morant:48 'It is not possible to detect the slightest effect of any (Negro) admixture that can have taken place after early Predynastic times.' On the other hand, there is some suggestion of further Europoid immigration from the north (from the Delta or from the Middle East), causing further dilution of Negroid features,

[Footnotes on page 8]

40. C. D. Fawcett and A. Lee, 'A second study of the variation and correlation of the human skull, with special reference to the Naqada crania', Biometrika, I (1901-2), 408-67.

41. Kollmann, 'Die Graber von Abydos'.

42. Nutter, 'An osteological study".

43. J. M. Crichton, 'A multiple discriminant analysis of Egyptian and African Negro crania', in Craniometry and multivariate analysis, Paper of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, no. 57, 45-67.

44. Smith and Wood Jones, Report of the human remains, G. E. Smith, The Ancient Egyptians and the origin of civilisation (London/New York, 1923).

45. D. R. Mclver, The earliest inhabitants of Abydos (Oxford, 1901).

46. S. Fumagalli, 'II cranio della necropoli neolitica di Gabelen/Alto Egitto/'. Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, I. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, 86 (1951-52), 195-225.

47. Strouhal, 'Individual analysis of Badarian skulls'.

48. G. M. Morant, 'A study of Egyptian craniology from prehistoric to Roman times', Biometrika xvii (1925), 1-52.

Page 9

We have to take into account also the possibility that Negroid features and genes could have been eliminated by selective pressure. Biology points to the stenothermy of Negroes, who are best adapted to the hot and humid conditions of the woodland regions to the south of the savanna. In the Egyptian Nile valley they found themselves in the opposite extreme of climate, that of the dry desert with great differences between day maxima temperature and night minima. A possible demonstration of the harmful influence of the Egyptian climate on Negroes was the shocking case reported in 1824 from Aswan, where 17,000 out of 20,000 ill-clothed Sudanese soldiers died of pneumonia and other consequences of cold. Egyptian soldiers remained healthy under the same conditions.49

Negroid genes were reintroduced into the Egyptian population sporadically during Dynastic times and later, more extensively in connexion with the slave trade.

[Footnote on page 9]

The term Negro is debatable. Remember, most East Africans may not fit into this phenotype description. Like I have already posted, the Borana are almost pure E3b and to many they are non-Negroid people. Regardless of how you define them, these are you original Egyptians. Negro or not, they are not Caucasian since they are not from the Caucasus Mountains like Europeans are. Get your terminology straight!

quote:

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Although the re-examination of Predynastic series is not yet finished, we may suppose that during Predynastic times the frequency of markedly Negroid forms diminished and that Negroid features, by now widely dispersed in the population, were fading. There is no evidence for new immigrations of Negroes during this period. This seems to be in agreement with the observation of Morant:48 'It is not possible to detect the slightest effect of any (Negro) admixture that can have taken place after early Predynastic times.' On the other hand, there is some suggestion of further Europoid immigration from the north (from the Delta or from the Middle East), causing further dilution of Negroid features,

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quote:

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<http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/icons/icon1.gif> posted 26 June 2005 03:31 AM [Click Here to See the Profile for fareed] [Edit/Delete Message] [Reply w/Quote] I hope this part is not too hard for you to read and understand:
quote:

Although the re-examination of Predynastic series is not yet finished, we may suppose that during Predynastic times the frequency of markedly Negroid forms diminished and that Negroid features, by now widely dispersed in the population, were fading. There is no evidence for new immigrations of Negroes during this period. This seems to be in agreement with the observation of Morant:48 'It is not possible to detect the slightest effect of any (Negro) admixture that can have taken place after early Predynastic times.' On the other hand, there is some suggestion of further Europoid immigration from the north (from the Delta or from the Middle East), causing further dilution of Negroid features,

"The Caucasoid type has always been the dominant group, even in the earliest pre-dyanstic excavations, but with a significant Negroid presence or admixture, that diminished over time, but often reintroduced at latter times by the importation of Negro Slaves. However, many of these were absorbed and latter weakened by the reintroduction of fresh Europoid additions from time to time."

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This ''caucasoid'' type is not what you think. During the 1970's anthropologist considered people from the Horn of Africa to be caucasoid. The following is using the ''true Negro'' as an example of the negriod series.

We have more up to date studies done by Dr. Shomarka Keita and Dr. Nancy Lovell that the Badarian and Naqada series in Upper Egypt were tropical Africans. Not caucasoid-negriod hybrids as suggested by Eugene Stroual.

Journal of Human Evolution
1972
Berry and Berry

"In a previous study of non-metrical variation it was found that the Egyptians changed very little from pre-dynastic, Old and Middle Kingdom times. ONLY in the New Kingdom was the earlier stability upset."

Human Evolution
Vol.1 Number 4 (313-324)
1986

Robins and Shute
"Predynastic Egyptian stature and physical proportions"

"...predynastic proportions are founded to be such that distal segments of the limbs are even longer in relation to the proximal segments than they are in modern negroes. Such proportions are termed SUPER-NEGROID."

The ancient Egyptian population changed from the pre-dyanstic period into the Late Dyanstic period:

"The results suggest a level of local population continuity exists within the earlier Egyptian populations"

Intra-population and temporal variation in ancient Egyptian crania.
S.R. Zakrzewski. Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton, UK.

The level of morphological variation within a population is the result of factors such as population expansion and movement. Traditionally Egyptologists have considered ancient Egypt to have a homogeneous population, with state formation occurring as a result of local processes without influence from migration. This paper tests this hypothesis by investigating the extent of biological relationships within a series of temporally successive Egyptian skeletal samples. Previous studies have compared biological relationships between Egyptians and other populations, mostly using the Howells global cranial data set. In the current study, by contrast, the biological relationships within a series of temporally-successive cranial samples are assessed.

The data consist of 55 cranio-facial variables from 418 adult Egyptian individuals, from six periods, ranging in date from c. 5000 to 1200 BC. These were compared with the 111 Late Period crania (c. 600-350 BC) from the Howells sample. Principal Component and Canonical Discriminant Function Analyses were undertaken, on both pooled and single sex samples.

The results suggest a level of local population continuity exists within the earlier Egyptian populations, but that this was in association with some change in population structure, reflecting small-scale immigration and admixture with new groups. Most dramatically, the results also indicate that the Egyptian series from Howells global data set are morphologically distinct from the Predynastic and Early Dynastic Nile Valley samples (especially in cranial vault shape and height), and thus show that this sample cannot be considered to be a typical Egyptian series.

This research was funded by the Wellcome Trust (Bioarchaeology Panel), Durham University (Addison-Wheeler Fellowship) and by University of Southampton.

___The study simply says that the early Kemetian population was much more uniform than the later Late Period era Egyptians. Infiltration of foregin elements into Egypt resulted in a more diverse population than the pre-dyanstic Egyptians.

FROMENT, Alain, Origines du peuplement de l?Égypte ancienne: l?apport de l?anthropobiologie, Archéo-Nil 2 (Octobre 1992), 79-98. (fig., tables).
The origin of the Ancient Egyptians has long been a subject of interest for physical anthropologists. Aside from some fanciful theories, a general consensus used to present them as Mediterranean, or "leucoderm Africans with a Hamitic background". However, some African nationalists, like Diop, whose theories now have a large scholarly audience, challenged this opinion. Using linguistic and cultural criteria, studies of paintings and carvings, and texts from Antiquity, he tried to demonstrate that the Ancient Egyptians were Black. Besides this typological, or raciological view, a more biologically acceptable, non-racial approach considers human variation as a clinal, environmental adaptation. Numerical computations are possible from cranial, or cephalic measurements, which enable populations to be compared by discriminant analysis. Such an analysis was carried out on a set of 384 skull samples from Egypt, Nubia, India, Maghreb, Europe and Subsaharan Africa. Two very discriminant measurements showed a strong correlation with the axes: nose breadth and bizygomatic breadth. This representation of population distribution maps very closely onto their geographic location: on average, the Ancient Egyptian people is morphologically equidistant from Europe and Africa. Nile Valley inhabitants display a wide range of variation, as a consequence of a long process of mixing. Black populations of the Horn of Africa (Tigré and Somalia) fit well into Egyptian variations. Abridged author?s summary

The role of Neolithic peoples in Northeast
African prehistory: a biocultural perspective
from Nabta Playa, Egypt.

J. Irish1, R. Schild2, A. Froment3, F. Wendorf4.

1University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks,
Alaska, 99775-7720, US, 2Institute of
Archaeology & Ethnology, Polish Academy of
Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, 3Laboratoire IRDERMES,
Technoparc, Orleans, France, 4Dept.
of Anthropology, Southern Methodist
University, Dallas, TX.

The Combined Prehistoric Expedition?s
excavations at Nabta Playa, in Egypt?s Western
Desert, revealed much information
about the obscure pastoralists who inhabited
the region from 9800-4500 B.P. Among the
more remarkable finds are complex Late and
Final Neolithic stone structures and alignments
that probably had religious/ceremonial
functions.
The features suggest Nabta may have
been a regional ceremonial center between
6500-4500 B.P. If so, these people can no
longer be viewed as simple bands. There
must have been a strong central authority
controlling the populace to yield such elaborate
architecture. It is unlikely these developments
occurred in a cultural vacuum.
Thus, they may have influenced contemporar
y and, potentially, later groups (e.g.,
Predynastic) in the nearby Nile Valley.

Until recently, the degree and type of this
influence could only be estimated by cultural
comparisons. However, analysis of 30 skeletons
recovered from a Late Neolithic cemetery
at Gebel Ramlah now provides a second
line of evidence. Dental and craniometric
data were compared to those in several
Nile Valley groups. To understand the remains
from a broader perspective, they were
also compared to samples from greater
North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, and the
Mediterranean-area.

Although the Nabta folk share several
features with the Nile samples, which implies
some degree of relatedness, they are somewhat
distinct. Extra-regional comparisons
support this disparity and identify them as
biologically heterogeneous, with features
reminiscent of both North and sub-Saharan
Africans. Implications of these pheneticbased
affinities, and their correlations with
archaeological findings, are presented in
detail.

Calling East African people Caucasian IS LIKE CALLING NATIVE AMERICAN PEOPLE INDIAN! And just because people like Hor still like to call Native American people Indian out of tradition, it doesn't make the term CORRECT! The East African people are not Caucasian people! They have nothing to do we the Caucasus.

True Caucasian people are your Northern Indian, IndoEuropean, Armenians, etc but not the East African people. Some NorthWestern African people are also Caucasian due to migration of Europeans down from the Iberian peninsula. Also, your modern day Egyptians are primarily Caucasian but again this is due to recent migrations of European and Asiatic people. The pre-26th dynastic people of Egypt were not Caucasian. They did not descend out of the Caucasus mountains into Northern Africa. They moved down the Nile from Northern Kenya.

If you don't trust a Jew then go look at the Genographic project at the National Geographic website.

https://www5.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html

This is mainstream now and not revisionistic at all. It is simply clarification of the movements of people.

Basically, if you don't like calling East African people, like the Cushitic speaking people, Negro, you cannot simply start calling them Caucasoid. You need a different term or racial definition.

We have gone over this and I am getting rather tired of explaining it.

** Native Americans are not Indians - Columbus was lost.

** Ancient Egyptians are not Caucasian - genetics has proven that just because people look similar it doesn't mean they are related.

Example: Australians and Africans. No genetic relationship in the last 45K years but still look similar. Completely different race of people but I still know many Caucasian Australians that think that Aborigones are Africans.

Here is Cathy Freeman the Olymic Gold medal winner from Australia (an Indigenous Australian)

She may look like a Negro African but she is 100% not. She is not Mixed. She is not Black.

Looks do not a Negro make.

Looks do not a Caucasian make.

It is all in the lineage. Choose your pick: Matrilineal or Patrilineal.

AND NEATHER ARE THEY CASCASOIED!!!. How many timese people, please!!!!!

bye the way Cathey Freeman would fit right in, as a Berbar.

quote:

---

Originally posted by osirion:

Looks do not a Negro make.

[This message has been edited by osirion (edited 26 June 2005).]

---

Thought Writes:

So what makes one a "Negro"?

quote:

---

Originally posted by bandon19:
not negros have kinky hair large nose and big lips STERO TYPES.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by COBRA:

BUT ALL THESE FEATURES PUT TOGATER MAKE YOU A TIPICAL NEGRO.

---

Negro simply means Black in Spanish. As a race there was supposedly a group of features that defined you as such. Problem is that these features are found all the way into places like Central America some 15,000 years ago.

Is this a scuplture of a Negro?

And is this person below a Negro?

Negro is a very unscientific and almost useless description of race. Better to break people down into Haplogroups like the modern day Geneticist does.

Most African Americans: E3a + L*

Ancient Egyptians: E3b

Nubians: E3a

And so on.

Describing people's race soley based on facial features (primarily the hair, nose and lips) is very unscientific.

And from a historical point of view, based soley on facial features: the so called Negroes started the Egyptian cultures, Indian, Greek and even Chinese.

The Eurocentric when faced with this type of issue will use double standards. They will claim the Olmecs are Non-Negroid because they are unrelated (regardless of facial feature) but then will claim that the Borana are Caucasian solely based on facial features. This completely undermines any scientific validity to the Eurocentrics position.

DNA is far more scientific than subjective facial feature classification.

quote:

---

Originally posted by bandon19:
not negros have kinky hair large nose and big lips STERO TYPES.

---

quote:

---

Cobra responds: BUT ALL THESE FEATURES PUT TOGATER MAKE YOU A TIPICAL NEGRO.

---

The problem is that terms like "typical negro" are very inaccurate! There are people outside of Africa who have the same looks as the "typical negro" but are not related, yet other Africans who don't have these looks are very closely related!!

Black Africans come in many looks and features!

quote:

---

Ausar says: This ''caucasoid'' type is not what you think. During the 1970's anthropologist considered people from the Horn of Africa to be caucasoid. The following is using the ''true Negro'' as an example of the negriod series.

---

Which is why it is wrong to assume that the "gracile type" remains that have "caucasoid" features are actual "caucsoids" or "Europoids", because such features are also found among black Africans like those of the Horn i.e. Ethiopians and Somalians!!

So the question is: Were predynastic Egyptians mixed?

quote:

---

Originally posted by Djehuti:
The problem is that terms like "typical negro" are very inaccurate! There are people outside of Africa who have the same looks as the "typical negro" but are not related, yet other Africans who don't have these looks are very closely related!!

Black Africans come in many looks and features!
[QUOTE]Ausar says:[b] This ''caucasoid'' type is not what you think. During the 1970's anthropologist considered people from the Horn of Africa to be caucasoid. The following is using the ''true Negro'' as an example of the negriod series.

---

Which is why it is wrong to assume that the "gracile type" remains that have "caucasoid" features are actual "caucsoids" or "Europoids", because such features are also found among black Africans like those of the Horn i.e. Ethiopians and Somalians!!

So the question is: Were predynastic Egyptians mixed?

The answer is yes, but the groups that have mixed are all Africans!![/B][/QUOTE]

It is only when we start using Anglo-Saxon terminology and their modus operandi that we look down upon ourselves like they do.

quote:

---

Originally posted by fareed:
Fool, the groups that are mixed are all Africans, but include Caucasoid & Negroid people. Why do racist people always try to deny the truth?

---

This is ridiculous Fareed. Why do you insist on using a term like Caucasoid which means that your lineage is from the Caucasus mountains? When did these so called African Caucasoids cross the Caucasus mountains! Stop using outdated terms that intentionally misrepresent the facts. The only Caucasians in North Africa are due to recent migrations...PERIOD!

All human beings Negroids, Caucasians, Monogloids, and whatever other race, most likely came from Africa and spreadout through North East Africa, which means Egypt's Sinai Penninsula.

Now, this theory is a lot more valid than anyother, b.s., people put out.

East Africa, had all types of humans and all the varieties, which spreadout and differentiated along the way.

therefore, Egypt is very likely the crossroads juncture of this mass migration out of Africa.

quote:

---

Crossing the Caucaus Mt. is only a THEORY, nothing more than that.

All human beings Negroids, Caucasians, Monogloids, and whatever other race, most likely came from Africa and spreadout through North East Africa, which means Egypt's Sinai Penninsula.

Now, this theory is a lot more valid than anyother, b.s., people put out.

East Africa, had all types of humans and all the varieties, which spreadout and differentiated along the way.

therefore, Egypt is very likely the crossroads juncture of this mass migration out of Africa.

---

Out of African migration occured before the peopling of ancient Egypt. It happened in sucessive waves about 100,000 BP.

As Osirion and I have explained, wide noses and kinky hair are found outside of Africa, so why say these looks are West Africans' looks? Curly hair, and narrow noses are found inside of Africa as well as outside, so why call them "caucasoid" features?

West Africans with kinky hair and broad noses are closely related to East Africans with curly hair and narrow noses. East Africans are NOT mixed!

As Osirion says there are Southeast Asians that have big lips and broad noses (like ME)!!! At the same time there are peoples in northeast Asia like Japan who have narrow and long noses, does this mean we are of different races? NO!!

Do you live on a different "Planet" or what?

The scientists have already given you all the facts, why are you wasting people's time with this nonsense?

quote:

---

Originally posted by Djehuti:
Again, the problem is the use of terms.

As Osirion and I have explained, wide noses and kinky hair are found outside of Africa, so why say these looks are West Africans' looks? Curly hair, and narrow noses are found inside of Africa as well as outside, so why call them "caucasoid" features?

West Africans with kinky hair and broad noses are closely related to East Africans with curly hair and narrow noses. East Africans are NOT mixed!

As Osirion says there are Southeast Asians that have big lips and broad noses (like ME)!!! At the same time there are peoples in northeast Asia like Japan who have narrow and long noses, does this mean we are of different races? NO!!

Egyptians were mixed in prehistoric times, but ALL pure African people! No non Africans didn't affect a major change until the Middle Kingdom.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Djehuti:

West Africans with kinky hair and broad noses are closely related to East Africans with curly hair and narrow noses.

---

What is the difference between 'Kinky hair' and 'tightly curled' hair found among East Africans?

What should the above hair types be regarded? How are they different from what "kinky" hair defines?

quote:

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East Africans are known as being about 40% Caucasoids and 60% Black Africans.

Do you live on a different "Planet" or what?

The scientists have already given you all the facts, why are you wasting people's time with this nonsense?

---

This is not all eastern Africans. You are talking about the Amharan in Ethiopia. Most early anthropologist classified even non-Amharan speaking Cushic people like Somalis and Beja as caucasoid. Some still do.

Read the following:

In the east, however, and
especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, people have lighter skin and are
considered Negroid by some, Caucasoid by others."

Source: L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza et. al. *The History and Geography of
Human Genes*. Princeton University Press. 1994, pg. 167.

quote:

---

Originally posted by ausar:

This is not all eastern Africans. You are talking about the Amharan in Ethiopia. Most early anthropologist classified even non-Amharan speaking Cushic people like Somalis and Beja as caucasoid. Some still do.

Read the following:

In the east, however, and
especially in Ethiopia and Somalia, people have lighter skin and are
considered Negroid by some, Caucasoid by others."

Source: L. Luca Cavalli-Sforza et. al. *The History and Geography of
Human Genes*. Princeton University Press. 1994, pg. 167.

---

It really is that simple!

quote:

---

Originally posted by osirion:

By the way, if you think Big flat nose, thick lips, and protrusive dental line makes you a Negro then note the Olmec head above.

And from a historical point of view, based soley on facial features: the so called Negroes started the Egyptian cultures, Indian, Greek and even Chinese.

The Eurocentric when faced with this type of issue will use double standards. They will claim the Olmecs are Non-Negroid because they are unrelated (regardless of facial feature) but then will claim that the Borana are Caucasian solely based on facial features. This completely undermines any scientific validity to the Eurocentrics position.

DNA is far more scientific than subjective facial feature classification.

[This message has been edited by osirion (edited 26 June 2005).]

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by fareed:
East Africans are known as being about 40% Caucasoids and 60% Black Africans.

Do you live on a different "Planet" or what?

The scientists have already given you all the facts, why are you wasting people's time with this nonsense?

---

Fareed, you are the one who is talking nonsense!! The vast majority of East Africans are pure and are not mixed! Those studies that show 40% percent "caucasoid" ancestry are from Amharas, who are descendants of peoples from Arabia. The vast majority of Ethiopians are not Amhara or their close kin, Tigre.

Sorry Fareed.

quote:

---

Originally posted by fareed:
[b]

So, the Experts are Wrong and you're Right!

[/B]

---

Which experts are you referring to? If you look up the word Caucasoid in a dictionary you will find an interesting disclosure: "No longer in scientific use."

Do you know what that means? It means you so called experts do not use the term any more. I would add some choice words to describe you as a result of such foolishness but it is not your fault. Too many use unscientific terms to explain things, myself included.

What I find even more disturbing about racial classification an example of bias that is encoded in its classification is as follows: Most racial classifications have a region encoded into its defintion;

Caucasoid: Pertaining to people descended from the original inhabitants of the Caucasus region.

Mongoloid: Pertaining to people descended from the original inhabitants of the Mongolian region.

Australoid: Pertaining to people descended from the original inhabitants of the Australian region.

----

Only one racial description is completely left up to subjective interpretation that can as a result become hotly debated.

Negroid

Negroid means multiple things to various people. It has no regional information encoded. It is completely left up to the imagination and can for political reasons be redefined at will. At least the other definitions had some minor scientific merit that we could look validate against. Somewhat easy to verify if you are related to indigenous people from the Cuacasus or Australia. But how does one really know if your Negroid? It is completely subjective!

If you look like a Negroid then you are one? Foolish stuff really and I think it was intentionally setup this way.

[This message has been edited by osirion (edited 28 June 2005).]