posted
Just an FYI to those who may be interested. The article is today's NYtimes online
An early Christian manuscript, including the only known text of what is known as the Gospel of Judas, has surfaced after 1,700 years. The text gives new insights into the relationship of Jesus and the disciple who betrayed him, scholars reported today. In this version, Jesus asked Judas, as a close friend, to sell him out to the authorities, telling Judas he will "exceed" the other disciples by doing so.
Though some theologians have hypothesized this, scholars who have studied the new-found text said, this is the first time an ancient document defends the idea.
The discovery in the desert of Egypt of the leather-bound papyrus manuscript, and now its translation, was announced by the National Geographic Society at a news conference in Washington. The 26-page Judas text is said to be a copy in Coptic, made around A. D. 300, of the original Gospel of Judas, written in Greek the century before.
Terry Garcia, an executive vice president of the geographic society, said the manuscript, or codex, is considered by scholars and scientists to be the most significant ancient, nonbiblical text to be found in the past 60 years.
"The codex has been authenticated as a genuine work of ancient Christian apocryphal literature," Mr. Garcia said, citing extensive tests of radiocarbon dating, ink analysis and multispectral imaging and studies of the script and linguistic style. The ink, for example, was consistent with ink of that era, and there was no evidence of multiple rewriting.
"This is absolutely typical of ancient Coptic manuscripts," said Stephen Emmel, professor of Coptic studies at the University of Munster in Germany. "I am completely convinced."
The most revealing passages in the Judas manuscript begins, "The secret account of the revelation that Jesus spoke in conversation with Judas Iscariot during a week, three days before he celebrated Passover."
The account goes on to relate that Jesus refers to the other disciples, telling Judas "you will exceed all of them. For you will sacrifice the man that clothes me." By that, scholars familiar with Gnostic thinking said, Jesus meant that by helping him get rid of his physical flesh, Judas will act to liberate the true spiritual self or divine being within Jesus.
Unlike the accounts in the New Testament Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John, the anonymous author of the Gospel of Judas believed that Judas Iscariot alone among the 12 disciples understood the meaning of Jesus' teachings and acceded to his will. In the diversity of early Christian thought, a group known as Gnostics believed in a secret knowledge of how people could escape the prisons of their material bodies and return to the spiritual realm from which they came.
Elaine Pagels, a professor of religion at Princeton who specializes in studies of the Gnostics, said in a statement, "These discoveries are exploding the myth of a monolithic religion, and demonstrating how diverse — and fascinating — the early Christian movement really was."
The Gospel of Judas is only one of many texts discovered in the last 65 years, including the gospels of Thomas, Mary Magdalene and Philip, believed to be written by Gnostics.
The Gnostics' beliefs were often viewed by bishops and early church leaders as unorthodox, and they were frequently denounced as heretics. The discoveries of Gnostic texts have shaken up Biblical scholarship by revealing the diversity of beliefs and practices among early followers of Jesus.
As the findings have trickled down to churches and universities, they have produced a new generation of Christians who now regard the Bible not as the literal word of God, but as a product of historical and political forces that determined which texts should be included in the canon, and which edited out.
For that reason, the discoveries have proved deeply troubling for many believers. The Gospel of Judas portrays Judas Iscariot not as a betrayer of Jesus, but as his most favored disciple and willing collaborator.
Scholars say that they have long been on the lookout for the Gospel of Judas because of a reference to what was probably an early version of it in a text called Against Heresies, written by Irenaeus, the bishop of Lyons, about the year 180.
Irenaeus was a hunter of heretics, and no friend of the Gnostics. He wrote, "They produce a fictitious history of this kind, which they style the Gospel of Judas."
Karen L. King, a professor of the history of early Christianity at Harvard Divinity School, and an expert in Gnosticism who has not yet read the manuscript released today, said that the Gospel of Judas may well reflect the kinds of debates that arose in the second and third century among Christians.
"You can see how early Christians could say, if Jesus's death was all part of God's plan, then Judas's betrayal was part of God's plan," said Ms. King, the author of several books on the Gospel of Mary. "So what does that make Judas? Is he the betrayer, or the facilitator of salvation, the guy who makes the crucifixion possible?"
At least one scholar said the new manuscript does not contain anything dramatic that would change or undermine traditional understanding of the Bible. James M. Robinson, a retired professor of Coptic studies at Claremont Graduate University, was the general editor of the English edition of the Nag Hammadi library, a collection of Gnostic documents discovered in Egypt in 1945.
"Correctly understood, there's nothing undermining about the Gospel of Judas," Mr. Robinson said in a telephone interview. He said that the New Testament gospels of John and Mark both contain passages that suggest that Jesus not only picked Judas to betray him, but actually encouraged Judas to hand him over to those he knew would crucify him.
Mr. Robinson's book, "The Secrets of Judas: The Story of the Misunderstood Disciple and his Lost Gospel" (Harper San Francisco, April 2006), predicts the contents of the Gospel of Judas based on his knowledge of Gnostic and Coptic texts, even though he was not part of the team of researchers working on the document.
The Egyptian copy of the gospel was written on 13 sheets of papyrus, both front and back, and found in a multitude of brittle fragments.
Rudolphe Kasser, a Swiss scholar of Coptic studies, directed the team that reconstructed and translated the script. The effort, organized by the National Geographic, was supported by Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art, in Basel, Switzerland, and the Waitt Institute for Historical Discovery, an American nonprofit organization for the application of technology in historical and scientific projects.
The entire 66-page codex also contains a text titled James (also known as First Apocalypse of James), a letter by Peter and a text of what scholars are provisionally calling Book of Allogenes.
Discovered in the 1970's in a cavern near El Minya, Egypt, the document circulated for years among antiquities dealers in Egypt, then Europe and finally in the United States. It moldered in a safe-deposit box at a bank in Hicksville, N. Y., for 16 years before being bought in 2000 by a Zurich dealer, Frieda Nussberger-Tchacos. The manuscript was given the name Codex Tchacos.
When attempts to resell the codex failed, Ms. Nussberger-Tchacos turned it over to the Maecenas Foundation for conservation and translation.
Mr. Robinson said that an Egyptian antiquities dealer offered to sell him the document in 1983 for $3 million, but that he could not raise the money. He criticized the scholars now associated with the project, some of whom are his former students, because he said they violated an agreement made years ago by Coptic scholars that new discoveries should be made accessible to all qualified scholars.
The manuscript will ultimately be returned to Egypt, where it was discovered, and housed in the Coptic Museum in Cairo.
Ted Waitt, the founder and former chief executive of Gateway, said that his foundation, the Waitt Institute for Historical Discovery, gave the National Geographic Society a grant of more than $1 million to restore and preserve the manuscript and make it available to the public.
" I didn't know a whole lot until I got into this about the early days of Christianity. It was just extremely fascinating to me," Mr. Waitt said in a telephone interview. He said he had no motivation other than being fascinated by the finding. He said that after the document was carbon dated and the ink tested, procedures his foundation paid for, he had no question about its authenticity. "You can potentially question the translation and the interpretation, he said, but you can't fake something like this. It would be impossible."
Posts: 1038 | From: Franklin Park, NJ | Registered: Aug 2005
| IP: Logged |
posted
This news is not surprising considering that Egypt was one of the earlier centers of Christiandom before Christianity became prevalent in Europe.
The Copts of Egypt probably have the most complete collections of the gospel than anywhere else with Ethiopia second to them. They have little known works like the Gospel of Thomas which supposedly speaks of Jesus's childhood.
Posts: 26252 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
| IP: Logged |
posted
How about this proves that MOST, if not ALL of the NEW TESTAMENT, (the story of Christ), was WRITTEN and DEVELOPED in Egypt. Just look up the OLDEST Christian manuscripts and oldest versions of New Testament writings and guess where they were found? Where were the FIRST people converted to Christianity? Where were the EARLY Christian fathers who SET THE FOUNDATION of Christianity?
posted
^^I'm not sure about these texts being written and developed in Egypt, but they sure were preserved there.
The same goes for Ethiopia which also preserved not only many Christian texts but Judaic texts as well.
Posts: 26252 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
| IP: Logged |
posted
"The Gospel of Thomas, is New Testament apocrypha completely preserved in a papyrus Coptic manuscript discovered in 1945 at Nag Hammadi, Egypt, is a list of 114 sayings attributed to Jesus. Some of those sayings resemble those found in the four canonical Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John). . ."
"When the complete text was found, in a Coptic version, it was realized that three separate Greek portions of it had already been discovered in Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, in 1898. The manuscripts bearing the Greek fragments of the Gospel of Thomas have been dated to about 200, and the manuscript of the Coptic version to about 340. Although the Coptic version is not quite identical to any of the Greek fragments, it is believed that the Coptic version was translated from a prior Greek version."
One of the earliest known manuscripts of the New Testament is a fragment from John, in Greek. A scrap of papyrus discovered in Egypt in 1920. It has been correctly dated to the first half of the second century.
The recovered Apocalypse of Peter or Revelation of Peter is extant in two translations of a lost original, one Greek, one Ethiopic, which diverge considerably. The Greek manuscript was unknown at first hand, until it was discovered during excavations under Sylvain Grébaut during the 1886-87 season in a desert necropolis at Akhmim in Upper Egypt. The fragment consisted of parchment leaves of the Greek version in the grave of a Christian monk of the 8th or 9th century. The manuscript is in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. An Ethiopic version was discovered in 1910.
Posts: 1549 | From: California, USA | Registered: Jan 2006
| IP: Logged |
posted
Which brings up another relevant topic of wheather the earliest Christians in Egypt were indigenous or not. Other questions of wheather Christianty was accepted by the inhabitants of the Nile Valley. Any opinions?
Posts: 8675 | From: Tukuler al~Takruri as Ardo since OCT2014 | Registered: Feb 2003
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Djehuti: ^^I'm not sure about these texts being written and developed in Egypt, but they sure were preserved there.
The same goes for Ethiopia which also preserved not only many Christian texts but Judaic texts as well.
Most if not ALL of the OLDEST new testament writings come from Egypt and are written in either Greek or Coptic. Now the OLD testament, the NON or PRE Christian part of the Bible and the tradition that is the basis of the other Abrahamic religions, Islam and Judaism, were found in and around the Jerusalem, Jordan and elseswhere. These writings are far older than the new testament scriptures, yet they survived and were discovered in the areas one would expect, the lands where the people and events ACTUALLY occurred. On the OTHER hand, all the new testament writings are FOUND FIRST in Egypt and are NOT written in Hebrew or any other of the LANGUAGES of the Hebrews. Likewise, the OLDEST documented evidence OF ANY Christian church FATHERS, like Paul, etc is IN EGYPT. As well as the FIRST EVIDENCE of ANY ORGANIZED RELIGION CALLED CHRISTIANITY is IN EGYPT. With all that EVIDENCE, it SHOULD be enough to prove that Christianity STARTED in Egypt amongst GREEK philosophers, who established various sects and theological schools in Egypt to discuss and UNDERSTAND the nature of GOD. From this came Christianity (using some stories from Jerusalem).
Posts: 8895 | Registered: May 2005
| IP: Logged |
posted
ausar, I would guess that early Christians were converts due to indigenous Pharoanic religion being present. These converts probably converted the group knows as Copts, as we know today.
Posts: 1290 | From: usa | Registered: May 2005
| IP: Logged |
quote:Which brings up another relevant topic of wheather the earliest Christians in Egypt were indigenous or not. Other questions of wheather Christianty was accepted by the inhabitants of the Nile Valley. Any opinions?
Certain aspects of Christian doctrine, such as the resurrected God and Mary the mother of God, probably resonated well with Egyptians. As Doug M has pointed out so many hallmarks of Christianity can be found in Egypt. The Egyptian Saint Maurice and the Theban Legion has already been discussed on this forum. Saint Anthony, the founder of the christian monastic movement was a native Egyptian. His parents were well-to-do Christians living in middle Egypt thus indicating that christian communities took root in Egypt at a very early stage. An interesting aspect of the life of Saint Anthony is the story of his temptation by a "cringing black boy." The boy represented the Devil. Does this symbolic equation, of black with evil, show a tipping point in the mindset of Egyptians? Perhaps accepting the values of their Greek and Roman conquerors? Or is it part of the Christian ethos? We see futher evidence of a changed perception of blacks in the story of Moses the Black whose color was an object of derision. The bottom line however is that the Christian doctrine seems to have fallen on very fertile ground in Egypt at a very early time.
Posts: 1038 | From: Franklin Park, NJ | Registered: Aug 2005
| IP: Logged |
quote:Originally posted by Calypso: An early Christian manuscript, including the only known text of what is known as the Gospel of Judas, has surfaced after 1,700 years. The text gives new insights into the relationship of Jesus and the disciple who betrayed him, scholars reported today. In this version, Jesus asked Judas, as a close friend, to sell him out to the authorities, telling Judas he will "exceed" the other disciples by doing so.
Though some theologians have hypothesized this, scholars who have studied the new-found text said, this is the first time an ancient document defends the idea.
Yes, I've always agreed with the theory myself since many people think that Judas sold Jesus out for thirty pieces of silver.
First of all that amount seems to be miniscule for someone to sell out a long time friend, it would be more understandable if it were like hundreds of pieces of gold or something.
And second, many people don't realize that in Jewish society at that time there were no police or any type official law enforcers and that it were regular citizens who did the work of law enforcers by apprehending and turning in criminals. Such people were automatically paid for their work with a reasonable fee like what Judas was paid.
Posts: 26252 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
| IP: Logged |
posted
^^I heard a commentary, on the radio yesterday, from a bible scholar whose name I missed, that Christ's words to Judas during the last supper (passover seder): "Do quickly what you have to do" provides a hint that they were indeed close and may have previously discussed and arranged the "betrayal." The fact that Christ describes the act as a betrayal ("one of you will betray me tonight" and "Do you betray your lord with a kiss?") seriously undermines that theory.
Posts: 1038 | From: Franklin Park, NJ | Registered: Aug 2005
| IP: Logged |
posted
There are many questions that I have about these books that are popping up...
First the Septuagint was said to be translated by 72 so-called Hebrews in Egypt... but my question has always been... were the text that were being translated... Egyptian text?
Secondly, the Gospel of Mary really sounds Egyptian if you ask me...
Thirdly, The Gospel of Thomas seems to be telling the truth when it called Yahshua/Jesus a man (note: being born from a man).
I think the whole teaching of Christianity is based off of Egyptian knowledge...
Amen... is how many end their prayers, and Amen hold the Same qualities of the Christian God... thus Amen I believe is the actual name of the Christian diety without most Christians having the knowledge there-of.
Posts: 951 | From: where rules end and freedom begins | Registered: Jun 2004
| IP: Logged |
UBBFriend: Email this page to someone!
Printer-friendly view of this topic