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The Secret Reasons of the Darfur Genocide: fake Arabic imposed on Non-Arabs Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
Orientalist, Assyriologist, Egyptologist, Iranologist, and Islamologist, Historian, Political Scientist, Dr. Megalommatis, 49, is the author of 12 books, dozens of scholarly articles, hundreds of encyclopedia entries, and thousands of articles. He speaks, reads and writes more than 15, modern and ancient, languages. He refuted Greek nationalism, supported Martin Bernal's Black Athena, and rejected the Greco-Romano- centric version of History. He pleaded for the European History by J. B. Duroselle, and defended the rights of the Turkish, Pomak, Macedonian, Vlachian, Arvanitic, Latin Catholic, and Jewish minorities of Greece, asking for the international recognition of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Born Christian Orthodox, he adhered to Islam when 36, devoted to ideas of Muhyieldin Ibn al Arabi. Greek citizen of Turkish origin, Prof. Megalommatis studied and/or worked in Turkey, Greece, France, England, Belgium, Germany, Syria, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Egypt and Russia, and carried out research trips throughout the Middle East, Northeastern Africa and Central Asia. His career extended from Research & Education, Journalism, Publications, Photography, and Translation to Website Development, Human Rights Advocacy, Marketing, Sales & Brokerage. He traveled in more than 80 countries in 5 continents. He defends the Right of Aramaeans, Oromos, Berbers, and Beja to National Independence, demands international recognition for Somaliland, and denounces Islamic Terrorism.
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Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis December 5, 2006 The Secret Reasons of the Darfur Genocide: fake Arabic imposed on Non-Arabs
Only through an exhaustive, in-depth approach to the reasons that have caused the ongoing Darfur Genocide, and following a thorough understanding of the criminal work of the French, namely the fabrication of a false language, an inexistent culture, and a bogus-nation, can people realize the tragedy befallen on the various peoples of Sudan – that are all non-Arabs.
By Prof. Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
All people in Khartoum know already that they live the end of a long tyrannical experience; they have not identified the forthcoming solution, but they have the real feeling that the nightmare named `Sudan' has already its expiry date. It was about time!
No one knows the details of the final, ultimate division of Sudan; even the number of the emanating countries is not precisely told. Will there finally be a Free Nubia? Will the Red Sea coast's Beja / Blemmyes ultimately get the freedom they have fought so many centuries for? What will the various borders among the possibly 6 or 7 countries in the east of Chad look like?
The only issue they have no doubt about is Peace; Peace will be achieved only when all these various peoples and ethnic – religious groups will get their independence and enjoy their self-determination and freedom, following the cancellation of the murderous and inhuman frame of `Sudan', a name that means just Death.
Most of the people who currently live in the `Tusk' (as Khartoum's name means in Arabic) originate from the provinces, lands tyrannized and terrorized by the abominable Janjaweed squads of the African Hitler, the bloody `president' Al Bashir of Sudan. Their strong hope is that they will soon be allowed to move back to their motherlands where the only way to establish peace is just to remove the murderous Khartoum Pan-Arabist militias, the ominous Janjaweed. This is the current state of the racist thugs, who are supported by the most disreputable organization of all times: the Arab League. For their inhuman Arab-Nazi ideal, only Arabic must be left as existing language for all the country's populations that are entirely non-Arab! In the name of a fake language, they would exterminate more than Ossama bin Laden has dreamt to!
Sudan 2006: a dysfunctional ad antihuman anachronism
How could one describe Bashir's Arabo-Nazi Sudan in brief? Old structures that survived due to the indifference of many simply cannot be sustained anymore. Old-fashioned tribal government, unable to cope with the world developments, that will be replaced by the natural forces of change and improvement.
Links that existed have disappeared, interconnections that were in place have been doomed, and other forces seem ready to appear in the forefront of the political life. Before the old ultimately `dies', a last effort for survival is usually expressed. This is mostly an ill-fated attempt to reassert the supposed `old values', a kind of late moment Habsburg royalists or pan-Ottoman intellectuals at the Twilight of the Caliphate.
In our brutal times, in Sudan it takes the hideous and criminal form of the hyena-like Pan-Arabist militias. Can an effective and complete dismemberment bring a long lasting peace, even built on the cenotaph of half a million Darfuris mercilessly butchered at the hands of the Arab League thugs?
Is it by mistake or by coincidence that, both in 2005 and 2006, Parade magazine's David Wallechinsky ranked the Arab League puppet, butcher – president al-Bashir as no 1 in its list of the world's ten worst dictators?
Despite the impressively fast deterioration of the overall situation in Sudan, one may still have reasons to be optimistic. Before we present a plan of rapid force deployment that would give a lethal hit to the most murderous follower of Hitler, we believe we should extensively present Sudan's historical – political background and current realities that are mostly unknown to people allover the world.
1. Sudan's true identity is 100% African – Sudan was never Arabic.
More than Egypt and Carthage, it is Sudan, ancient Kush - the famous and real Ethiopia of the Ancient Greek and Latin sources (that has nothing to do with present day Abyssinia) - that represents Ancient Africa in its most authentic cultural expression. Carthaginians are Phoenicians, Semites, who found their New City (in Phoenician: Qart Hadasht) around the year 800 BCE, at a moment a Sudanese dynasty was ruling Sudan and Upper (southern) Egypt!
Ancient Abyssinians, centered at Axum, are Yemenites, so also Semites, who just crossed the Bal al Mandeb straits of the Red Sea, and their first rise to significant state and civilization does not antedate the beginning of the Christian Era, which means very late for what happened in Sudan.
Only Egypt developed an earlier and therefore longer civilization on African soil, going back to 3000 BCE, but for long – and due to false colonial concepts of History – Egypt was thought as `Egypt', not Africa. Quite strangely, despite some early intermingling with Semitic emigrants from Canaan, Egypt was always a predominantly Khammitic country with population not very different from that of Ancient Sudan, since the Kushites belong to the great Khammitic group of peoples and languages along with present day Berbers (in Algeria) and Oromos (in Abyssinia). This important dimension of the Ancient Egyptian is undermined, passed under silence, or even opposed by the three best political allies and – at the same time – true global curses of the 21st century, namely the French Colonialism, the Arab Nationalism and the Islamic Terrorism.
2. The Great African Civilization: Kushitic and Meroitic Ethiopia in Sudan
Starting with Kerma, in the area of the 3rd Nile cataract (350 km in the south of the present day Sudanese – Egyptian borders), at the very end of the 3rd millennium, civilization expanded further to the south during the next millennia. Yet, the unearthed monuments at Kerma Defufa show an advance in civilization similar to if not higher than that in Proto-Helladic Greece and in Early Hatti Anatolia (Turkey)!
One of the most authentic moments of African History finds Taharqa `Qore' at Napata (today's Karima, 750 km in the south of the present day Sudanese – Egyptian border) and `Pharaoh' at Thebes of Egypt (present day Luqsor, 500 km in the north of the present day Sudanese – Egyptian border), since the Theban priests of Amun supported him at the throne of a divided Egypt in order to face the Libyan princes raised up to the throne of the Delta capital Sais by the Heliopolitan priesthood. Top person of the 25th Kushitic, `Ethiopian' - according to Manetho - dynasty of Egypt, successor to Piankhi, Shabaka, and Shabataka, and predecessor to unfortunate Tanutamon, Taharqa was buried under his pyramid at Napata (today's El Kurru village nearby Karima) prolonging therefore for about 1000 years in Sudan an Egyptian mortuary architecture that had already been terminated in Egypt.
With the Assyrians controlling Egypt (following the three successive Assyrian invasions of Egypt, 671 BCE under Assarhaddon, and 669 and 666 under Assurbanipal) and expelling Tanutamon and the Kushites, the `Ethiopians' (in Greek it means the `black faced people') of Sudan were limited in the natural and traditional limits of Ancient Sudan, from the second Nile cataract (at the area of present day Sudanese – Egyptian borders) to the fifth cataract and the area where affluent Atbara (in Ancient Greek Astabaras) joins the united Nile. But facing twice within 70 years attacks from the North and twofold destruction of Napata (in 595 by Egyptians led by Psammetichus II along with Jewish, Greek, Aramaean, Carian and Phoenician mercenaries, and in 525 by Persians led by Kambudjiya – Cambyses, the Achaemenidian invader of Egypt), they transferred their capital much in the south, 650 km in the south of Karima alongside the Nile, at present day Bagrawiyah. The Ancient Greek name of that place, Meroe, gives the modern favourite term of the world academia for the third great period of pre-Christian Sudanese history: Meroitic (450 BCE – 370 CE), as differentiated from Kushitic (850 – 500 BCE) and from the 3rd – 2nd mill. Kerma.
We have splendid monuments from Sudan, dating back to that period, which corresponds to what we call as Classic and Roman Antiquity in the Western Mediterranean. Practically speaking, at the times of Pericles, Alexander, Ptolemy II and Caesar, Ancient Sudanese, Ethiopians as they were called within the Ancient Greek and Latin texts, kept building pyramids. Except a forest of pyramids we find at Bagrawiyah (Meroe), great temples and impressive palaces, sumptuous baths, breadth taking water reservoirs, and massive fortresses have been unearthed in Meroe, Mussawarat as Sufrah, Naqah, Wad ben Naqah, and Basa, thanks to the pioneering work of Shinnie, Torok and many other scholars.
An impressive and powerful country at the southern border of Egypt was of greater interest for all ancient times historians, travelers, researchers, and authors. Herodotus, Eratosthenes, Strabo were concerned by Meroitic `Ethiopia', and of course Heliodorus' `Aithiopica' is a supreme source of related information mixed however with mythological interpretations and imaginative narratives. Who was not fascinated with the famous `Table of the Sun' said to be the epicenter of Solar Cult at Meroe, the capital of Ethiopia?
Having relative easiness in reading the texts of the earlier, Kushitic phase, since at those days Egyptian Hieroglyphic was extensively employed as religious, official and administrative language at Napata, we are still in need of an answer to both, the Meroitic Hieroglyphic (established out of use of Egyptian Hieroglyphic alphabet's signs) and the Meroitic Cursive (derived from the previous), writings that were introduced in the Meroitic period but have not yet been deciphered. This is the reason we still rely very much on Egyptian Hieroglyphic and Demotic, Coptic, Ancient Greek and Latin sources, as far as Meroitic Ethiopia is concerned. We have a plethora of historical sources that document the bilateral relations that were mostly very good either between Ptolemaic Egypt and Meroitic Ethiopia, or between the Roman Empire (as successor state form to the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt) and Meroitic Ethiopia.
3. Abundant historical evidence from the three Sudanese Christian states
Following a millennium of commercial and cultural interaction with Egypt and Africa, Sudanese Ethiopia collapsed under the attack of the Axumite Abyssinian Christian king Ezana at 370 CE. After a brief Abyssinian occupation of part of the Meroitic Ethiopian kingdom, which helped Ezana justify the christening of his country through usurpation of the name Ethiopia and through a specific interpretation of a Biblical verse, the entire area of today's Northern Sudan adhered to Christianity. This was not accepted easily however, and depopulated areas and archeological strata suggest that large part of the Ancient Sudanese Meroites left and emigrated (via Blue Nile and Banishangul province of Abyssinia) to the south of present day Abyssinia, where they constituted the ancestors of the modern Kushitic Oromo people, the oppressed majority of that unfortunate country.
Three Christian states have been formed around the middle of the 5th century CE, namely Nobatia in the north with capital at Faras, at the area of present day Sudanese – Egyptian border, Makkuria in the center, between the 3rd and the 6th cataracts of the Nile, having Dongola Agouza as capital at 550 km in the south of Faras, and Alodia in the south, centered around today's Khartoum.
One has to bear in mind that in the Antiquity the jungle was extended further in the north and at the Meroitic times it was almost reaching the area of Khartoum. Present day Butana desert land was mostly green, and delimited by Atbara river, Blue Nile river (both rivers' sources are located at the Tana lake area, and are not far one from another), and the united Nile's part from Khartoum (where the White joins the Blue Nile) to the point Atbara river joins the united Nile, gave good reason to ancient Greek and Latin geographers to call the entire area Nesos / Insula (island) Meroe.
Various alliances characterized the three Christian Sudanese states that lasted more than a millennium! Nobatia was exposed to Coptic Monophysitic influences coming from Egypt; it imposed therefore Coptic as holy, religious and administrative language. As an early opponent to the state of Nobatia, Makkouria had to find a strong supporter and ally in the sense that `the enemy of my enemy becomes my friend'. The Orthodox Greeks living in Egypt and the Patriarch of Constantinople, the top religious authority in the Eastern Roman Empire, were constantly engaged in long disputes and longer fights with the Copts of Egypt. So, Makkouria adopted Greek as holy, religious and administrative language, and the Makkourian priests of Jesus, imitating the Meroitic priests of Amun, wrote down their language in Greek characters, but because of lack of many bilingual documents Makkourian, like Meroitic, has not yet been deciphered. Alodia seemed always in good terms with its great northern neighbor, Makkouria. We have actually very poor documentation about this state, contrarily to the other two, and almost all evidence originates from Soba, its capital, excavated at 15 km distance from Khartoum.
In the very beginning Nobatia was the stronger state, especially because after the middle of the 7th century and the Islamic occupation of Egypt, the south of Egypt escaped totally from the Caliphate's authority and was therefore annexed by and ruled from Faras. The good times lasted about 200 years, since the mounting pressure from the Toulounid state of Egypt could not be faced by Nobatia that first lost its territories in Egypt, and second compromised with Makkouria, and even merged with its Christian southern rival. Makkouria controlled for several centuries the south of Egypt and the north of Sudan from the area of Aswan to Khartoum. After its collapse in the 13th – 14th c., Alodia was expanded over the southern provinces of Makkouria, and finally in the 16th century succumbed to the African Muslim state of Funj.
4. The non-Arabic character of Sudan's Islamization
Through all the aforementioned it becomes clear that Islam was diffused in Sudan first through Egypt in the North, and second through Saharan Africa in the central area of Sudan. As far as the Red Sea coast is concerned, it had actually been detached and become part of the Caliphate, but the traditional Yemenite navigation was attested in this case, as well as in the areas of the present day Eritrea and Somalia. It is out of the question to think of an `Arabic' occupation, since the Arabs were not skillful in navigation, and had no tradition in seafaring. And of course, last but not least, Yemenites may be Semitic but they are very different from Arabs.
It is also clear that Islam through Egypt and the southern Mediterranean coast expanded in Sahara, at a moment the Christian states of Sudan were still there. Great monuments of Christian Sudan, like the monastery Al Ghazali, nearby Nuri on the Nile bank opposite to Karima, consist in great gems of the Cultural Heritage of the entire Mankind, not only of the Sudanese and not only of the Christians.
Islam controlled the area of northern and central Sudan, as far in the south as the 18th century Ottoman advance, but this is a matter of 400 years, and in very limited area in the north of 600 to 700 years. But certainly the Nobatian, Makkourian and Alodian kingdoms disappeared totally and all the descendants of their population got islamized or emigrated to Egypt and other countries.
5. Nubians throughout Sudan and Egypt
Focusing on the Kushitic – Meroitic majority that formed the backbone of the Culture and the Civilization in the area Ancient Greeks and Romans called `Ethiopia', i.e. present day Sudan, we must always bear in mind that this people has been one – not the only – factor of development and progress in the area. It would be definitely erroneous to take the central role they played in Politics, Religion, Culture, Scripture, Architecture and Art as an exclusive one, as far as Ancient Sudan is concerned. But, of course, admittedly they were the great builders of the outright majority of the monuments we have found and/or unearthed until now in the south of Egypt and in the north of the juncture between the Blue and the White Niles.
Credit to these monuments, as well as to several monuments in Egypt itself, has to be given also to another, equally old, people, who almost never excelled in Politics and in Administration, but were omnipresent and ubiquitous at the banks of the Nile over so many millennia.
We refer to the famous `golden' ones, as their name suggests; was it - by the way - theirs? As long as Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic documentation goes back, so do early references we have to this people, who was named after the Ancient Egyptian word for `gold', Nub. The most common interpretation has it that the Nubians were living at the edge of the desert, and in areas where gold mines, like those of Wadi Allaki, attracted the interest of the early pharaonic administration. Since they were living in that area, the Egyptians called them in this way. We have plenty of references of all sorts, textual, epigraphic, pictorial and sculptural to this people, and within Egyptian hieroglyphic texts several ancient Nubian words have been preserved, mostly personal names. But we will certainly never come to know whether they used that name to denominate themselves.
Nubians were living among ancient Egyptians, but they were ostensible mostly in Upper Egypt. They were also at home in the area of Kush, `Ethiopia', i.e. present day Sudan. Modern scholars, having collected Nubian linguistic material even among the not yet deciphered Meroitic scriptures, are classifying ancient Nubian as Nilo-Saharan language, which means totally different from either the Semitic or the Khammitic languages, unrelated to both, the Ancient Egyptian and the Kushitic – Meroitic. The prevailing opinion is to consider the link between the Ancient Nubians and the modern Nubians as strong. Modern Nubians live from Luqsor in Egypt to Atbara in Sudan, and this means that their land is no less than 1750 km long! In Egypt Nubians speak Kinzi and Fudjeki (also called Fidjikawi), whereas in Sudan one of the major dialects is Halfawi, which is spoken around Wadi Halfa, and after the erection of the Aswan High Dam, also in the area of Halfa Guedida, not far from Kessala and the Eritrean border, since large part of the Halfawi population did not like to reside in the re-located in the desert Wadi Halfa that is only a shadow of the original African beauty of the old times Wadi Halfa at the banks of the Nile! Going further to the south, one crosses respectively the areas of Soukkot and Mahas (both between Wadi Halfa and Dongola, and delimitated from each other between Sadinga and Sulb/Soleb), and then the realm of Danglawi.
6. Pan-Arabic Anti-Nubian Racism is worse than Hitler's Anti-Semitism.
Nobatia, the northern Christian kingdom of Sudan, consists in the only real Nubian state in the World History, and at the same time it is the only time that a state bore the ethnic and national name of the Nubians. Nubians are terribly oppressed in present day Egypt and Sudan, because of the imposed Arabic nationalism that undermines the historical importance of the Nubian as language, and consists in a massively expressed racism against Nubian. Practices have been numerous and sophisticated to instigate among Nubians a feeling of linguistic inferiority – in comparison with Arabic –, and as such these efforts are more perilous and more anti-human than the current Pan-Arabic anti-Semitism, or the 20th century `classical' Nazi anti-Semitism, in the sense that the perverted work takes the form of Nubian self-intoxication and self-indoctrination with anti-Nubian ideologies towards which the self-intoxicated Nubians cannot express any criticism. This method that employs Islam for hideous and anti-human plans is a most sulphurous and vicious tactics in the sense of victimizing an entire nation and engulfing millions of people into cultural, linguistic and national self-extermination. Compared to this, the worst ethnic cleansing in this regard is just an innocent act!
If one compares the percentage of the ethnic minority (around 7%) and the percentage of Nubian graduates of universities (inferior to 0.1%) in Egypt, one is appalled and feels indignation to an unprecedented extent because of this unique case of criminal act of national extinction. The situation in Sudan is certainly not better!
As a consequence to this barbaric situation, Nubians, although they still have a great feeling of pride for their remarkable time trajectory throughout the last 40 – 45 centuries of Human History, are criminally deprived from the correct Nubian national education that would reveal to them the greatness of the Ancient Nubian religion, culture and civilization, the keys to their self-knowledge, and to the monuments that are particular to them, like the temple of the Nubian god Maluli (in Ancient Greek Mandulis) at Kalabsha (Ancient Greek Talmis), etc.
7. Beja – Blemmyes, and many other peoples and tribes.
One should bear in mind that the Eastern and the Western deserts in both, Egypt and the Sudan, were not empty areas, but they consisted in cradle of particular cultures and peoples whose achievements we have every reason to admire. Desert tribes and peoples have been constantly interacting with Egyptians, Kushites and Nubians in the valley of the Nile. What is amazing with peoples like the Beja, who are known through Egyptian Hieroglyphic, Ancient Greek and Latin sources, is that although for millennia they had continuous contacts with the valley of the Nile, and were involved in all sorts of activities there, from trade to cult and from occasional work to committed worship, they did not take the decision to settle in the Nile valley but created an eternal coming and going of exchanges, contacts and - at unfortunate times - wars. They were probably sharing more things with the Nubians, and at the times of Late Antiquity they proved to be the strongest supporters of Isis, Horus, Hathor, and the other paragons of Late Egyptian Religion and Cult. We find them intervening to drive pigs out of the holy place, the temple of Maluli at Talmis / Kalabsha, and we know very well that they arrived up to the point of obtaining the concession of the priests of Isis at Philae (Pa Irek, the Island of the End, in Ancient Egyptian, 5 km in the south of Aswan in the area of the first cataract that actually has been transformed into a lake between the two dams, al Khazzan built 1902 and High Dam built 1964, of Aswan) to take the holy statue of the goddess in the desert, in their places, once per year, when a holy occasion was occurring to them, in order to worship her there and then have her return to her `home' at Philae!
In ancient times, the Blemmyes seem to have moved from an earlier location in the Western Desert (certainly always at the area of southern Egypt around Aswan and further in the south in Sudan until the third cataract area) to the Eastern Desert, and currently we find them in the Eastern Desert and closer to the Red Sea coast than to the Nile valley in both Egypt and the Sudan. Their name, rather pronounced Biga in the modern Egyptian Arabic language, is permanently close to the island of Philae, since it became the modern name of an island next to the Isis temple island, namely the so-called Abaton in Ancient Greek, i.e. the island where nobody is allowed to set foot, the place of which the Ancient Egyptians had mythologized as the burial place of the dead body of Osiris, husband and brother to Isis. Certainly, the bulk of the present day Bega people is to be found in Sudan, not in Egypt.
8. The collapse of real Islam, the diffusion of religious fanaticism and barbarism in the Middle East, and the colonial interference and involvement
Equally deprived from their rights to a linguistically, culturally, educationally, socially, financially and nationally respectable life, the Beja have been another victim of the imposition of the false ideology of Pan-Arabism.
In this regard, it is essential to recall that there is no prescription in Islam according to which every new adherent to that religion should `forget', `abandon' or `delete' his mother tongue, if it happens to be other than Arabic. There is no prescription that the Coran should not be translated in other languages, or that education must be offered in Arabic. Then, where this problematic situation has been based on?
As is known, the Islamic world perceived the Crusades in a very negative way. Although Islam was victorious at the end, the shock led many people accept irrelevant approaches and ill-conceived ideas of a few low-level philosophers, who under other circumstances would have been rejected by the cultured and educated people of Baghdad, Kufa, Shiraz, Konya, Tabriz, Sivas, Balkh, Granada, Kairwan, and Cairo. One among them was Ibn Taimiya, who irrevocably opted for a low-level and, properly speaking, anti-Islamic introspection and for persistence on traditional thought and on rigidly perceived behavioural system. Literary interpretation of the Coran and the Hadith, rejection of the inquisitive spirit of the exploration, self-limitation to an erroneously estimated orthopraxy (as a guarantee to the long desired orthodoxy) and blind opposition to any innovative thinking characterized this system that found many followers among poorly educated religious leaders (sheikhs), who saw in it an easy way to maintain spiritual and (through spiritual) social – economic – political power.
Speaking very briefly and schematically, the system got gradually momentum because the political establishments of the Islamic World, and mostly the Ottoman Empire and Iran, were involved in wars that were justifying the aforementioned philosophical system that was later incorporated into many theological subsystems and theoretical subdivisions. The political power was dedicated to ferocious wars with many rising Western, Christian, countries, and the educated elite was focused on its intellectual endeavours, having always greater difficulties in recruiting disciples to serve the Knowledge and the Search within Islam.
At the end of a span of 300 years (schematically 1300 – 1600), the situation started becoming extremely preoccupying, and analphabetic masses, besotted and conducted by – literarily speaking – Satanic sheikhs, were demanding from the Sultan the execution of brilliant worldwide top scientists (whose works were translated in the West, like those of Ulugh Beg) because they `were practicing Black Magic'!
Just 350 years ago the Christian World could not face the Islamic World in terms of either science and knowledge or political power and financial wealth. But the Ottoman Empire, Safevid Iran and the Mughal Empire of India were hit in a way that would soon become visible to their external enemies. All the sperm of ignorance, barbarism and idiocy was there, and it was already impossible to uproot it.
Two major events, political and intellectual, worsened the case. The diffusion of Wahhabism, a supposedly orthodox but purely Satanist ideology, if viewed and evaluated through the eyes of earlier great Islamic philosophers, brought about a speedier way to collapse. It was not accepted by the ruling elite, quite contrarily it was combated, but its diffusion among the masses was spectacular in the late 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries.
The rise of the Colonial Powers put an early end to the Muslim Empire of India, and placed the Sultan and the Shah among five formidable enemies. They both had to face:
a. the Colonial countries' pressure (first felt by the Ottoman Empire in the cases of Egypt, Greece, Algeria, and first perceived by Safevid Iran in the Indian Ocean, India and Oman)
b. the supported by the Colonial powers rise of Russia in the North, namely the northern Black Sea coast, the Caucasus area and the entire Central Asia.
c. each other, in cases of many smartly and diplomatically instigated disputes that led repeatedly the two Islamic Superpowers to fratricide wars.
d. the selected among minorities (Armenians, Copts, Aramaeans of Syria, Lebanese Christians, Greeks, Arabic speaking people in Palestine, Mesopotamia and Arabia) and besotted in Western universities `elite' under formation, since these people were getting erroneous education along with a great dose of anti-Ottoman or anti-Iranian poison (before being always abandoned and betrayed by treacherous France and distant England), and
e. the always stronger perverted sheikhs and their Wahhabi followers. In this last case, the Colonial involvement took its most malicious character, since the Western scholars who took note of the situation did their best to make it even worse and more difficult for the Sultan, although ideologically they were closer to him than to the obscurantist Wahhabis! The help offered by the Colonial powers to the extremist and barbaric movement was of course not direct of character. It was an indirect attempt of creating situations in which the Wahhabis would gain more ground, and the central Ottoman authority would loose more ground. At the end, in 1916-7, the Palestinians were deserting the ranks of the Ottoman army, permitting British to reach (coming from Egypt) Jerusalem, and prepare the final, ultimate death of Palestine.
The entire situation reached a culminating point with the diffusion of Arabic nationalism, a bogus ideological fabrication that engulfed Arabic speaking Muslims to absolute confusion and paranoia. This situation brings us to the first half of the 20th century, from where all the problematic issues that characterize present day Middle East emanate. (to be continued)
Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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quote:In our brutal times, in Sudan it takes the hideous and criminal form of the hyena-like Pan-Arabist militias. Can an effective and complete dismemberment bring a long lasting peace, even built on the cenotaph of half a million Darfuris mercilessly butchered at the hands of the Arab League thugs?
Waiting for the blinkered response of the misguided African defenders of Arabism.
Posts: 15202 | Registered: Jun 2004
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the Colonial involvement took its most malicious character, since the Western scholars who took note of the situation did their best to make it even worse and more difficult for the Sultan, although ideologically they were closer to him than to the obscurantist Wahhabis! The help offered by the Colonial powers to the extremist and barbaric movement was of course not direct of character. It was an indirect attempt of creating situations in which the Wahhabis would gain more ground, and the central Ottoman authority would loose more ground.
It is sad that African Muslims no longer know their own history or read their own scholars.
Uthman dan Fodio, over a hundred years ago wrote about the dangers of Wahhabism and yet today we find African Muslims around the world following the Saudis to their own destruction.Dan Fodio, led his Jihad in Nigeria, without any influence from the Wahhabis
These Muslims follow the Saudis blindly because they believe they are the "defenders of Islam', when in reality they are spreading a brand of Islam that has never been sanctioned by thinking Muslims outside of Saudi Arabia, until the West gave these Arabs the money to spread their brand of Islam--through Oil Money since the 1980's.
It is interesting to note that it was the Western powers who supported the Wahhabis. And now they are giving the Wahhabis the money to fund the militants fighting the U.S., in Iraq.
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-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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So to universalise Rasol's point--maybe all Africa origined persons,i.e. the whole E cohorts pluse germane others should just refer to themselves as "African". But I wonder if blacks born in Europe, the Caribbean, and North and South America will ever accept that.
And how is one supposed to respond to someone of obvious African phenotype who insists "I am French, Arab, Portugese, American, British, Canadian,---I am not an African"?
Posts: 5492 | Registered: Nov 2004
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The North American social view is an aberration when comparing ethnicity and citizenship! In my own family there were people who left the Caribbean in the 1950's and had families in Europe and Canada. They are citizens by birth of UK and Canada (mainly) and that does not diminish their obvious phenotype/ethnicity. People of Martinique, Guadeloupe St Martin, St Barts, though they are considered departments of France are considered French (rightly or wrongly) but with problems in France lately, things are changing. But France does (did?) have a more higher integration process of immigration when compared to Germany (with the Turks) or even UK since Pakistanis were the repeated objects of Pak bashing until they developed a sense of self in the falsehood of Anglo-Saxon whitewashing!
Posts: 1290 | From: usa | Registered: May 2005
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Here we have an Ethiopian professer who don't seem to like the writings of Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
quote:This is a response to an article written by the so-called Dr. Muhammed Shamsaddin Megalommatis entitled: “Avert an East African Islamic Terror volcano - break down fake Ethiopia."* My objective is to illuminate on the heaps of stereotypes disseminated by anti-Ethiopian agents such as Shamsaddin who have disguised themselves as "Egyptologist, Orientalist, Iranologist; Islamologist, ethnologist, etc., etc.…..”
The age-old indelicate remarks especially about Amharic-speaking Ethiopians, the voluminous built-in distortions and misconceptions need refutation and treatment. The self-called Westerners and the most confused and demoralized Arabs who were not able to colonize Ethiopia have engaged themselves to perpetuate racial baia. Westerners used science and theology to propagate anti-Ethiopian conspiraces. After the victory of Adwa in 1896, Ethiopians were declared not to be black Africans but "caucasoid" whites colonists from soutwestern Asia (Arabian Felix). The “Hametic and Semitic” white race myths have been systematically fabricated. Any traces of civilization on the African soil south of the Sahara is claimed to be the brainchild of the “Hamites” super race. So the great wall of Zimbabwe was attributed to be the work of ancient colonists of the Middle East. The “Hamaites and the Semites” were assumed to be immigrants from the Middle East. Wainwright (1949) and Jeffrys (1954) propagated the once commonly held idea that the monumental sites of the Great Zimbawe were produced by Oromo invaders from Ethiopia in the ninth century.
West Europeans of the eighteenth century such as Gobineau devised a hierarchy of races in accordance with the theory of social Darwinism. Thereby, whites especially the Anglo-Saxon (Teutons) race was placed in the phyla of “Caucasoid” at the apex, Orientals and Semites in between and the so-called Negroid race at the bottom of the ladder. Besides that the mythology of Indo-Germanic and an Aryan Herrenvolkism was fabricated by “Orientalists” in order to exploit and subjugate the Indian sub-continent. The Bible was used to justify enslavement of black Africans. According to the Jewish Bible and tradition the curse of Noah was the main cause for blackness of Africans.
The non-African paradigm that the Sabean “Semetic colonists” from the Arabian peninsula are the creaters of the Ethiopian civilization, its culture and language is the most pervasive Eurocentric manipulation. This was and is a delibrate distortion of the history of Ethiopia. The exclusion of ancient Ethiopia and Egypt from the rest of Africa had the sole purpose of serving West European expansion and colonization in Africa.
The languages of Africa in general and that of Ethiopia in particulare have been classified based on geography and racial basis. The Semetic and Hametic (Cushitic) dichotomy is an oxidental divisive hypothesis. It is time to rectify these and other misconceptions. For example, the Amharic language cognates more than 70 % to the Agau language of central Ethioipa and yet Amharic is classified by American and European “scholars” as “Semetic” and the Agau language as “ Hametic or Cushitic”. Above all the Ethiopian classical Geez language is of the house of Ham. Geez is not a Semetic language. It did not origin from south Arabia but in the heart of Africa in the Nile Valley. Geez is more ancient and more gramatically superior than Aramaic, Arabic and Greek. There has been a considerable difference of opinion among geniune linguists as to the criteria to be applied when identifing an Ethiopic (Geez) language as a semetic. The late Soviet scholars A.B Dolgopolsky and Igor Diakonoft did not classify Ethiopic as a “south Semetic”.
The original inhabitants of Arabia were Africans and they spoke a Cushitic language. This has been corroborated by the studies of Cheik Anta Diop (1979); Obenga; Hailu Habtu (1987); Tershale Tibebu, Asres Yenesew (1943), Schneider (1976), Ayele Bekri ( 1997), etc.
The different ethnic groups and languages of Ethiopia have become a guinea-pig for western “scholars” who are currently devising “new studies” of divisive ideas. In the name of self-determination of ethnic groups, the ancient black nation has to be partitioned into Bantustans. New vassal states loyal to westerners must be called into existence.The Amhara people of Ethiopia have been seen as an obstacle to the envisaged schem of things in Ethiopia. So their history, language, culture has to be distorted. Their number has been deliberately reduced. Whether anti-Ethiopian forces like it or not, the Amhara make more than 45% of the Ethiopian pouplation. Statistics made by the CIA does not change the objective reality. Many wolves in sheep’s clothing have tried in the name of Islam, Christanity, Western civilization; Self-determination etc. to eradicate Ethiopia from the map of the world. That, whatsoever, did not work and it will never be materialized.
Therefore, psycopathic persons like Shamsaddin had better get medical care by their pay masters rather than meddling in the affairs of Ethiopians. Following the footsteps of the late Lebanese Druz, Amir Shakib Arslan (1869-1946), who was the paid agents of Italian fascists, Shamsaddin is currently perpetuating the age-old anti-Ethiopian discourse. Based in Geneva, Arslan used to campaign against Ethiopia. During that time fascists portrayed Ethiopia as a barbarous black Christian kingdom that had oppressed Islam and Muslims throught its history. By destroying Ethiopia, Islam and Arab prestige would have been restored. Duce Mussolini called upon the Arabs and Muslims to support his “civilizing mission” in Ethiopia. Furthermore, Islam and Arabism was used by fascists to counteract the British and French occupation of the Middle East. Fascists wanted to control the source of the Nile and aspired also to resurrect the Roman Empire in Africa and Asia.
What an absurd appeal! Shamsaddin appealed to America to help the Oromo to secede, form an independet country, kick the Amharas out of Addis Abbaba. His abhorent remarks remind me of the Nazi baron Roman Prochazka, who wrote Abessienein: the black danger on the eve of fascist aggression in 1935. Prochazka proposed also to divide the only independent black nation in Africa into many Bantustan regimes loyal to west European white supremacists.
Before lamenting for the Oromos, Shamsaddin had better studied Ethiopian history. The Amharas in Addis Ababa live in the lands of their ancestors. Not only the Amharas but also their Absha kins namly the Gurages, the Agaus, the Argobas, the Hadyas, the Kambatas; the Sidamas, the Gamos, the Tigres, etc., etc were and are the indigenous Absha inhabitants of the Ethiopian plataeu extending from Bali to the coastal regions of ther Red Sea. Addis Ababa was the residence of the great Ethiopian emperors from the 13th to 16th century before the Oromo pastoral nomads began their migration into Ethiopian highland in the wake of the barbaric invasion of Ethiopia by the proxy of Ottoman Turks. Addis Ababa is in the land of the Gurage, Gafat and Amhara of Shoa.
Therefore, Mr. Mohammed Shamsaddin had better asked Americans to divid Sudan into four or more “ independent states”. Help is there urgently needed to kick out Arab Militia (the Djandjawit) from Darfur-Kordofan. They are causing terrible havoc.
Black African different ethnic groups in the former Anglo-Egyptian conglomorate now called the Sudan have been coercively Islamaized and Arabized. The once proud Noba ethnic group, the Dinkas the Nubians; the Bejas in the Red Sea costal regions etc. have all been enslaved by a bunch of Arabized crosbreed cliques. Shamsaddin and his coalesce are anti-Semetic bigots. Martin Bernal’s Black Athena does not preach anti-Semetism. He rather corroborates that Afro-Asiatic languages and the Nile Valley ancient civilization is the foundamental basis of the Greeko-Roman civilization. Bernal refuted scientific racism, an Eurocentric view of world history and the myth of Aryanism.
Egypt is the splendour of the world. The blackman of Kemit is the pioneer of science, medicine, geometry, law; astronomy, architecture, agriculture, philosophy, etc. The independent existence of the ancient Ethiopian black nation since time immemorial in the Nile Valley in the heart of Afrika is a thorn in the flesh of all racists and colonial aspirants. For radical Islamists in the Middle East, in the Horn of Afrika and elsewhere Ethiopia is their historical enemy. Ethiopia is a scapegoat for their miserable condition and above all their inferiority complex as a result of being ruled by non-Arab and Christian European masters.
Many Arabs have been traumatized by the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in the wake of World War I. Their Turkish masters left them in disarray. Thanks to the French and the British colonial rulers, they tried their best to civilize the Arab nomads to govern themselves. The English estabished the Saudi dynasty and the Anglo-Americans are its custodian to this day. Moreover, the new Hashemite king, Hussein, had come to the throne with British help. In the year 1922 he allowed and taxed the trafficking of slaves. King Hussein refused to stop the slave trade or slavery and objected to the British ships patrolling his waters (Suzanne Miers, et al. 1995).
The Origins of the Ethiopian State The Ethiopian state and its civilization is the direct descendants of ancient Kemit. Ethiopians have nothing to do with the Sabeans of South Arabia. Keim or Kemet was the native name of Egypt which means the black land. Egypt is a Greek word for the river Nile which came many centuries later.
Before the Arabian peninsula was inhabited, the land of Ethiopia was inhabited by a higly civilized black people of Africa. According to the hieroglophic text an authentic civilization began as early as 2000 B.C in Ethiopia. The successive Punt, Damat and Axumite civilizations have their root in Africa (Jacqueline Pirenne, Du Bois, Drsuilla Dunjee Houstone, Rodolfo Fatovitch, 1987). Ethiopia is the source the Afro-Asiatic language family. The Arabian peninsula was originally inhabited by black people. Proto-Semetic language speakers have lived in the Ethiopian Rift Valley and plateaues since prehistory. A thousand obelisks with hierogliphic signs are widespread in southern and central Ethiopia. Father Azias has studied these ancient monuments extending from Gurageland to Lake Turkana. Ethiopia is the cradle of mankind and civilization.
However, western historians time and again have distorted the history of the African people in general and the Ethiopians in particular. They even separated the ancient Kemet (ancient Egypt) and Ethiopian civilization from the rest of Africa.
Punt the Land of the Abasha Ancient Egyptians hierogliphic records of more than thirteen centuries bear witness to the existence of the country called Punt and its people called Abesha in North east Africa. Punt was a the holy land (Taneter) and was regarded as an ancestral homeland of the Pharahos. During the reign of Senusert II one of the most interseting records of that age was a group of 37 Aamu of Shu broght a tribute of Kolh. The leader of the delegation leading a tamed ibex, his title and name is before him heq setu Abasha, which means princes of the hill country. Abasha means the father of a present. The inscription of Hammat from the XI Dynasty records the expedition to the holy land of Punt. Punt was one of the countries supposed to be under the jurisdiction of Athor the godess of beauty (nbt Pun). In the inscript of the XII Dynasty reads: uru nu pun, which means the chiefs of Punt greet you the king of Kemet and the son of the nine nations (peoples). Horus had also the nickname nb Pun (Lord of Punt).
The location of Punt and its geographical extent has been precisely been determined (K.A Kitchen,1990). The Gulf of Aden and the Somali coast have been discarded. Any non-African location and fabrication of Punt had been excluded once and forever. The XXVI th Dynasti left a valuable stela which reads:
….. rain fall upon the mountain of Punt - rain was a scarcity in the southern provinces… this month in which its rain was, when it was not the season (for) it, even in the delta towns; your mother (the godess) Neith had brought it for you - a Nile-flood to sustain your forces.
Rain falling in the mountains of Punt and the subsquent Nile inundation into Egypt has shown that Punt was located in the northwest Ethiopian highlands. The ebony obtained from Punt was from the regions of nortwestern Ethiopia. The Abasha people of Punt did not come from Mesoptamia the land between Euphrat and Tigres. They were black, red and brown native Africans. Bas-reliefs in Dayr-al Bahari at Thebes depict the Ethiopians cultivating myrrh and incense in the land of Punt. The people of Punt belonged to the same race as the Kemet in ancient Egypt. There were four types of human races: red, yellow, black and white (H. Brugsch, 1858)
The ancient Egyptian language is related to many Ethiopian languages such as Agau, Amharic, Tigrigna; Kunama; Wolamigna, Keficho, Gonga, Gafat and Geez. They have in common monosyllabic words. The formation of the plural in Amaric is derived from ancient Egyption language ( W.Vyciciil, 1952). Many Egyptian words and grammer cognates with Amharic, Geez, Tigrigna and Agau. For example:
?????? (characters missing. - Ed.) (E.A W Budge, 1978). The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system like Geez has only first order character. Furthermore, the Merotic Ethiopian alphabet has resemblance with the Geez. A six lines seal of queen Hendike Taktidamini from the ancient city of Merowe is to be seen in Berlin Musem.
Are not Arabs Semetic? Islam spread to the Horn of Africa through trade and migration of Arabs from Yemen and Oman. In this regard, the Somalis in particular and other Islamized tribes of the Horn in general trace their ancestory to the Arabs. Inspite of common ancestry many light-skinned Arabs have a sense of superiority over blacks, even if the latter were converted to Islam. Although the Koran preached racial equality and was only practiced in the lifetime of the prophet. Blacks (Zanj) were considered to have no Intelligence or knowledge. This racist view has contributed to the negative image of black Africans in the western world.
Arabized Somalis (Jabartis) and Wa Swahili - a crossbreed of Arabs and Africans, were the main slave raiders and traders. The slaveholders of East Africa came from Oman and Yemen. The Sultan of Oman conquered most of the costal regions in the late eighteenth and early nineteeth centuries. The Cushitic speaking Somalis are not racialy Arabs. The Sultan of Zanzibar sold the Somalis to the Italians in the late nineteenth century. Despite that the confused Somalis are the torch bearer of Pan-Arabism in the Horn of Africa. Somalia and Djibouti are members of the “ Arab League”.
Are not the Arabs in the Sudan and in the Arab Repulic of Egypt Semetic? According to Shamsaddin account, it seems that the Amhara and Tigrians are the only “Semetic “ people who are opressing the the “Cusitic majority”. The truth of the matter is that the Nubians both in Egypt and the Sudan and other non-Arab ethnic groups have been enslaved and completely lost their culture and language. That is why the freedom loving people of Southern Sudan are fighting against the pan-Arabist regime in Khartoum. In fact the Arabs of Egypt, Yemen and Oman were the main slavetraders of North and East Africa. The Nubian Christian state was ransacked by the Arabs in 15th century and Sudan became the supplier of slaves to the Middle East and India.
Shamsaddin falsely compares Al Bashir, the military Junta leader of the Sudan, with the German Nazi Fuehrer, Adolf Hiter. This is an absurd analogy and reflects his neo-Nazi view of the holocaust. It is an insult to many million victims of Nazi barbarism.
If Shamsaddin were a geniune Egyptologist, he would have then suggested for the Arabic name Sudan to be changed into Nubia and Egypt into Kemit The Arabs in Egypt have nothing to do with ancient Egypt. The ruling class is not an Arab tribe but a descendant of Albano-Turke crossbreed. The present Egypt is living at the cost of our great great black ancestors. They have stolen our legacy and allowed the selfcalled westernres to loot the graves of the great Pharoahs of ancient Kemit and Punt.
All Pharaohs were black Abasha from Punt land. We Ethiopians are the only direct descendants and the custodian of ancient Egyptian culture, civilization and religion. The institution of divine monarchy and the various traditions of the Nile Valley civilization suvived intact for many thousand years only in Ethiopia. The minority Copts in Egypt have been exposed for so many centuries to foreign occupation. As a result, they have become a crossbreed with blood of Greeks and Romans. Egypt is the gift of the Abasha people of Ethiopia.
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Apparently this is the article by Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommat that the Ethiopian professer was responding to.
quote:Avert an East African Islamic Terror Volcano – Break down fake ‘Ethiopia’!
When all the world focuses almost exclusively on Iraq, Lebanon, Iran, Syria and Israel, forgetting at the same time the Darfur Drama, critical developments take place in Somalia and Abyssinia, a country falsely called Ethiopia. The next rendezvous of the Islamic Terror is with Abyssinia. A bogus-state plunged in ethnic tyranny, underdevelopment and starvation
Abyssinia, do not call it ‘Ethiopia’ if you please, the reasons are to be found in this article, has all it takes to present the rest of the world one of the nastiest surprises we have ever had: an Islamic Revolution that will pressurize over Sudan, Yemen, Kenya, and Egypt.
The country is an amalgamation of African ethnic groups that underwent various regimes that were all imposed by a dominant and analphabetic ethnic group, the Semitic Amharas. They do not represent more than 20% of the entire population of Abyssinia but tyrannize the Oromos (42%), the Ogadenis (10%), Sidamas and other Southerners (10%), and the multi-split Afars (8%), who are dispersed among three states, namely Abyssinia, Djibouti, and Eritrea. The post-communist era American policy in Abyssinia was not relevant of deep understanding of the Horn of Africa area and of the dangling dangers: they supported a Semitic Tigray (12%) president, pushing them to establish a larger Semitic basis of rule by forming a most unsolicited alliance with the Amharas.
The concept was definitely ill-fated: replacing a ruling dictatorial group represents 20% of the country population with an alliance of totalitarian groups that correspond to less than 1/3 of the entire population does not change much this situation at the helm of the country in question. The equation 32% vs. 20% does not democratize enough a country! Even worse, the attempted alliance that was kept for so many long years in power despite undemocratic elections, dictatorial practices, serious violations of Human Rights, and complete disregard for socioeconomic progress and market liberalization (no Stock Exchange and no foreign bank in Abyssinia) consist in a non representative regrouping of two Semitic ethnic groups (originating from Yemen), leaving the overwhelming Kushitic majority (Oromos, Ogadenis, Sidama and Afars) out of power and out of the cultural frame of Semitic Abyssinia.
Under the guidance of French and English colonialists, the Semitic Amharas found a disreputable cultural – political trickery to demonstrate that Abyssinia is not an ethnic tyranny: they falsely renamed the country ‘Ethiopia’, after a name that relates to the Kushitic (not the Semitic) past of the country. Even worse for the Amhara-Tigray tyrants of Abyssinia, the most glorious pages of the Kushitic past of the Oromos took place in today’s Sudan, which was the land in the south of Egypt that the Ancient Geeks and Romans were calling ‘Ethiopia’. If Sudan was not a Pan-Arabist tyranny but a properly developed nation, Sudan would have already been named ‘Ethiopia;, and the Amhara obscurantist and idiotic ruling class would have no chance to opt for the name of ‘Ethiopia’.
How an Amhara-Tigray tyranny, with all the cultural stamps of Semitic past (the successive Axum, Lalibela, Gondar kingdoms of Abyssinia), can insist on naming the country after a name that relates to identity of the local oppressed Kushitic majority?
How would it have looked, if Hitler renamed in 1939 Germany as ‘Israel’?
The ethnic – linguistic – cultural dimension of the Abyssinia predicament is not the only existing; the religious dimension gains momentum, as recent developments in neighboring Somalia are being interpreted as the only possible way to outmaneuver and ultimately bring down the Amhara - Tigray Christian Monophysitic tyranny.
Abyssinia is divided into three religious groups, Muslims, Christians, and animists; this is utterly schematic and definitely simplist.
First of all, Animists are known for use of idolatrous cults and practices; there are some animists in Abyssinia indeed. But the traditional Oromo religion, or Code of Wisdom and Belief, Waaqeffanna to name it in the Oromo language, is known for no use of icons, idols, statues and divine representations of any kind! It is an authentic African system of transcendental faith that would be described within political context as ‘the antipodes of fanaticism, egotism and extremism’.
Second, Christians in Abyssinia belong to various denominations. You have Monophysitic Amhara fanatic and obscurantist monks who remind us the Librarian of the monastery in the famous novel ‘The Name of the Rose’ by Umberto Eco; they are renowned for murdering Christian monks and priests who had great trouble traveling in Abyssinia in the 18th and the 19th centuries! And you have Oromos who accepted Catholicism and Protestantism due to the missionaries who preached there over the past 200 years.
Third, and this is more important, you have Muslims and Christians, among almost all the ethnic groups in Abyssinia; there are many Amhara and Tigray Muslims who of course represent the lowest social class of these ethnic groups, being also oppressed because of their religion.
Finally, Abyssinia is not made out of 6 ethnic – linguistic groups but consists of about 15 to 20 combined ethnic – linguistic – religious groups: a real multi-division that can become explosive when the ruling class is not representative and democratic.
This lets us understand the current Abyssinia Volcano; the political power is shared among the Christian Amharas and Tigrays, so it reflects less than 20% of the entire population of the country, with the Muslims amounting to about half the combined Amhara – Tigray Semitic population (32% of the entire population of Abyssinia).
The Real Lava of the Abyssinia Volcano
Afars and Ogadenis are predominantly Muslim; and as such they are the most exposed to contacts and exchange of ideas with the Somali Islamists who are guided by Al Qaeda. There have always been channels of communication among the Ogadeni and the Afar Muslims and the other Abyssinian Muslims, the Amhara Muslims, the Tigray Muslims, the Oromo Muslims, etc. As the Abyssinian Muslims in their entirety have been oppressed continuously by the Christian Amhara group, the radicalization spread from Somalia would demonstrate to them that the only way for the Muslim majority of the country to get rid of the oppression of that group is the alliance with the Somali Islamists and Al Qaeda. This choice would put an end to the concern for national independence and emancipation, and will drive the entire country to the brink of abyss. Signs of Islamic radicalization have been noticed over the past year throughout Abyssinia.
If America does not help the Oromo majority to secede, form an independent country, kick the Amharas out of Addis Abeba, which is a fake name for the Oromo city of Finfinne, soon the world will be taken by surprise by the new Islamic Volcano explosion, this time much worse than the supposedly marginal Somalia. When the Islamic extremism will make a basis in Abyssinia, no containment policy will be able to be successful throughout Africa. It will be the End.
The present article does not only reveal a potential danger; it also analyzes and the historical past of the Kushitic and the Semitic groups of Ethiopia / Abyssinia, and consists in a Plead for the establishment of at least two countries in the area of present day Abyssinia:
It is only natural that the sovereign people of Oromo tries to outline its own past, its own links with the Khammitic peoples of the African Antiquity in an effort of National History that is certainly and by definition different than that of the Semitic, Yemenite, Abyssinian Axum, the original state from which originate the Amhara and the Tigray ethnic groups of Abyssinia. We specify here that the term Kushitic represents a subdivision of the Khammitic peoples, as the Slavic group is a subdivision of the Indo-European peoples.
In addition, it is only ‘recently’ that the Oromo country was included within the borders of the modern Abyssinian state within which the Oromos consist in the main, central ethnic, national, racial, linguistic, cultural and societal group.
If the Khammitic past and present of Oromos is different than that of the Axumite Abyssinians, if the Khammitic cultural identity of the Oromos is different than that of the purely Semitic Amhara, if the Oromos of today’s Abyssinia want to form an independent country, this must be taken immediately into consideration.
1. History as a Discipline of the Humanities
History as modern discipline of the Humanities is based on a) facts and evidence and on b) interpretations of facts and evidence. But more than all the rest, History is a matter of Conception, Perception, Theoretical Approach, and – quite unfortunately but very unavoidably – Conceptual Manipulation of data. When one reaches this level, one asks oneself how far one can go in ‘re-establishing’ and ‘representing’ (to ourselves in our present time) the past. One wonders up to what extent one should go far from events or even distort reality! The reason of these questions is that others did it first, did it earlier, did it extensively, and did it in a very disastrous way.
If the French and British colonial Historians distorted to so terrible extent History and they did it in order to promote misunderstanding, hatred, wrong perceptions, wars and permanent underdevelopment, what matters if you misconceive or misinterpret a detail in your effort to set up a Historical system that will serve as basis for Democracy, Human Rights, Progress, Development and Fraternity of Peoples? This is the question. And the real answer depends on what philosophical school the Historian belongs to. Philosophy of History is a vast field whatsoever, already developed by several great peoples of the Ancient Orient.
2. Ancient Egypt is already a totally African – Khammitic – Civilization
To be more precise and start approaching the subject itself, I should ask the following academic question. What does it matter if you make a ‘mistake’ when considering and concluding that the modern Oromos are the descendants of Ancient Egyptians, if this theory helps Oromos and other Khammitic peoples of Eastern Africa establish a fully accredited democratic and free system, within which Human Rights, Equity, Fraternity, and Respect for the ‘Other’ will prevail, and from which progress and development will emanate?
I mean if an alternative historian makes a mistake, the criminal colonial scholars, historians and diplomats have already made so many mistakes on purpose, they diffused them, and even they applied the negative consequences of so many – worse – mistakes that we cannot compare either in terms of error analysis (just a wrong evaluation of data is ‘innocent’ if compared to the perverted willingness and intention to diffuse something that you already know it is wrong) or judging upon results (democratic societies instead of colonial Third World type tyrannies of all sorts).
As a starting point, we should examine the relation between Egypt and Meroe – Oromo within the Khammitic – Cushitic context. Many Oromo ask the question: "Are we direct descendants of the Biblical Cush to which Egypt was connected too"? These are forms of colonially imposed falsehood that have penetrated their mind? Your question is typical of colonial impact!
Colonial Historians and schools of History try to make of Ancient Egypt a rather ‘mythical’ subject, based on Ancient Greek and Roman mythologies of Ancient Egypt, misconceptions and misunderstandings that the Colonial Historians need for their ideological forgery. They want to make of Ancient Egypt a kind of ‘detached’ subject, related to European history only in terms of Exodus, of ancient Greek and Roman ‘visits’, of Jesus’ crossings, and of Alexander’s coronation.
Ancient Egypt is not the falsified and forged ‘Ancient Egypt’ of the misleading Colonial Historians and Orientalists.
And more than that, Ancient Egypt is Africa, fully, totally, completely, overwhelmingly, unadulterated Africa.
We certainly say that Egypt as civilization starting with Narmer, the first pharaoh of the first dynasty, and the introduction of the Hieroglyphic writing around 2950 BCE (the famous ‘palette’ of Narmer bears his name as first testimony of Ancient Egyptian scripture, and can be visited at the Cairo Egyptian Musem), is a Khammito-Semitic product, because of the Semitic emigration – through Canaan to the Nile valley decades before the reign of Narmer – that resulted in a certain intermingling we have been able to attest at the linguistic level in the form of vocabulary, and at the archeological level in several pottery techniques and patterns. And this is true! But, one must never forget that within this Khammito-Semitic mixture, the Khammitic part is absolutely preponderant and overwhelming.
Of course, it would be wrong to delete entirely the Semitic presence and role in Ancient Egypt, but it would be equally wrong to think that Semites and Khammites contributed to the formation of Ancient Egyptian civilization to the same extent!
Egypt is Khammitic with some Semitic touch; this would be the correct evaluation of the situation.
3. Egyptians are not Semitic
When it comes to Culture, Thinking, Mentality, Behaviour, Weltanschauung, (mainly Khammitic) Egypt differs from the Semitic Akkad, Assyria and Babylon totally. In the same way Egypt has been the top Khammitic contribution to the World Civilization, Akkad – Assyria –Babylon has been the unmatched, archetypal and paradigmatic model of Semitic legacy in the History of the Mankind.
Neither Hebrews or Jews, nor Aramaeans or Phoenicians, nor Arabs, did they influence and determine the Human Mind as much as the Akkadian – Assyrian – Babylonian, Mesopotamian Cradle did.
The differences between the Khammitic Nile Civilization and the Semitic Mesopotamia are at times dramatic, astounding and bewildering.
All this is essential as an introduction, since modern pathetic and ludicrous nationalistic beliefs – diffused by the Colonial intellectuals and academia in a way to serve the criminal colonial purposes – mixed with backward Islamist and extremist non-sense influenced the average mind and the poor, low level, local ‘academia’ in Egypt up to the point of diffusing the aberration that Egyptians are a Semitic people.
The forgery about the Semitic nature of the Egyptians served the purpose of Colonial powers to diffuse Pan-Arabism and Arab nationalism in order to alter the real face and the true characteristics of the Egyptians, who are not Semitic. It also served the purpose of the Islamic extremism and its false version of Arabo-centric, Islamo-centric, Hedjazo-centric ‘history’.
De-personifying totally Egypt and the Egyptian Civilization, Colonialism and Islamism are the two aspects of the same coin, that of disaster, poverty, diseases, underdevelopment, analphabetism, barbarism, misery and sickness for today’s dictatorial and tyrannical Egypt.
So, what matters first is the absolute perception of Ancient Egypt as an authentic African phenomenon.
To the aforementioned one should add the Khammitic – Kushitic nature of Ancient Ethiopia, i.e. Sudan, that had first capital at Napata and second capital at Meroe.
4. Ancient Egyptian influences spread throughout Africa
The subject of Egyptian influences spread throughout Africa is nor very pleasant to European, Colonial historians, who try to minimize the radiation of Ancient Egypt, and to falsely increase that of Ancient Greece and Rome. To show that Egypt and Kush / Meroe radiated for millennia down to Mali, Senegal, Cameroon, and Ghana, at a moment we know that the Ancient Greek culture did not expand outside the Mediterranean but for a short period after the invasions of Alexander the Great, would be shocking for the mistaken Greco-Romano-centrism of Sorbonne.
That is why Europeans do not favour a decisively necessary Egyptological –Africanist rapprochement that would help a lot by means of many inter-disciplinary dissertations. They do not push European students to do so, they divert African students attempting – quite naturally – to advance in this field, and they defame any supposedly ‘revolutionary’ approach highlighting Ancient Egyptian influences throughout Africa. In this regard, it is essential laud the difference made by several American universities and scholars, notably Prof. Martin Bernal, famous author of ‘Black Athena’, a vast research and voluminous book that detects the Egyptian origins and character of Ancient Greece, and many others, who are often accused of Afro-centrism!
5. The Nubians – another group
Let’s get to the point! In Ancient Egypt since the Dawn of History, except the Egyptians, lived other local peoples, notably the Nubians. Nubians are not Khammitic – Kushitic at all; they belong to the so-called Nilo-Saharic group that is much smaller than the big families, the Semitic, the Indo-Europeans (Japhethic), the Khammitic, the Turco-Mongolian / Uralo-Altaic, the Dravidians, the Malay, the Bantu, and others.
We have very few words of Ancient Nubian saved as written in Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic texts; it is difficult to establish a language continuity between Ancient Nubian and the modern Nubian dialects, the likes of Kinzi and Fudjeki (in Egypt), as well as of Halfawi, Mahas, Sukkot, and Danglawi (in Sudan). We simply consider the continuity as plausible.
6. The Desert is Satanic for the Ancient Egyptians
An Egyptian expansion in Africa means always ‘expansion’ alongside the Nile. Almost nothing more! Certainly Egyptians controlled the oases of the Western Desert, Siwah, Kharga and the like, but they never reached the Libyan South-western confines where the Garamanteis of the Ancient Greek texts dwelled. Of course, Egyptians crossed the Eastern Desert, either for trade and communication needs (there were harbours in the Egyptian Red Sea coast) or for goldmines exploration and precious stones’ extraction needs. But the desert was for the Ancient Egyptians the realm of Seth, the Satanic force that cut Osiris, lit. ‘the Well Being’, into pieces, and that will be exterminated by Horus, an archetype of Messiah / Mahdi, at the end of Time. Ancient Egyptians spent the night in the desert only in cases of serious reason and ultimate need.
Egyptian expansion in the south meant occupation of Sudan; the bolder Pharaoh in this regard seems to have been Thutmosis I, the father of the illustrious Queen Hatshepsout, who campaigned until Kurgus, where he had a fortress built at a distance of approximately 1500 km from Aswan, which was the southernmost point of Egypt.
Of course, there was always the famous African trade of Egypt, the abundant and exquisite merchandises one could find at the Customs Office that was located at Elephantine (Abu in Ancient Egyptian), a 1 km long island in Aswan! Through many references and texts, we are able to understand that they came throughout Africa, the Red Sea coast, the Horn of Africa area, as well as the faraway confines of Sahara.
7. The Blemmyes – Bedja are still there!
But all this trade was effectuated most through intermediaries, Nubians, Kushites of the Sudan, and several tribes of the desert the most famous of which were the ancestors of the present day Bedja, who are identified with the Blemmyes of the Greek and Latin sources, as well as with the Berehi or the Medjiay of the Ancient Egyptian texts.
8. Ancient Egyptians living in the Desert
Of course, what consists in the regular and average day-to-day life is at times totally interrupted. We know very well that at a period of upheaval, Egyptians rejecting the imposed form of rule and administration used to move to the desert. Opponents to the Ptolemaic rule started staying longer in the desert before returning in order to rebel and impose a revolutionary, democratic form of state at Thebes. Control in Upper Egypt was frequently lost for the pharaohs of Alexandria, and the Romans faced challenges there as well!
This mass movement towards the desert shows that basic characteristics of the Egyptian mind had changed by that late period. In earlier periods, such an attitude would be unthinkable! This mass movement, a genuine social phenomenon of Ptolemaic Egypt, gave later birth to the religious phenomenon of anachoretism, the departure of Christian monks from the valley and the ensuing residence in the desert!
9. Ancient Egyptians moving to Kushitic ‘Ethiopia’ (Sudan)
Is it possible that Egyptian rebels of the Ptolemaic times moved towards the south? Well, the answer is certainly ‘yes’. But south means ‘Ethiopia’, not today’s Abyssinia but today’s Sudan. The Meroitic state of Ethiopia had relatively good relations with both, the Ptolemaic dynasty and the Upper Egyptian rebels. There were two buffer zones, where neither Egyptians, nor Meroitic Ethiopians, but Nubians were in majority, one comprised within the other; Dodekaschoinos (a 12 schoinoi long area) was the northern part of Triakontaschoinos (a 30 schoinoi long area). Financial and security control was at times assumed jointly by Meroe and Egypt (or later Meroe and Rome) either in Dodekaschoinos or in Triakontaschoinos. Did these Egyptians move even further in the south to the area of present day Oromo land? We totally ignore. But it is sure that in these later periods Egyptians were not afraid of the Kushitic / Meroitic ‘Ethiopians’ in the same way they had been earlier, when in the 3rd and the 2nd millennia ‘Kas’ (Kush) meant for the average Egyptians the people who practices continuously black magic.
10. Ancient Ethiopia is today’s Sudan: Kushitic period
Similarly, at the times of the Kushitic period (850 – 525 BCE), the ancient rulers of Napata in Sudan never controlled as much in the south as the area of Khartoum. This is only normal, since the main interest was to move to the north, and control Egypt (as Shabaka, Shabataka, Tahraqa and in the beginning of his reign Tanutamon did), not to invade the militarily and geo-strategically useless jungle of Africa! This is the famous ‘Ethiopian’ dynasty of Manetho.
Dealing with the vast area of Sudan, and attempting to understand its geo-strategic, geopolitical, geographical and environmental challenges throughout History is a puzzle. In several areas of Sudan today the desert reaches the Nile! The famous ‘valley of the Nile’ becomes nil! All the major Kushitic and Meroitic monuments of Sudan lie today in the desert! This characterizes the various Christian monuments of Sudan, Dongola Agouza, al Ghazzali, high places of the historical African Christianity that is more abundantly documented in Sudan than in Abyssinia!
But in the Antiquity, the pyramids of Nuri and Napata, the vast necropolis of Meroe (Bagrawiyah), the magnificent palatial city at Mussawarat as Sufra, the four temples at Naqah, at a distance of 35 – 40 km from the Nile, and Basa, the ‘lost’ marvel of Ancient Ethiopia – that has nothing to do with a state ruled from Addis Abeba – in the middle of the present day wasteland ‘Butana’, were all surrounded by green lands!
11.Ethiopia and the ‘Island Meroe’ have nothing to do with Abyssinia!
Suffice it to state the Ancient Greek term ‘Nesos Meroe’, and the similar term in Latin ‘Insula Meroe’, i.e. ‘Island Meroe’! How can an inland desert place like that be called ‘island’? Well, the ancient authors had their good reasons!
As we all know at the area of Khartoum the Nile is bifurcated into the White Nile and the Blue Nile, with the latter coming down from the Abyssinian mountains in the east – southeast. After they merge, the united Nile is formed and takes the northeast direction until meeting its affluent Atbara (Ancient Greek and Latin ‘Astabaras’). Atbara river flows from the Abyssinian mountains as well, and its sources are not far from the lake Tana that is the source of the Blue Nile. So, the piece of land that lies between the Blue Nile, the united Nile and Atbara is almost an island since the distance between the sources of the Blue Nile and those of Atbara is very small, and perhaps in the Antiquity it was even smaller!
12. When the Kushitic state was destroyed twice in 65 years, Kushites migrated to the South!
What was certainly a tremendous shock for the Kushitic people of Ancient Ethiopia, the citizens of the rulers of Napata and Thebes (the pharaohs of the 25th dynasty of Egypt), was the ‘bad luck’ Egypt brought to their Qore (‘king’ in Ancient Kushitic and Meroitic)! In 671, 669 and 666 BCE, Taharqa and Tanutamon were defeated by the Assyrian emperors Assarhaddon and Assurbanipal, who definitely invaded and annexed Egypt. Kush was limited again in the south of the present day border between Sudan and Egypt.
But, in 590 BCE, Psammetichus II, despite the pressure of the Babylonian Nabukadnezzar (who was present in Judea, ready to invade Jerusalem and to deport the Jews to Southern Mesopotamia), arranged a big expedition – based on Phoenician, Aramaean, Jewish, Greek, Lydian, Carian, Lycian and Libyan mercenaries, attacked and destroyed Napata (2000 km in the south of Sais the capital of Psammetichus II at the area of Delta), probably because he was afraid of rumours that the Kushites were still the favourite option of the Theban priests, who despised the pharaohs of the 26th, ‘Libyan’, dynasty!
Even worse, in 525 BCE Cambyses, the Achaemenidian Shah of Iran, after invading Egypt, pursued his campaign reaching as far as Napata, and destroying again the Kushitic capital! At that moment, Cambyses was at a distance of no less than 4000 km far from his capital! Two attacks within 65 years from the north could not be easily accepted by the Kushites, who certainly counted on the geographical distance as an advantage in their defense! So, they transferred their capital to the south! The went more than 500 km further on alongside the Nile, up to the area of the aforementioned ‘Insula Meroe’, i.e. the present day Butana, in an effort to isolate themselves and to ensure the defense of their country from the only place an attack could be expected: the North!
This testifies – in addition to archaeological evidence from Axum and other places in the Abyssinian plateau – to the fact that in the area of present day Abyssinia there was not a sizeable and strong state that would challenge Meroitic Ethiopia around 500 – 450 BCE, when the transferal took place.
13 Kushitic mass movement and migration within Kushitic ‘Ethiopia’
What we can note at this point is a Kushitic mass movement – of course within their own country, ‘Ethiopia’, that is present day Sudan! Whereas for the period 850 – 500 BCE the bulk of the population seems concentrated between today’s Abu Simbel and Karima (Napata), and becomes progressively scarce beyond Karima, for the next period (450 BCE – 370 CE) the most populated area seems to be present day Butana, around the new capital Meroe (Bagrawiyah), and population becomes scarce between the fourth and the fifth cataracts, being again dense between the second and the third, which is the part of the country that borders Egypt.
14. Meroitic expansion and trade
Until the beginning of the Christian era, we cannot raise the subject of Meroitic – Ethiopian expansion far beyond Khartoum in the south. By that time, Meroitic Ethiopia had its pivotal place in the trade between East and West, i.e. between China - India and Alexandria – Rome. Especially critical was Meroe for the African trade with Egypt (by that time a Roman province), and for long the African elephants had been elevated in Meroe and thence transported to Ptolemais Theron, the Egyptian Ptolemaic and Roman colony at the Sudanese Red Sea coast (today’s Suakin), and shipped to Alexandria.
The trade enhanced the exchange of ideas, beliefs and faiths. The rock relief at Djebel Qeili (southeastwards of Khartoum) testifies to an unbelievable diffusion of Iranian Mithraism that was until that moment completely unknown in the area of Meroitic Ethiopia. At the same time, we attest Indian influences on the Semitic Axum that was about to rise, thanks to the rich trade of Adulis, the Red Sea port of call at the area of Massawa.
The fact that we must wait until a so late period for a significant expansion of Ethiopian Meroe far in the ‘south’ is a sign that the jungle was receding and that meteorological conditions were changing the environment and the Meroitic Ethiopian habitat.
The famous text of the Periplus of the Red Sea makes a hint that there was a trade road between Axum and Meroe or other places further in the west or south of Axum, but it is definitely inconclusive evidence.
15. The Abyssinian invasion of Ethiopia and the destruction of Meroe
Life seems to continue calm until the christianization of Axum, mythologized through the story of Frumentius, and of the Roman Empire. By 350 Christians started having the upper hand in Egypt, but the north was earlier and more densely christianized than the South. Then, an event of major importance occurred, namely the Axumite Abyssinian Semitic invasion and destruction of the Kushitic Ethiopia and Meroe (by king Ezana – 370 CE). It is only then that started the royal Abyssinian propaganda about Axum being supposedly ‘Ethiopia’!
It is necessary to stress the point that the New Testament reference to an Ethiopian prince traveling in Judea reveals the endeavours of a Sudanese highness from Meroe, visiting his neighboring country (Roman Empire), and showing an interest in the newly diffused belief. The guy had nothing to do with Abyssinian Axum…..
When Ezana destroys Meroe, we testify to dramatic changes in the area of Ethiopia indeed. This is actually one of the mysteries that tantalized the specialists until now.
16. Christianization of Egypt and Eastern Africa
In the Egyptian south, Ancient Egyptian cults and forms of religion and culture persist, gradually weakened, until Justinian prohibited (540 CE) the religious activities and services at the last Egyptian shrine, notably the temple of Isis at Philae (5 km in the south of Aswan).
Not only Egyptian cults survived as late as 540 CE, but also Nubian cults had survived until the second half of the 5th century, notably at Talmis (present day Kalabsha) where was the epicenter of the cult of Maluli (in Ancient Greek and Latin Mandulis), the main Nubian god. But what happened after 370 in the south of Triakontaschoinos is very strange. One could surmise that, as in Egypt and in Nubia, so in Ethiopia, i.e. Sudan, a Christian culture stratum would supersede the immediately pre-Christian stratum. But this did not happen!
All the land in the south of the second cataract (at the area of today’s Wadi Halfa) seems to have been deserted. Many sites have been completely abandoned, whereas in the rest the local population seems very scarce. This characterizes the entire valley of the Nile at the area of Sudan from Wadi Halfa to Khartoum! The inhabitants of that vast area seem to have been reduced by 75 to 90%, if we compare the latest Meroitic period (250 to 370) with the so-called Qustul and Ballana culture that follows the destruction of Ethiopia by Ezana, the king of Abyssinia, and precedes the establishment of the independent Christian kingdoms of Sudan, Nobatia and Makkuria!
Of course, it is well known that by that time the bellicose but little kingdom of Axumite Abyssinia extended around Axum and Adulis, the rich port of call at the present day Eritrean Red Sea coast. King Ezana may have annexed parts of Meroitic Abyssinia that were adjacent to his kingdom, possibly part of the Butana desert, the land between the present day Sudanese – Eritrean borders and the united Nile from Shendi to Atbara, but that is all! We have every reason to believe that the invasion of Ezana did not reach as far as Napata (Karima) in the north, and there was not any real need for something like that. Engulfed in decay, Ethiopia collapsed entirely after the destruction of its capital, Meroe.
On the other hand, as early as the end of the 4th century CE Axumite Abyssinia did not control areas in the center, the south, the west and the east of present day Abyssinia. Lake Tana seems to have been beyond the southern border of Ezana.
17. Kushitic mass movement and emigration to the south
How can we interpret these facts? It seems that the end of the 4th century CE in Sudan heralded a major Exodus of Kushitic populations of Ethiopia abandoning Meroe, their destroyed capital and other locations. The Kushitic masses were still practicing typical forms of Meroitic religion and cult evolving around the central figure of the Lion-headed god Apademak, variations of Amun, and several types of Isis – Hathor.
The emigrating Kushitic – Meroitic masses had no reason to move into the already christianized Roman Empire (here I mean Egypt as a Roman province), and could not possible undertake an advance towards the Axumite heartland of Abyssinia that would rather be perceived as an attack, if we take into consideration the fact of Ezana’s earlier expedition and invasion of Ethiopia.
18. 4th CE Kushitic Exodus heading towards the present day Oromo country
Consequently, the only direction the Kushitic mass exodus may have taken is that of areas the Abyssinian king Ezana could not reach, areas that were neither covered by African jungles, nor characterized by desert, areas leading to places of possible shelter. The direction must have been towards the juncture of the two Niles, i.e. present day Khartoum, and further on alongside the Blue Nile towards present day Al Gedaref in Sudan and the Benshangul province in present day Abyssinia.
The dramatic repercussions that this historical exodus’ diagram implies go certainly beyond imagination, since at this very moment this approach consists still in an early interpretational scheme. It is historically plausible, but it takes a lot of effort and studies until it becomes an absolutely established conclusion. A lot of work is in this regard necessary to be carried out towards the completion of the decipherment of the Meroitic Hieroglyphic and Cursive scriptures; furthermore, comparisons and linguistic research must take place with respect to both, Meroitic and Oromo. In addition, History of Religion and Social Anthropology have a great role to play in terms of comparative research.
Ending this very long article, I think that I rather made a diagram of answer than I truly answered this serious question. I want here to close this contribution by stating two things.
A. The Kushitic Exodus I refer to is not the last emigration from the area of historical Ethiopia, i.e. present day Sudan. But it is the most important one. Another significant exodus, although more limited in terms of figures, seems to have taken place a few centuries after the case we studied; but it is another subject.
B. If at the term of many related researches the historical connection between the Kushitic Meroe / ‘Ethiopia’ and the people of Oromo is established, then certainly an independent country, populated by Oromo people, having Oromo as official language, and reassessing the Historical – Cultural Heritage of the Kushitic Meroe / ‘Ethiopia’, would have fully pledged right to the name ‘Ethiopia’. People moving to another place bear always their name, even if they first forgot it.
19. A Kushitic Oromo independent country could be called ‘Ethiopia’
Then, in case of an independent Oromo country, the Kushitic Oromo state should be called Ethiopia, leaving the Semitic name Abyssinia to the Amhara and the Tigray peoples. But this should be reflected in its language, culture, and education.
It is not permissible that a Semitic state, having a Semitic official language, as well as a typically Semitic (Gueze-Christiano-centric) culture and education is called ‘Ethiopia’, usurping in this way monuments that belong to the land of Sudan, and Kushitic culture and heritage of which a line of continuity comes down to the currently oppressed in Abyssinia Oromo people
quote:Africa: by the way what's the name of that scholar.
Which one? The Ethiopian one is called Prof. Ayo Momina, and the Turk-Greek one is called Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis.
Posts: 1420 | Registered: May 2005
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quote:Originally posted by Yonis: Here we have an Ethiopian professer who don't seem to like the writings of Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin Megalommatis
quote:This is a response to an article written by the so-called Dr. Muhammed Shamsaddin Megalommatis entitled: “Avert an East African Islamic Terror volcano - break down fake Ethiopia."* My objective is to illuminate on the heaps of stereotypes disseminated by anti-Ethiopian agents such as Shamsaddin who have disguised themselves as "Egyptologist, Orientalist, Iranologist; Islamologist, ethnologist, etc., etc.…..”
The age-old indelicate remarks especially about Amharic-speaking Ethiopians, the voluminous built-in distortions and misconceptions need refutation and treatment. The self-called Westerners and the most confused and demoralized Arabs who were not able to colonize Ethiopia have engaged themselves to perpetuate racial baia. Westerners used science and theology to propagate anti-Ethiopian conspiraces. After the victory of Adwa in 1896, Ethiopians were declared not to be black Africans but "caucasoid" whites colonists from soutwestern Asia (Arabian Felix). The “Hametic and Semitic” white race myths have been systematically fabricated. Any traces of civilization on the African soil south of the Sahara is claimed to be the brainchild of the “Hamites” super race. So the great wall of Zimbabwe was attributed to be the work of ancient colonists of the Middle East. The “Hamaites and the Semites” were assumed to be immigrants from the Middle East. Wainwright (1949) and Jeffrys (1954) propagated the once commonly held idea that the monumental sites of the Great Zimbawe were produced by Oromo invaders from Ethiopia in the ninth century.
West Europeans of the eighteenth century such as Gobineau devised a hierarchy of races in accordance with the theory of social Darwinism. Thereby, whites especially the Anglo-Saxon (Teutons) race was placed in the phyla of “Caucasoid” at the apex, Orientals and Semites in between and the so-called Negroid race at the bottom of the ladder. Besides that the mythology of Indo-Germanic and an Aryan Herrenvolkism was fabricated by “Orientalists” in order to exploit and subjugate the Indian sub-continent. The Bible was used to justify enslavement of black Africans. According to the Jewish Bible and tradition the curse of Noah was the main cause for blackness of Africans.
The non-African paradigm that the Sabean “Semetic colonists” from the Arabian peninsula are the creaters of the Ethiopian civilization, its culture and language is the most pervasive Eurocentric manipulation. This was and is a delibrate distortion of the history of Ethiopia. The exclusion of ancient Ethiopia and Egypt from the rest of Africa had the sole purpose of serving West European expansion and colonization in Africa.
The languages of Africa in general and that of Ethiopia in particulare have been classified based on geography and racial basis. The Semetic and Hametic (Cushitic) dichotomy is an oxidental divisive hypothesis. It is time to rectify these and other misconceptions. For example, the Amharic language cognates more than 70 % to the Agau language of central Ethioipa and yet Amharic is classified by American and European “scholars” as “Semetic” and the Agau language as “ Hametic or Cushitic”. Above all the Ethiopian classical Geez language is of the house of Ham. Geez is not a Semetic language. It did not origin from south Arabia but in the heart of Africa in the Nile Valley. Geez is more ancient and more gramatically superior than Aramaic, Arabic and Greek. There has been a considerable difference of opinion among geniune linguists as to the criteria to be applied when identifing an Ethiopic (Geez) language as a semetic. The late Soviet scholars A.B Dolgopolsky and Igor Diakonoft did not classify Ethiopic as a “south Semetic”.
The original inhabitants of Arabia were Africans and they spoke a Cushitic language. This has been corroborated by the studies of Cheik Anta Diop (1979); Obenga; Hailu Habtu (1987); Tershale Tibebu, Asres Yenesew (1943), Schneider (1976), Ayele Bekri ( 1997), etc.
The different ethnic groups and languages of Ethiopia have become a guinea-pig for western “scholars” who are currently devising “new studies” of divisive ideas. In the name of self-determination of ethnic groups, the ancient black nation has to be partitioned into Bantustans. New vassal states loyal to westerners must be called into existence.The Amhara people of Ethiopia have been seen as an obstacle to the envisaged schem of things in Ethiopia. So their history, language, culture has to be distorted. Their number has been deliberately reduced. Whether anti-Ethiopian forces like it or not, the Amhara make more than 45% of the Ethiopian pouplation. Statistics made by the CIA does not change the objective reality. Many wolves in sheep’s clothing have tried in the name of Islam, Christanity, Western civilization; Self-determination etc. to eradicate Ethiopia from the map of the world. That, whatsoever, did not work and it will never be materialized.
Therefore, psycopathic persons like Shamsaddin had better get medical care by their pay masters rather than meddling in the affairs of Ethiopians. Following the footsteps of the late Lebanese Druz, Amir Shakib Arslan (1869-1946), who was the paid agents of Italian fascists, Shamsaddin is currently perpetuating the age-old anti-Ethiopian discourse. Based in Geneva, Arslan used to campaign against Ethiopia. During that time fascists portrayed Ethiopia as a barbarous black Christian kingdom that had oppressed Islam and Muslims throught its history. By destroying Ethiopia, Islam and Arab prestige would have been restored. Duce Mussolini called upon the Arabs and Muslims to support his “civilizing mission” in Ethiopia. Furthermore, Islam and Arabism was used by fascists to counteract the British and French occupation of the Middle East. Fascists wanted to control the source of the Nile and aspired also to resurrect the Roman Empire in Africa and Asia.
What an absurd appeal! Shamsaddin appealed to America to help the Oromo to secede, form an independet country, kick the Amharas out of Addis Abbaba. His abhorent remarks remind me of the Nazi baron Roman Prochazka, who wrote Abessienein: the black danger on the eve of fascist aggression in 1935. Prochazka proposed also to divide the only independent black nation in Africa into many Bantustan regimes loyal to west European white supremacists.
Before lamenting for the Oromos, Shamsaddin had better studied Ethiopian history. The Amharas in Addis Ababa live in the lands of their ancestors. Not only the Amharas but also their Absha kins namly the Gurages, the Agaus, the Argobas, the Hadyas, the Kambatas; the Sidamas, the Gamos, the Tigres, etc., etc were and are the indigenous Absha inhabitants of the Ethiopian plataeu extending from Bali to the coastal regions of ther Red Sea. Addis Ababa was the residence of the great Ethiopian emperors from the 13th to 16th century before the Oromo pastoral nomads began their migration into Ethiopian highland in the wake of the barbaric invasion of Ethiopia by the proxy of Ottoman Turks. Addis Ababa is in the land of the Gurage, Gafat and Amhara of Shoa.
Therefore, Mr. Mohammed Shamsaddin had better asked Americans to divid Sudan into four or more “ independent states”. Help is there urgently needed to kick out Arab Militia (the Djandjawit) from Darfur-Kordofan. They are causing terrible havoc.
Black African different ethnic groups in the former Anglo-Egyptian conglomorate now called the Sudan have been coercively Islamaized and Arabized. The once proud Noba ethnic group, the Dinkas the Nubians; the Bejas in the Red Sea costal regions etc. have all been enslaved by a bunch of Arabized crosbreed cliques. Shamsaddin and his coalesce are anti-Semetic bigots. Martin Bernal’s Black Athena does not preach anti-Semetism. He rather corroborates that Afro-Asiatic languages and the Nile Valley ancient civilization is the foundamental basis of the Greeko-Roman civilization. Bernal refuted scientific racism, an Eurocentric view of world history and the myth of Aryanism.
Egypt is the splendour of the world. The blackman of Kemit is the pioneer of science, medicine, geometry, law; astronomy, architecture, agriculture, philosophy, etc. The independent existence of the ancient Ethiopian black nation since time immemorial in the Nile Valley in the heart of Afrika is a thorn in the flesh of all racists and colonial aspirants. For radical Islamists in the Middle East, in the Horn of Afrika and elsewhere Ethiopia is their historical enemy. Ethiopia is a scapegoat for their miserable condition and above all their inferiority complex as a result of being ruled by non-Arab and Christian European masters.
Many Arabs have been traumatized by the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in the wake of World War I. Their Turkish masters left them in disarray. Thanks to the French and the British colonial rulers, they tried their best to civilize the Arab nomads to govern themselves. The English estabished the Saudi dynasty and the Anglo-Americans are its custodian to this day. Moreover, the new Hashemite king, Hussein, had come to the throne with British help. In the year 1922 he allowed and taxed the trafficking of slaves. King Hussein refused to stop the slave trade or slavery and objected to the British ships patrolling his waters (Suzanne Miers, et al. 1995).
The Origins of the Ethiopian State The Ethiopian state and its civilization is the direct descendants of ancient Kemit. Ethiopians have nothing to do with the Sabeans of South Arabia. Keim or Kemet was the native name of Egypt which means the black land. Egypt is a Greek word for the river Nile which came many centuries later.
Before the Arabian peninsula was inhabited, the land of Ethiopia was inhabited by a higly civilized black people of Africa. According to the hieroglophic text an authentic civilization began as early as 2000 B.C in Ethiopia. The successive Punt, Damat and Axumite civilizations have their root in Africa (Jacqueline Pirenne, Du Bois, Drsuilla Dunjee Houstone, Rodolfo Fatovitch, 1987). Ethiopia is the source the Afro-Asiatic language family. The Arabian peninsula was originally inhabited by black people. Proto-Semetic language speakers have lived in the Ethiopian Rift Valley and plateaues since prehistory. A thousand obelisks with hierogliphic signs are widespread in southern and central Ethiopia. Father Azias has studied these ancient monuments extending from Gurageland to Lake Turkana. Ethiopia is the cradle of mankind and civilization.
However, western historians time and again have distorted the history of the African people in general and the Ethiopians in particular. They even separated the ancient Kemet (ancient Egypt) and Ethiopian civilization from the rest of Africa.
Punt the Land of the Abasha Ancient Egyptians hierogliphic records of more than thirteen centuries bear witness to the existence of the country called Punt and its people called Abesha in North east Africa. Punt was a the holy land (Taneter) and was regarded as an ancestral homeland of the Pharahos. During the reign of Senusert II one of the most interseting records of that age was a group of 37 Aamu of Shu broght a tribute of Kolh. The leader of the delegation leading a tamed ibex, his title and name is before him heq setu Abasha, which means princes of the hill country. Abasha means the father of a present. The inscription of Hammat from the XI Dynasty records the expedition to the holy land of Punt. Punt was one of the countries supposed to be under the jurisdiction of Athor the godess of beauty (nbt Pun). In the inscript of the XII Dynasty reads: uru nu pun, which means the chiefs of Punt greet you the king of Kemet and the son of the nine nations (peoples). Horus had also the nickname nb Pun (Lord of Punt).
The location of Punt and its geographical extent has been precisely been determined (K.A Kitchen,1990). The Gulf of Aden and the Somali coast have been discarded. Any non-African location and fabrication of Punt had been excluded once and forever. The XXVI th Dynasti left a valuable stela which reads:
….. rain fall upon the mountain of Punt - rain was a scarcity in the southern provinces… this month in which its rain was, when it was not the season (for) it, even in the delta towns; your mother (the godess) Neith had brought it for you - a Nile-flood to sustain your forces.
Rain falling in the mountains of Punt and the subsquent Nile inundation into Egypt has shown that Punt was located in the northwest Ethiopian highlands. The ebony obtained from Punt was from the regions of nortwestern Ethiopia. The Abasha people of Punt did not come from Mesoptamia the land between Euphrat and Tigres. They were black, red and brown native Africans. Bas-reliefs in Dayr-al Bahari at Thebes depict the Ethiopians cultivating myrrh and incense in the land of Punt. The people of Punt belonged to the same race as the Kemet in ancient Egypt. There were four types of human races: red, yellow, black and white (H. Brugsch, 1858)
The ancient Egyptian language is related to many Ethiopian languages such as Agau, Amharic, Tigrigna; Kunama; Wolamigna, Keficho, Gonga, Gafat and Geez. They have in common monosyllabic words. The formation of the plural in Amaric is derived from ancient Egyption language ( W.Vyciciil, 1952). Many Egyptian words and grammer cognates with Amharic, Geez, Tigrigna and Agau. For example:
?????? (characters missing. - Ed.) (E.A W Budge, 1978). The Egyptian hieroglyphic writing system like Geez has only first order character. Furthermore, the Merotic Ethiopian alphabet has resemblance with the Geez. A six lines seal of queen Hendike Taktidamini from the ancient city of Merowe is to be seen in Berlin Musem.
Are not Arabs Semetic? Islam spread to the Horn of Africa through trade and migration of Arabs from Yemen and Oman. In this regard, the Somalis in particular and other Islamized tribes of the Horn in general trace their ancestory to the Arabs. Inspite of common ancestry many light-skinned Arabs have a sense of superiority over blacks, even if the latter were converted to Islam. Although the Koran preached racial equality and was only practiced in the lifetime of the prophet. Blacks (Zanj) were considered to have no Intelligence or knowledge. This racist view has contributed to the negative image of black Africans in the western world.
Arabized Somalis (Jabartis) and Wa Swahili - a crossbreed of Arabs and Africans, were the main slave raiders and traders. The slaveholders of East Africa came from Oman and Yemen. The Sultan of Oman conquered most of the costal regions in the late eighteenth and early nineteeth centuries. The Cushitic speaking Somalis are not racialy Arabs. The Sultan of Zanzibar sold the Somalis to the Italians in the late nineteenth century. Despite that the confused Somalis are the torch bearer of Pan-Arabism in the Horn of Africa. Somalia and Djibouti are members of the “ Arab League”.
Are not the Arabs in the Sudan and in the Arab Repulic of Egypt Semetic? According to Shamsaddin account, it seems that the Amhara and Tigrians are the only “Semetic “ people who are opressing the the “Cusitic majority”. The truth of the matter is that the Nubians both in Egypt and the Sudan and other non-Arab ethnic groups have been enslaved and completely lost their culture and language. That is why the freedom loving people of Southern Sudan are fighting against the pan-Arabist regime in Khartoum. In fact the Arabs of Egypt, Yemen and Oman were the main slavetraders of North and East Africa. The Nubian Christian state was ransacked by the Arabs in 15th century and Sudan became the supplier of slaves to the Middle East and India.
Shamsaddin falsely compares Al Bashir, the military Junta leader of the Sudan, with the German Nazi Fuehrer, Adolf Hiter. This is an absurd analogy and reflects his neo-Nazi view of the holocaust. It is an insult to many million victims of Nazi barbarism.
If Shamsaddin were a geniune Egyptologist, he would have then suggested for the Arabic name Sudan to be changed into Nubia and Egypt into Kemit The Arabs in Egypt have nothing to do with ancient Egypt. The ruling class is not an Arab tribe but a descendant of Albano-Turke crossbreed. The present Egypt is living at the cost of our great great black ancestors. They have stolen our legacy and allowed the selfcalled westernres to loot the graves of the great Pharoahs of ancient Kemit and Punt.
All Pharaohs were black Abasha from Punt land. We Ethiopians are the only direct descendants and the custodian of ancient Egyptian culture, civilization and religion. The institution of divine monarchy and the various traditions of the Nile Valley civilization suvived intact for many thousand years only in Ethiopia. The minority Copts in Egypt have been exposed for so many centuries to foreign occupation. As a result, they have become a crossbreed with blood of Greeks and Romans. Egypt is the gift of the Abasha people of Ethiopia.
Thank you Yonis for this article.......This is what I am talking about. I too believe that, to a certain extant, Ethiopia has a living culture and tradition going back to the time of the Egyptian pharoahs................
I know that some of ya'll(well.....most of ya'll) aren't Christians, but check this out real quick: I went to visit an Ethiopian Orthodox Church the other day. One of the members of the church started telling me that the Ark of the Covenant is in Ethiopia and half of the true Cross of Christ. Because of that, he was saying that God has his hands on the Black race. He said that the Ethopian were Jews, and then Phillip the evangelist preached the gospel to the Ethoipian in Acts chapter 8, and that it wasn't a foreigner who preached Christianity in Africa: it was a man of Africa who preached Christianity in Africa. Conseqently, God has blessed Black people in the realm of Christianity. He said, and this was his own opinion, that every Black nation should be Tewa. Orthodox..........that was his thought. An interesting thought.
Yet, Ethiopia also has a strong Islamic culture, and a strong Jewish culture. This culture is here today and it was here 3,000 years ago. Hence, the guy who wrote this article spoke alot of truth. Salaam
Posts: 826 | From: U.S.A. | Registered: Jun 2006
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What did the last 2 articles have to do with the Darfur genocide??
Posts: 26249 | From: Atlanta, Georgia, USA | Registered: Feb 2005
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Maybe people ought to pay attention to WHO is directing the Ethiopians to invade Somalia..
Also who is again stirring up things between Erithrea and Ethiopia ?
As for Sudan,well if it was not for gaz/oil reserves in the Darfur the Western Nations could care less.
Again who gave arms to the rebels in the Darfur region ?
And who has encouraged the extremist islamists in Sudan ..?
Final points- is a democratic and unified country for Sudan,Somalia,Ethiopia (we can add to this mix Egypt as well as Chad) were minorities have rights similar to let us say those in Switzerland is preferable to an array of small states in constant conflicts with one another ?
Hence-who will benefit ?
Notes 1-a question to the idiotic nationalistic claims by some- if there were zero pyramids in Egypt would any of the Arabic/Black/Ethiopic claims for the true heirs be that prevalent ?
2- Most of the countries of the ex-Yugoslavia Republic(before Milosevic) are worse off except Slovenia that is now in the EU..
Yes,on account of the discovery of pyramids in Bosnia nationalistic claims are also being stirred up.
But as people of that region went through a terrible and preventable war they now know better...
Posts: 305 | Registered: May 2006
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Yonis, there are many points in the article that are actually wrong:
1. The modern Arabic speaking Egyptians are not in most cases Arab invaders from the Arabian peninsula. True, lots of Arabs immmigrated and mixed with the local Egyptian population but it was more a cultural and linguistic shift instead of demographic displacement.
2. Modern Egyptians,particulary the baladi,Sa3eedi and Fellahin have customs that are non-Islamic and no doubt go back to ancient Egypt.
3. Slave trading in Egypt rarely brought people fromthe Horn but actually was more centralized around Darfur to southern Sudan.
4. Modern day Ethiopians have no customs I have seen that go back to ancient Egypt. If any examples exist then please document them for me because I have seen very little indication of either Ethiopia having any pharaonic customs. However, modern Arabic speaking rural Egyptians,urban lower class Egyptians and Nubians all share the same customs which have pre-Christian and pre-Islamic customs.
Posts: 8675 | From: Tukuler al~Takruri as Ardo since OCT2014 | Registered: Feb 2003
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quote:Originally posted by ausar: Yonis, there are many points in the article that are actually wrong:
1. The modern Arabic speaking Egyptians are not in most cases Arab invaders from the Arabian peninsula. True, lots of Arabs immmigrated and mixed with the local Egyptian population but it was more a cultural and linguistic shift instead of demographic displacement.
2. Modern Egyptians,particulary the baladi,Sa3eedi and Fellahin have customs that are non-Islamic and no doubt go back to ancient Egypt.
3. Slave trading in Egypt rarely brought people fromthe Horn but actually was more centralized around Darfur to southern Sudan.
4. Modern day Ethiopians have no customs I have seen that go back to ancient Egypt. If any examples exist then please document them for me because I have seen very little indication of either Ethiopia having any pharaonic customs. However, modern Arabic speaking rural Egyptians,urban lower class Egyptians and Nubians all share the same customs which have pre-Christian and pre-Islamic customs.
What! You want me to prove the points above? If you haven't realized, it wasn't me who wrote that article,lol i just posted it here. It was an Ethiopian Prof. Ayo Momina who was pissed of at the Turk/Greek writer Megalommatis previous written article who wrote that, i just posted it here to show that some people don't like his writtings, I've never claimed Ethiopians have pharaonic customs, you should e-mail the writer and take it with him.
quote:Slave trading in Egypt rarely brought people fromthe Horn but actually was more centralized around Darfur to southern Sudan.
Absolutly true, but out of fairness I don't think any of the above authors claimed that either, so i don't know where you got this from.
quote:The modern Arabic speaking Egyptians are not in most cases Arab invaders from the Arabian peninsula. True, lots of Arabs immmigrated and mixed with the local Egyptian population but it was more a cultural and linguistic shift instead of demographic displacement.
This is what i personally have believed all along, most of these "arabs" who spread the arabic language and islam were not Saudis or Yemenites, it was mostly Syrians(who were arabized themselves) that brought arabic language to Egypt, i also believe as you that it was mostly a cultural and linguistic shift.
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Yonis, my responce was not to you but to the article you posted. I know you did not write this article but I was simply wanted to correct many of the distorians presented in the article. When I get more time I will send a personal email responce to the author of the article.
Also in the article he does make allegations that Egyptians traded slaves from the Horn of Africa. I will not deny Egyptian invovlement in slave trading but such slave trading never went to the Horn.
Posts: 8675 | From: Tukuler al~Takruri as Ardo since OCT2014 | Registered: Feb 2003
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UBBFriend: Email this page to someone!
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I too am waiting.
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