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Morten Rasmussen, Martin Sikora, Anders Albrechtsen, Thorfinn Sand Korneliussen, J. Víctor Moreno-Mayar, G. David Poznik, Christoph P. E. Zollikofer, Marcia S. Ponce de León, Morten E. Allentoft, Ida Moltke, Hákon Jónsson, Cristina Valdiosera, Ripan S. Malhi, Ludovic Orlando, Carlos D. Bustamante, Thomas W. Stafford Jr, David J. Meltzer, Rasmus Nielsen & Eske Willerslev
Kennewick Man, referred to as the Ancient One by Native Americans, is a male human skeleton discovered in Washington state (USA) in 1996 and initially radiocarbon-dated to 8,340–9,200 calibrated years before present (bp)1.
His population affinities have been the subject of scientific debate and legal controversy. Based on an initial study of cranial morphology it was asserted that Kennewick Man was neither Native American nor closely related to the claimant Plateau tribes of the Pacific Northwest, who claimed ancestral relationship and requested repatriation under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). The morphological analysis was important to judicial decisions that Kennewick Man was not Native American and that therefore NAGPRA did not apply. Instead of repatriation, additional studies of the remains were permitted2.
Subsequent craniometric analysis affirmed Kennewick Man to be more closely related to circumpacific groups such as the Ainu and Polynesians than he is to modern Native Americans2.
In order to resolve Kennewick Man’s ancestry and affiliations, we have sequenced his genome to ~1× coverage and compared it to worldwide genomic data including the Ainu and Polynesians.
We find that Kennewick Man is closer to modern Native Americans than to any other population worldwide. Among the Native American groups for whom genome-wide data are available for comparison, several seem to be descended from a population closely related to that of Kennewick Man, including the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation (Colville), one of the five tribes claiming Kennewick Man.
Until the mid-1800s, the ancestors of the Tribes were nomadic. They followed the seasons while moving from place to place to occupy fishing sites and harvest berries and native plants. In their travels, the Tribes’ ancestors met other indigenous native people of different speech and cultural practices.
The indigenous native people living in those valuable territories were considered non-entitled but the United States, England and other foreign interests still wanted their trade. Non-entitlement for our forefathers and all other indigenous native people was the prelude for taking what had been the Tribes’ homelands since the time of creation.
Late in 1855, an historical five-day "council" took place with nearly every tribe from present-day eastern Washington State participating so that each tribal leader or Chief could mark and claim specific reservation boundaries for the individual tribes. This council and dividing up the land was done purposely by the federal government so that no land would be for sale and no payments would be made to any Indians. Governor Stevens carried out his duties by successfully negotiating: the Point Elliott Treaty in January, 1855; the Yakama Treaty in June, 1855; and the Hells Gate Treaty in July, 1855.
The indigenous native peoples who would later become the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation were not forgotten. In December 22, 1855 letter to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Governor Stevens told of meeting with some Indians, as he had promised during the Yakama Treaty negotiations, but "they did not sign a treaty although they pledged to take no part in the Yakama War which broke out that year."
At its inception by a President Grant’s Executive Order on April 9, 1872, the Colville Indian Reservation was in a different location from today’s reservation. The first reservation covered several million acres of diverse properties including rivers, streams, timbered forests, grass lands, minerals, plants and animals. The aboriginal tribes of the Methow, Okanagan, San Poil, Lakes, Colvilles, Kalispels, Spokane, Coeur d’Alene, and other scattered tribes who were not parties to any treaty were confined to the original reservation.
On July 2, 1872 a President Grant's executive order moved the Colville Indian Reservation to its present location on the west side of the mighty Columbia River and diminished its size to less than three million acres or 2,825,000 acres. The areas between the Okanogan River and the crest of the Cascade Mountain Range in the Methow Valley and between the Columbia and Pend d’Orielle Rivers and the Colville Valley were excluded from the second and final reservation. None of the tribes affected by the Presidential Order were consulted. The areas deleted from the original reservation were rich in minerals.
On April 19, 1879 and March 6, 1880, two tracts of land called the Moses Columbia Reservation--where the present day City of Wenatchee lies, north to the Canadian border between the crest of the Cascades and the Okanogan River--were established by another Presidential Executive Order for the Chief Moses tribes consisting of the Columbia, Chelan, Entiat and Wenatchi. Three years later, on July 7, 1883, Chief Moses and his people agreed to either move to the Colville Indian Reservation or accept an allotment of 640 acres for the head of each family.
Some tribal families took the allotment of 640 acres and remained in their ancestral homelands along the Columbia River and at majestic Lake Chelan outside the established boundaries of the reservation. In 1885, Chief Moses, who had moved to the Colville Indian Reservation, invited Chief Joseph and his tribe of Nez Perce, to live on the reservation. Chief Joseph and his people were never allowed to return to their former homeland in the Oregon Territory. He died at Nespelem, Washington in 1904. Many descendants of his band reside on the Colville Indian Reservation today and still belong to the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation.
Twenty years after the Colville Indian Reservation was moved to its present location, the north half of the reservation was ceded to the United States by an act of Congress (27 Stat. 62). At that time 660 Colville Indians were allotted 51,653 acres located in the ceded area. In that same year, the United States negotiated an agreement with our tribal forefathers for the purchase of the unallotted acreage located in the north half and paid them $1.5 million dollars for 1.5 million acres, priced at $1.00 an acre.
The Colville tribal leaders of 1892 were able to reserve the right for members of the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation to hunt and fish on the former north half of the reservation for time immemorial. Later, a Presidential Proclamation on October 10, 1900, opened the south half of the Colville Indian Reservation, totaling 1,449,268 acres, to homesteading which began six years later in 1916.
In 1997 and 1998, the Colville Confederation celebrated the 125th Anniversary of the Colville Indian Reservation in recognition of 125 years of survival with a prayer to our Creator that some day when we, the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, a confederation of First Americans, will hold all of our lands in trust for our people, we will truly be able to claim this beautiful nation as ours once again.
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The fact remains that Naia's DNA was contaminated and Kennewick man carries the African haplogroup X. Moreover Kennewick man is more related to Africans, Andamanese and Melanesians, rather than mongoloid Native Americans craniometrically and genetically.
In this paper Kennewick Man DNA article Kennewick is recognized as a PaleoAmerican therefore he has negro ancestry. The researchers claim the Kennewick man’s DNA is mainly related to Native Americans living in South America, rather than North America except for the Colville people on the West Coast. The researchers wrote
quote: “Despite this similarity, Anzick-1 and Kennewick Man have dissimilar genetic affinities to contemporary Native Americans. In particular, we find that Anzick-1 is more closely related to Central/Southern Native Americans than is Kennewick Man (Extended Data Fig. 5). The pattern observed in Kennewick Man is mirrored in the Colville, who also show a high affinity with Southern populations (Fig. 2c), but are most closely related to a neighbouring population in the data set (Stswecem’c; Extended Data Fig. 4c).”
The authors also noted that:
“However, the genetic affinities of Kennewick Man reveal additional complexity in the population history of the Northern lineage. The finding that Kennewick is more closely related to Southern than many Northern Native Americans (Extended Data Fig. 4) suggests the presence of an additional Northern lineage that diverged from the common ancestral population of Anzick-1 and Southern Native Americans (Fig. 3). This branch would include both Colville and other tribes of the Pacific Northwest such as the Stswecem’c, who also appear symmetric to Kennewick with Southern Native Americans (Extended Data Fig. 4).”
The Pacific coast were a mixture of mongoloid and Pacific Island negro Native Americans.
There is no such thing as a single population making up a Colville tribe. The so-called Colville tribe which is related to Kennewick man is a Confederation of Indians who did not die of diseases or murdered by whites so they could take their land.
The Colville tribe is the name given to various Christian Native American tribes that lived at Fort Colville. They include Native American groups that were not exterminated by the whites. The twelve bands are the Methow, Okanogan, Arrow Lakes, Sanpoil, Colville, Nespelem, Chelan, Entiat, Moses-Columbia, Wenatchi, Nez Perce, and Palus.
These remnants of Pacific coast tribes formerly mixed with the Black Native Americans this is obvious when we look at Ohlone people who lived in missions on the West Coast.
This means that the Colville tribe is admixed with the Black Native American tribes that formerly dominated the Pacific coast.
The authors like most Europeans attempt to lie about the negro origin of Kennewick man, the multivariate analysis of Kennewick man’s skull does not support their conclusion. The carniometric measurements confirm the negro origin of Kenewick man. The researchers wrote:
quote: Although our individual-based craniometric analyses confirm that Kennewick Man tends to be more similar to Polynesian and Ainu peoples than to Native Americans, Kennewick Man’s pattern of craniometric affinity falls well within the range of affinity patterns evaluated for individual Native Americans (Supplementary Information 9). For example, the Arikara from North Dakota (the Native American tribe representing the geographically closest population in Howells’ data set to Kennewick), exhibit with high frequency closest affinities with Polynesians (Supplementary Information 9). Yet, the Arikara have typical Native-American mitochondrial DNA haplogroups30, as does Kennewick Man. We conclude that the currently available number of independent phenetic markers is too small, and within-population craniometric variation too large, to permit reliable reconstruction of the biological population affinities of Kennewick Man.
Arikara
Kennewick man carried mtDNA haplogroup X, this haplogroup is rare among United States Indians. This haplogroup is carried by Africans.
Amerindians carry the X hg. Amerindians and Europeans hg X are different (Person, 2004). Haplogroup X has also been found throughout Africa (Shimada et al,2007). Shimada et al (2007) believes that X(hX) is of African origin. Amerindian X is different from European hg X, skeletons from Brazil dating between 400-7000 BP have the transition np 16223 ( Martinez-Cruzado, 2001; Ribeiro-Dos-Santos,1996). Transition np 16223 is characteristic of African haplogroups.
This suggest that Africans may have taken the X hg to the Americas in ancient times. This transference is supported by the haplogroups carried by Kennewick man.
Martinez-Cruzado, J C, Toro-Labrador, G, Ho-Fung, V, Estevez-Montero, M A, Et al (2001). Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substanial Native American ancestry in Puerto Rico,Human Biology, Aug 2001
Makoto K. Shimada*, , Karuna Panchapakesan , Sarah A. Tishkoff , Alejandro Q. Nato, Jr* and Jody HeY, Divergent Haplotypes and Human History as Reveaed in a Worldwide Survey of X-Linked DNA Sequence Variation, Molecular Biology and Evolution 2007 24(3):687-698
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How good was the DNA sample? And if it is good, then it makes me wonder about how diverse Indigenous Americans really were back in those times.
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Technical Report: Assessment of the genetic analyses of Rasmussen et al. (2015) John Novembre, PhD, David Witonsky, Anna Di Rienzo, PhD April 4, 2016
SYNOPSIS
The primary aim of the analysis undertaken here (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St Louis District Contract #W912P9-16-P-0010) is to provide an independent validation of the genetic evidence underlying a recent publication by Morten Rasmussen and colleagues on July 23rd, 2015, in Nature (Vol 523:455–58). Based on our analysis of the Kennewick Man’s sequence data and Colville tribe genotype data generated by Rasmussen et al., we concur with the findings of the original paper that the sample is genetically closer to modern Native Americans than to any other population worldwide. We carried out several analyses to support this conclusion, including (i)principal component analysis (PCA; Patterson et al. 2006), (ii) unsupervised genetic clustering using ADMIXTURE (Alexander, Novembre, and Lange 2009), (iii) estimation of genetic affinity to modern human populations using f3 and D statistics (Patterson et al. 2012), and (iv) a novel approach based on the geographic distribution of rare variants. Importantly, these distinct analyses, spanning three non-overlapping subsets of the data, are each consistent with Native American ancestry.
Craniometric and skeletal evidence indicates that Paleoamericans were related to the Australian, Polynesian or Sub-Saharan type.Novembre et al (2016) argue that Kennewick man is related more to modern Native Americans, instead of the PaleoAmericans. In support of this hypothesis Novembre et al (2015) conclude that Kennewick man is closely related to the South American Karitiana people.
The finding by Novembre et al (2015) that genetically Kennewick man related mostly to the Karitiana falsifies their hypothesis. It is falsified because Skoglund et al (2015) found that the Karitiana and other Amozonian people in South America have an Australasian heritage. The identification of a relationship between Kennewick man and the Karitiana would continue to situate this Native American in the Paleoamerican group--not contemporary Native Americans.
It is time that researchers stop claiming the first Native Americans were not Negroes.
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Using craniometric quantitative analysis and multivariate methods, Dr. Neves determined that Paleo Americans were either Australian, African or Melenesians (Neves , Powell and Ozolins, 1998,1999a,199b; Powell, 2005). The research of Neves indicated that the ancient Americans represent two populations, paleoamericans who were phenotypically African, Australian or Melanesian and a mongoloid population that appears to have arrived in the Americas after 6000 BC.
Below are articles that say the PaleoAmericans were phenotypically Black. See:
Neves, W. A. and Pucciarelli, H. M. 1989. Extra-continental biological relationships of early South American human remains: a multivariate analysis. Cieˆncia e Cultura, 41: 566–75 Neves, W. A. and Pucciarelli, H. M. 1990. The origins of the first Americans: an analysis based onthe cranial morphology of early South American human remains. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 81: 247. Neves, W. A. and Pucciarelli, H. M. 1991. Morphological affinities of the first Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains. Journal of Human Evolution, 21: 261–73. Neves, W. A. and Meyer, D. 1993. The contribution of the morphology of early South and Northamerican skeletal remains to the understanding of the peopling of the Americas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 16 (Suppl): 150–1. Neves, W. A., Powell, J. F., Prous, A. and Ozolins, E. G. 1998. Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphologial affinities or the earliest known American. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 26(Suppl): 169. Neves, W. A., Powell, J. F. and Ozolins, E. G. 1999a. Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli Aike, southern Chile. Intercieˆncia, 24: 258–63. Neves, W. A., Powell, J. F. and Ozolins, E. G. 1999b. Modern human origins as seen from the peripheries. Journal of Human Evolution, 37: 129–33. Neves W.A . and Pucciarelli H.M. 1991. "Morphological Affinities of the First Americans: an exploratory analysis based on early South American human remains". Journal of Human Evolution 21:261-273. Neves W.A ., Powell J.F. and Ozolins E.G. 1999. "Extra-continental morphological affinities of Lapa Vermelha IV Hominid 1: A multivariate analysis with progressive numbers of variables. Homo 50:263-268 Neves W.A ., Powell J.F. and Ozolins E.G. 1999. "Extra-continental morphological affinities of Palli-Aike, Southern Chile". Interciencia 24:258-263. http://www.interciencia.org/v24_04/neves.pdf Neves, W.A., Gonza´ lez-Jose´ , R., Hubbe, M., Kipnis, R., Araujo, A.G.M., Blasi, O., 2004. Early Holocene Human Skeletal Remains form Cerca Grande, Lagoa Santa, Central Brazil, and the origins of the first Americans. World Archaeology 36, 479-501 Neves, W. A., and M. Hubbe. 2005. Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: Implications for the settlement of the New World. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:18,309–18,314. NYT (New York Times). (2015) Human’s First Appearance in the Americas . http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html?hp&_r=4
Powell,J.F. (2005). First Americans:Races, Evolution and the Origin of Native Americans. Cambridge University Press.
Many of the articles by Neves can be found at Academia edu.
The earliest evidence for Paleoamericans in Bazil of a Negro phynotype make it clear the Americas was a Negro continent until the coming of the Mongoloids 8kya . Although the physical features of contemporary Brazilians appears more mongoloid. These Native Americans continue to carry Negro genes dating back to the first migrations of Blacks to Brazil 100,000 years ago.
Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas
Pontus Skoglund, Swapan Mallick,Maria Cátira Bortolini,Niru Chennagiri,Tábita Hünemeier, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler,Francisco Mauro Salzano,Nick Patterson & David Reich
Genetic studies have consistently indicated a single common origin of Native American groups from Central and South America1, 2, 3, 4. However, some morphological studies have suggested a more complex picture, whereby the northeast Asian affinities of present-day Native Americans contrast with a distinctive morphology seen in some of the earliest American skeletons, which share traits with present-day Australasians (indigenous groups in Australia, Melanesia, and island Southeast Asia)5, 6, 7, 8. Here we analyse genome-wide data to show that some Amazonian Native Americans descend partly from a Native American founding population that carried ancestry more closely related to indigenous Australians, New Guineans and Andaman Islanders than to any present-day Eurasians or Native Americans. This signature is not present to the same extent, or at all, in present-day Northern and Central Americans or in a ~12,600-year-old Clovis-associated genome, suggesting a more diverse set of founding populations of the Americas than previously accepted.
The Australasian genes are carried by the Karitiana.
quote:
The oldest known photograph of a Karitiana person. Photo: member of the Carlos Chagas Expedition to Amazonia, 1912.
'
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The presence of an Australasian heritage in Brazil is interesting because it supports an Australian OoA event from Africa into Brazil 100kya.
.Dr.Nieda Guidon claims that Africans were in Brazil 100,000 years ago. The evidence that fire existed in Brazil 65kya is an indication that man was at the site 65,000 years ago, since researchers found charcoal, which is the result of fire making. The New York Times, reported that humans were Brazil 100,000 years ago .
If you would see the New York Times video you would noted that Dr.Nieda Guidon supports her dating of human population in Brazil 100,000 years ago to ancient fire and tool making. Look at the New York Times video: Human’s First Appearance in the Americas @:
If you view the video you will see that human occupation of Brazil 100,000 years ago is supported by man made fire, e.g., the charcoal, and tools.
Dr. Guidon who conducted excavation at the site notes at 2:09 the site is 100,000 years old. At 3:17 in the video scientists proved that the tools are the result of human craftsmanship .
It is interesting that it is becoming clear that people may have left Africa 100kya, instead of 60kya to settle the world. This may indicate that Australians made their way to America before the Khoisan.
The new evidence of anatomically modern humans (AMH) in Arabia, on Crete and now Brazil around 100,000 years ago suggest that AMH left Africa before 60kya.
We all know that humans originated in Africa over 150,000 years ago. The new evidence suggest five out of Africa (OoA) There were probably four major migration of the Africans into the Pacific. The first migration events. The first people to migrate out of Africa 100-60kya were the Australians. These people demonstrate the physical type associated with the early homo sapien sapiens.
The Australians appear to have made their way to every continent.
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Most contemporary South Americans reflect their mixed Negro and Mongoloid heritage. The change of the Paleoamericans from Negroes into a mixed racial group occured 8000 years ago when Black Native Americans began to mate with mongoloids migrating into.
The Xingu and Karitiana show the mixture of Paleoamericans, Khoisan and pgymies with recent mongoloids settled in Brazil over the past 10,000 years. The oldest known photograph of a Karitiana person. Photo: member of the Carlos Chagas Expedition to Amazonia, 1912.
Genetic Negritude can not trump phenotypic Negritude, because mankind originated in Africa and everybody carries African genes, but everybody do not have African phenotypical features. .
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The Xingu and Karitiana show the mixture of Paleoamericans, Khoisan and pgymies with recent mongoloids
No they don't, stop making up stuff. The genetics of Kennewick Man has no affiliation with pygmies or khosians
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The Xingu and Karitiana show the mixture of Paleoamericans, Khoisan and pgymies with recent mongoloids
No they don't, stop making up stuff. The genetics of Kennewick Man has no affiliation with pygmies or khosians
You don't know what you're talking about.
The craniometric mesasurements of the Paleoamerican skeletons fall within the Black Variety of homo sapien sapiens: African, Australian and the Melanesian phenotypic range (Neves, Powell and Ozolins,1998, 1999a,1999b; Powell,2005). The craniometric measurements of the PaleoIndians match the multivariate standard deviations of these three populations. The determination of the Paleoamericans as members of the Black Variety is not a new phenomena.
Howells ( 1973,1989,1995) using multivariate analyses, determined that the Easter Island population was characterized as Australo-Melanesian, while other skeletons from South America were found to be related to Africans and Australians ( Coon, 1962; Dixon, 2001; Howell, 1989, 1995; Lahr, 1996). The African-Australo-Melanesian morphology was widespread in North and South America.
For example skeletal remains belonging to the Black Variety have been found in Brazil (Neves, Powell, Prous and Ozolins,1998; Neves, Powell, Ozolins, 1998), Columbian Highlands (Neves, Pacciarelli, Munford, 1995; Powell, 2005 ), Mexico ( Gonza’lez-Jose, 2012), Florida ( Howells,1995), and Southern Patazonia ( Neves, Powell and Ozolins,1999a,1999b).
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Craniometric measurements on Paleoamerican skulls cannot prove mixture of with Khoisan and pygmies
or ANY mixture
There is overlapping similarities in the morphology between many populations but it is wrong to say that represents" mixing"
Posts: 42935 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Craniometric measurements on Paleoamerican skulls cannot prove mixture of with Khoisan and pygmies
or ANY mixture
There is overlapping similarities in the morphology between many populations but it is wrong to say that represents" mixing"
That's true, the same I have been saying on Africa.
You have to include many other factors such as the DNA and history
North Africa there have been many foreign occupations and their mtDNA has high frequencies of haplogroups not found or at much lower frequencies in other parts of Africa
This is unlike the tribes of the Amazon, some of the most isolated people in the world where admixture is extremely unlikely until very recently and not at all in some remote jungle places
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Of course Kennewick man is both more genotypically African and phenotypically African than more recent AmerIndians who've had 10,000 years more separation from Africa. Not an issue.
quote:Originally posted by DD'eDeN: Of course Kennewick man is both more genotypically African and phenotypically African than more recent AmerIndians who've had 10,000 years more separation from Africa. Not an issue.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,:
Kennewick Man 8,500 yo skull cast and clay reconstruction [/qb]
To me the reconstruction looks like a modern Indian
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: Craniometric measurements on Paleoamerican skulls cannot prove mixture of with Khoisan and pygmies
or ANY mixture
There is overlapping similarities in the morphology between many populations but it is wrong to say that represents" mixing"
That's true, the same I have been saying on Africa.
You have to include many other factors such as the DNA and history
North Africa there have been many foreign occupations and their mtDNA has high frequencies of haplogroups not found or at much lower frequencies in other parts of Africa
This is unlike the tribes of the Amazon, some of the most isolated people in the world where admixture is extremely unlikely until very recently and not at all in some remote jungle places
Apparently Africa was the cradle of many genetic gene-pools, about 2/3. Guess we learn something new everyday. lol
quote: Africa is the birthplace of modern humans, and is the source of the geographic expansion of ancestral populations into other regions of the world.
Indigenous Africans are characterized by high levels of genetic diversity within and between populations. The pattern of genetic variation in these populations has been shaped by demographic events occurring over the last 200,000 years.
The dramatic variation in climate, diet, and exposure to infectious disease across the continent has also resulted in novel genetic and phenotypic adaptations in extant Africans.
This review summarizes some recent advances in our understanding of the demographic history and selective pressures that have influenced levels and patterns of diversity in African populations.
Africa not only has the highest levels of human genetic variation in the world but also contains a considerable amount of linguistic, environmental and cultural diversity. For example, more than 2,000 distinct ethno-linguistic groups, representing nearly a third of the world’s languages, currently exist in Africa
The timing and duration of some of these demographic events were often correlated with known major environmental changes and/or cultural developments in Africa [6].
A number of novel genetic and phenotypic adaptations have also evolved in Africans in response to dramatic variation in environment, diet, and exposure to infectious disease across the continent.
In some cases, these adaptations have occurred in the last several thousand years, exemplifying the ongoing evolution of human populations.
Thus, present-day patterns of variation in African genomes are a product of both demographic and selective events.
--Sarah Tishkoff.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: good point, look at the DNA
I don't have any issue with Amerindians history or claiming it. Your point is numb, that is what I responded at.
But I do doubt they were isolated, as you claim.
quote: Beyond a Euro-Centric Perspective We must as scientists get beyond the dogmatic medieval view of history printed by us in Europe in which we describe our own ancestors as the discoverers of the rest of the world. There were advanced civilizations with navigators and script in Asia, Africa and Middle America before mariners from Crete brought script and civilization from the Middle East to southern Europe. Before European history began, mariners from Africa had settled the Canary Island, voyagers from America had settled the West Indies, and every inhabitable island in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific had been peopled from Asia and America. Azerbaijan, and not Europe, was part of the fermenting kettle of brewing civilization with navigators that spread early trade and cultural impulses far and wide.
Many clues are still invisible about the human history prior to the sudden cultural bloom in Egypt, Sumer and the Indus valley some five millennia ago. But with advanced technology, some day the answers may be found under the sand and sea. The challenge for scholars is to look deeper into foreign relations in the region of present-day Azerbaijan to determine what those prehistoric roots and linkages were.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: why do you try to steal indigenous people's identity?
What are you talking about, I am not trying to steal your crown. You own that one, stealing indigenous peoples history.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: good point, look at the DNA
I don't have any issue with Amerindians history or claiming it. Your point is numb, that is what I responded at.
But I do doubt they were isolated, as you claim.
quote: Beyond a Euro-Centric Perspective We must as scientists get beyond the dogmatic medieval view of history printed by us in Europe in which we describe our own ancestors as the discoverers of the rest of the world. There were advanced civilizations with navigators and script in Asia, Africa and Middle America before mariners from Crete brought script and civilization from the Middle East to southern Europe. Before European history began, mariners from Africa had settled the Canary Island, voyagers from America had settled the West Indies, and every inhabitable island in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific had been peopled from Asia and America. Azerbaijan, and not Europe, was part of the fermenting kettle of brewing civilization with navigators that spread early trade and cultural impulses far and wide.
Many clues are still invisible about the human history prior to the sudden cultural bloom in Egypt, Sumer and the Indus valley some five millennia ago. But with advanced technology, some day the answers may be found under the sand and sea. The challenge for scholars is to look deeper into foreign relations in the region of present-day Azerbaijan to determine what those prehistoric roots and linkages were.
The indigenous people of the Amazon jungles are some of the most isolated people on the planet
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quote:Originally posted by DD'eDeN: Of course Kennewick man is both more genotypically African and phenotypically African than more recent AmerIndians who've had 10,000 years more separation from Africa. Not an issue.
WTF is wrong with you? Are you joking or stupid?
His genetic results are right in the first post of the thread and he has nothing to do with Africans. Posts: 2463 | From: New Jersey USA | Registered: Dec 2007
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beyoku: "WTF is wrong with you? Are you joking or stupid?
His genetic results are right in the first post of the thread and he has nothing to do with Africans. [Roll Eyes] "
You need to think before jabbering. What I said is correct.
Today's AmerIndians are at least ~20ka OOA, Kennewick was at least ~10ka OOA, so he was obviously more African than they are today, since they have had 10,000 years of additional (non-African) genetic mutation.
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quote:Originally posted by DD'eDeN: beyoku: "WTF is wrong with you? Are you joking or stupid?
His genetic results are right in the first post of the thread and he has nothing to do with Africans. [Roll Eyes] "
You need to think before jabbering. What I said is correct.
Today's AmerIndians are at least ~20ka OOA, Kennewick was at least ~10ka OOA, so he was obviously more African than they are today, since they have had 10,000 years of additional (non-African) genetic mutation.
You are not making any sense. First an foremost estimates that push continental Amerindian genetic diversity ~20kya are rare. Even If you were going to make the argument.... it would be the LATER population (Kennewick @ 10kya) would be the most removed from Africans compared to "Todays Amerindians ~20kya ".
Think of it like a family having multiple generation of kids. They all come from the same source (Africa) but the youngest generation (Kennewick) is genetically closer to their parents (Amerindians/Siberians) because they carry the recent mutation and or environmental stresses the parents have accumulated compared to the older generations. With you argument you are essentially stating that The Grandchildren (Kennewick) are genetically closer to the Grandparents (Africans) than even their own mothers and fathers.(Amerindians/Siberians)........................Kennewick didnt come from Africa, his folks migrated over the Bering strait.
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