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Genomic Evidence Establishes Anatolia as the Source of the European Neolithic Gene Pool 2016
Ayça Omrak, Torsten Günther, Cristina Valdiosera, Emma M. Svensson, Helena Malmström, Henrike Kiesewetter, William Aylward, Jan Storå, Mattias Jakobsson, Anders Götherström
Highlights •Kum6 shows a strong population continuity with present-day Sardinia •Kum6 expresses connections to the central Eurasian gene pool •Kum6 shares notable affinity with the Iceman, a 5,300-year-old southern European •Genetic affinities to both East and West suggest continuous contact with Anatolia Summary Anatolia and the Near East have long been recognized as the epicenter of the Neolithic expansion through archaeological evidence. Recent archaeogenetic studies on Neolithic European human remains have shown that the Neolithic expansion in Europe was driven westward and northward by migration from a supposed Near Eastern origin [ 1–5 ]. However, this expansion and the establishment of numerous culture complexes in the Aegean and Balkans did not occur until 8,500 before present (BP), over 2,000 years after the initial settlements in the Neolithic core area [ 6–9 ]. We present ancient genome-wide sequence data from 6,700-year-old human remains excavated from a Neolithic context in Kumtepe, located in northwestern Anatolia near the well-known (and younger) site Troy [ 10 ]. Kumtepe is one of the settlements that emerged around 7,000 BP, after the initial expansion wave brought Neolithic practices to Europe. We show that this individual displays genetic similarities to the early European Neolithic gene pool and modern-day Sardinians, as well as a genetic affinity to modern-day populations from the Near East and the Caucasus. Furthermore, modern-day Anatolians carry signatures of several admixture events from different populations that have diluted this early Neolithic farmer component, explaining why modern-day Sardinian populations, instead of modern-day Anatolian populations, are genetically more similar to the people that drove the Neolithic expansion into Europe. Anatolia’s central geographic location appears to have served as a connecting point, allowing a complex contact network with other areas of the Near East and Europe throughout, and after, the Neolithic.
Posts: 42930 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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This is the date of population replacement, population absorption, we see time and time again in Europe. However the reason for this event hasn't been explained, thus far I know. But I bGourara to differ these populations were actually all farmers, or farming populations.
quote:However, this expansion and the establishment of numerous culture complexes in the Aegean and Balkans did not occur until 8,500 before present (BP), over 2,000 years after the initial settlements in the Neolithic core area [ 6–9 ]
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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Anyway, great post. To show that ancient Anatolians weren't and aren't white.
Posts: 22235 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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Genomic Evidence Establishes Anatolia as the Source of the European Neolithic Gene Pool
Ayça Omrak, Torsten Günther, Cristina Valdiosera, Emma M. Svensson, Helena Malmström, Henrike Kiesewetter, William Aylward, Jan Storå, Mattias Jakobsson, Anders Götherström DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.019
SUMMARY Anatolia and the Near East have long been recog- nized as the epicenter of the Neolithic expansion through archaeological evidence. Recent archaeo- genetic studies on Neolithic European human re- mains have shown that the Neolithic expansion in Europe was driven westward and northward by migration from a supposed Near Eastern origin [1–5]. However, this expansion and the establish- ment of numerous culture complexes in the Aegean and Balkans did not occur until 8,500 before present (BP), over 2,000 years after the initial settlements in the Neolithic core area [6–9]. We present ancient genome-wide sequence data from 6,700-year-old human remains excavated from a Neolithic context in Kumtepe, located in northwestern Anatolia near the well-known (and younger) site Troy [10]. Kum- tepe is one of the settlements that emerged around 7,000 BP, after the initial expansion wave brought Neolithic practices to Europe. We show that this individual displays genetic similarities to the early European Neolithic gene pool and modern-day Sar- dinians, as well as a genetic affinity to modern-day populations from the Near East and the Caucasus. Furthermore, modern-day Anatolians carry signa- tures of several admixture events from different populations that have diluted this early Neolithic farmer component, explaining why modern-day Sardinian populations, instead of modern-day Anatolian populations, are genetically more similar to the people that drove the Neolithic expansion into Europe. Anatolia’s central geographic location appears to have served as a connecting point, al- lowing a complex contact network with other areas of the Near East and Europe throughout, and after, the Neolithic.
Our findings show a direct link between Anatolia and the early European Neolithic gene pool similar to recently published data [35]. The genetic composition of Kum6 indicates, however, that this individual is a representative of the local population in the area 6,700 BP, as there are European hunter-gatherer traces in this individual, although at lower levels than in any other studied Neolithic farmer. In addition, we also observe limited genetic ma- terial from the later Bronze Age expansions (sometimes linked to the Yamnaya culture [19, 24]), and instead a larger genetic component related to people that are linked to the east (these components are all in addition to the strong genetic affinities to early European farmers, as discussed above). Interestingly, the genetic similarity to the Tyrolean Iceman and the eastern compo- nent detected in Kumtepe indicate an intense entanglement of contacts from the East and into Europe, with western Anatolia at the center. Most modern-day European populations display ancestries from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, early Neolithic farmers, and in some cases traces of additional admixture from different sources [3, 4, 23, 24] (Figure 3). Modern-day Anatolian groups display a variety of admixture traces originating from groups in the Middle East, Central Asia, and Siberia, which cause Kum6 to be genetically more similar to modern-day Euro- peans than to modern-day Anatolians. These results show a large diversity in Anatolian groups that is consistent with previ- ous population genetic studies of modern-day Anatolians. Influ- ences from South Caucasus and the Near East [36] and major population movements, including the arrival of Turkic tribes [37, 38], have most likely contributed to the genetic makeup of modern-day Anatolians, whereas the affinity to present-day Sardinians could be the result of the relative isolation of that particular population after the initial Neolithic expansion [39]. Thus, the observed genetic continuity between Kum6 and the modern-day inhabitants of southern Europe, and especially Sardinia, is likely to be the result of these population movements that occurred in Anatolia.
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Not surprising Anatolia would be a primary source representing "Middle Eastern" contributions to Neolithic Euro gene pool..
-------------------- Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began.. Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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But based on the snippet you posted- this ancient individual from Iran lacked the skin pigmentation variant common in Europeans and did not have the most common European variant of the gene associated with the ability to digest raw milk. Interesting...
"Based on diagnostic SNPs, she had dark, black hair and brown eyes (see Supplementary). She lacked the derived variant (rs16891982) of the SLC45A2 gene associated with light skin pigmentation but had at least one copy of the derived SLC24A5 allele (rs1426654) associated with the same trait. The derived SLC24A5 variant has been found in both Neolithic farmer and Caucasus hunter)gatherer groups (5, 21, 26)suggesting that it was already at appreciable frequency before these populations diverged. Finally, she did not have the most common European variant of the LCT gene (rs4988235) associated with the ability to digest raw milk, consistent with the later emergence of this adaptation (5, 21, 23). "
--Llorente et al 2016. The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros. Biorxiv preprint 2016
-------------------- Note: I am not an "Egyptologist" as claimed by some still bitter, defeated, trolls creating fake profiles and posts elsewhere. Hapless losers, you still fail. My output of hard data debunking racist nonsense has actually INCREASED since you began.. Posts: 5905 | From: The Hammer | Registered: Aug 2008
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Yes these Neolithic farmers that arrived to Europe from the MIDDLE EAST, WERE BLACK/BROWN/COLORED PEOPLE! We have already established that on multiple occasions here on ES!!!
Because THIS IS WHAT PEOPLE FROM THE "MIDDLE EAST" LOOKED LIKE AS LONG AGO AS MERELY 1550 BC!
CLEARLY THESE NEOLITHIC FARMERS AND MIGRANTS WERE A BLACK/COLORED "NON-WHITE/NON-WHITE INDO-EUROPEAN PEOPLES", AND THIS STUDY PROVES THAT THE FIRST SETTLERS AND CIVILIZATION BUILDERS OF EUROPE WERE A BLACK/COLORED PEOPLE FROM AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST!Posts: 1558 | From: US | Registered: Sep 2015
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quote:Originally posted by the Mindovermatter,: Yes these Neolithic farmers that arrived to Europe from the MIDDLE EAST, WERE BLACK/BROWN/COLORED PEOPLE! We have already established that on multiple occasions here on ES!!!
Because THIS IS WHAT PEOPLE FROM THE "MIDDLE EAST" LOOKED LIKE AS LONG AGO AS MERELY 1550 BC!
...
Have you read Dana Marniche the "When Arabia was black" essays. She explains the narratives.
quote:Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova: Gonna do so later- work calls.
But based on the snippet you posted- this ancient individual from Iran lacked the skin pigmentation variant common in Europeans and did not have the most common European variant of the gene associated with the ability to digest raw milk. Interesting...
"Based on diagnostic SNPs, she had dark, black hair and brown eyes (see Supplementary). She lacked the derived variant (rs16891982) of the SLC45A2 gene associated with light skin pigmentation but had at least one copy of the derived SLC24A5 allele (rs1426654) associated with the same trait. The derived SLC24A5 variant has been found in both Neolithic farmer and Caucasus hunter)gatherer groups (5, 21, 26)suggesting that it was already at appreciable frequency before these populations diverged. Finally, she did not have the most common European variant of the LCT gene (rs4988235) associated with the ability to digest raw milk, consistent with the later emergence of this adaptation (5, 21, 23). "
--Llorente et al 2016. The genetics of an early Neolithic pastoralist from the Zagros. Biorxiv preprint 2016
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