The Hyksos were not Amorites. The Amorites were recognized as invaders of Mesopotamia. The Akkadians and Sumerians report that they were primitive. In Akkadian and Sumerian literature the Amorites were called Mar.Tu. They wrote that: "The MAR.TU who know no grain.... The MAR.TU who know no house nor town, the boors of the mountains.... The MAR.TU who digs up truffles... who does not bend his knees (to cultivate the land), who eats raw meat, who has no house during his lifetime, who is not buried after death[.]"
Recent research indicates that the Hyksos were not invaders into Lower Egypt.
Hyksos were not Asians. They were Kushites.
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Here is the Hyksos Sphinx.
The Hyksos were the Kushites of Temeh/ Lower Egypt .
. Temeh or Lower Egypt was the homeland of the Northern Kushites. In this essay we will show that the Hyksos were Kushites. And that the term "heqa ḫ3st , means Kushite—not "Rulers of foreign lands". Researchers have made it clear that the Hyksos included many different nationalities. The Hyksos according to John Bright, A History of Israel, Westminster John Knox Press ( p.60 ); and Robert Drews, "The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East"( Princeton University Press [p.254] ) included Hurrians/Hattians, in addition to Canaanites. This means that the name Aamw, was a generic name for ‘Asians’, and did not denote a specific Asian tribe.
The Hyksos were called heqa khasut see: The World in Ancient Times: The ancient Egyptian world, by Oup Book. , not Habiruor Shepherd Kings. Most researchers accept the contemporary meaning of Gardiner's N25 symbol as "Rulers of foreign lands" not Kush”. But this was not the first meaning assigned this sign. Breasted translated N25, as "heqa ḫ3st ".
In my book the Kushites, Who, What, When, Where, I explain that the Hyksos were Blacks native to Lower Egypt.
If Gardiner's N25 symbol meant "Rulers of foreign lands" we would read the Weni inscription as the following “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet Rulers of foreign lands , the Mazoi Rulers of foreign lands , the Yam Rulers of foreign lands , among the Wawat Rulers of foreign lands, among the Kau Rulers of foreign lands , and in the land of Temeh.”
Semantically reading N25 as "Rulers of foreign land" is unintelligent, for example “Wawat Rulers of foreign lands” , is incorrect, because Wawat was the name of a nation, not a king. As a result, ḫ3st, was used to identify the nationality of the Wawat, Kau and other Kushite = ḫ3st.
Thusly, the inscription of Weni line 46 : “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet "heqa ḫ3st [Kusites], the Mazoi "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], the Yam "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Wawat "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Kau "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], and in the land of Temeh.” Nesmenser in https://www.temehu.com , noted that Sir Alan Gardiner said that Temeh'w means “Lower Egypt” as well as the “Delta”, indicates that Kushites lived in Lower Egypt.
Francis Llewellyn Griffith translated the Inscription of Una . Griffith translated thw word Nehesy as “negro”. Una listed the Kushite dynasties in the Weni inscription, as follows, “ When his Majesty chastised the Aamu-Herusha 6 and his Majesty made an army of many tens of thousands out of the whole of the Upper Country, from Abu 7 in the south to Aphroditopolis [?] in the north, and out of the Lower Country, from the whole of the two sides, 8 out of Sezer and Khen-sezeru, 9 negroes from Arertet, 10 negroes from Meza, negroes from [Y]Aam, negroes from Wawat, negroes from Kaau, and foreigners from the land of Temeh “. In relation to Temeh, the term “foreigner” would have been ḫ3st or Kushite just like the name ḫ3stused in relation to the other Kushite nations mentioned by Una. Thusly, the term Khasut or Hyksos should be read: Kushite.
If Temeh was a name for Lower Egypt, in addition to Libya makes it clear that Kushites lived not only in Nubia, but also Lower Egypt and Libya. New research from Lower Egypt indicates that the Hyksos were native to Lower Egypt or Temeh.
Research by C. Stantis & H. Schutkowski in a paper presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Association Physical Anthropologists (2019) in their paper “Migration into Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period”, observed that the ruling class may have been “foreign , the local people were native to the Lower Egypt during the Hyksos period at Tell el Dab’a (Avaris), Tell el-Rotaba (Rotaba), and Tell el-Maskhuta and other parts of the Delta or Temeh.
The latest research on the Hyksos indicate that there was no invasion of Lower Egypt, the Hyksos were already living in Lower Egypt. Bruce Bower (2019), admits that there are no places in Lower Egypt that indicates any battles being fought in the region before and during the Hyksos period. Moreover, the archaeological evidence makes it clear that the Lower Egyptians and people in Libya and the Middle East practiced the same culture (Curry,2018). They also had strong relations with the Kushites in Nubia. This is not surprising because Lower Egypt , Libya and the Levant made up Temeh, which since the Una inscription dating to the Old Kingdom was ḫ3st or Khasut/ Kush.
The Hyksos ruled from 1650-1550. The New Kingdom lasted from 1549-1292. During the New Kingdom Egyptians used the name Aamw, as a generic name for the Asian, the term : Habiru, was ethnonym for one of the Asian tribes. It is clear that if the Habiru and Heqa Khasut were the same people, they would have had the same name given the fact the New Kingdom, began at the end of the Heqa Khasut Dynasty.
The Hyksos door jamb signs reads “King of the Kushites. Fraser (1900) and Newberry (1906) have published many of the Hyksos scarabs. These scarabs often begin with the title Heqa ḫ3st and the plural marker III, and should read “King of the Kushites”.
. . Although the Hyksos scarabs have three lines under heqa ḫЗst , it does not read 'King of the mountains' as translated by Newberry it means “King of the Kushites”.
This is obvious when we look at the Khnumhotep II, inscription. Here we see above a Nubian ibis heqa ḫЗst, under the ibis is the name Abisharie. This inscription reads: "The Kushite King Abisharie".
Whereas on the Semqen scarab we read heqa ḫЗst+ plural marker III, and we read it as : "King of the Kushites Semqen".
The meaning of Khas, has to be Kush, because why would Hyksos kings refer to themselves as ‘foreign kings’, when they were native to the land they ruled. There are Egyptian text where the Hyksos called themselves Khas= Kushite. The Egyptian textual evidence include The primary evidence includes the Turin Royal Canon where the Hyksos were styled : heqa khasut, the same name they called the other Kushites in Nubia, during the Old Kingdom. During the New Kingdom, the Kushites were still being called Kash, the same name the Hattians called themselves i.e., Kashka.
The first four rulers of the Hyksos called themselves heqa khasut on their seals and a monumental doorjamb from Avaris. This is primary contemporaneous AEL literature epigraphic documentation evidence indicating that they called themselves Khas. The Hyksos worshiped Ra and Seth. They also continued to worship Near Eastern gods and the culture of the Kushites in Temeh .
Hyksos Kings were proud of their Kushite origin. in the Hyksos seals, the Kings wrote their names followed by the "Heqa Khasut", i.e. “King of the Kushites”. These sealings are primary contemporaneous AEL literature documentation ,indicating that the Hyksos used this name to illustrate their Kushite ancestry and relationship to the Nubian Kushites. See; A History of Ancient Egypt by Marc Van De Mieroop.It would appear that the Egyptians hated the Hyksos, not because they were foreigners, they hated them because they dared to acknowledge their Kushite ḫ3st(Khasut) origin. In summary , the meaning of ḫ3st(Khast) is Kushite). My interpretation of N25 ḫ3st, is supported by the Classical scholars, line 46 of the Weni or Una inscription and Sahure, and the use of the term ḫ3st, on the Hyksos sealings and inscriptions generally. .
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References: Bower,B. (2019). Foreigners may have conquered ancient Egypt without invading it. ScienceNews , 2 April (2019). Bright, J . A History of Israel, Westminster John Knox Press . Curry, A. (2018). The Rulers of Foreign Lands, Archaeoloy Magazine, September/ October . Drews,R. The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East, Princeton University Press. Winters.C (2018). The Kushites, Who, What, When, Where .
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quote:Originally posted by TheTruth01: ]Wasn't the chariot introduced INTO Egypt from the Hyksos coming from Asia, or was the chariot already indigenous to Africa? Also if they were Kushites is it possible that they had colonized the Levant rather than northern Egypt? What about the glyphs that show the Egyptians bringing a DISTINCT people into the land due to famine? Dr. Jonh Henrick Clarke even stated this.
The chariot was already in use in Africa before the Hyksos. Europeans like to make it appear that everything came into Africa from West Asia. This is false. . .
This rock art above is usually dated to around 1700-2000 BC. Prior to this period people usually communicated via rivers and streams. The wheel was probably early used in Africa, but the carts were probably pulled by cattle--not horses. .
In addition to chariots West Africans also used ox carts at Dhar Tichitt. Holl says these ox carts date back to the Early Iconographic Tradition at Dhar Tichitt.
The presents of ox-carts at Dar Tichitt highlight the early use of wheeled transportation in West Africa.
This is evident in an examination of the Mande and Dravidian (Tamil) words for wheel and round. The words for wheel are Mande koli, kori, muru-fe; and Tamil kal, ari, urul , tikiri, in Kanada: gali tiguri, tigari. The term for cart in Tamil is Kal. In the Mande languages the word for round is Kuru,kulu, the word for carriage is is also Kulu and Kuru. The existence of Kal in Tamil for wheel and cart, and in the Mande languages: Koli for wheel and Kulu for carriage indicate that the original Proto-Dravido-African term for cart was probably *Kali or kuli.
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The horse period is dated between 2000 and 1200 BC. These dates correspond to the archaeological research.There were two horses common to Africa. A horse introduced to Africa by the Hysos and a native small size horse common to much of North and West Africa.Most researchers believe the horse was introduced to Africa/Egypt by 1700BC. This is an interesting date, and far to late for the introduction of the horse given the archaeological evidence for horses at Maadi and the Saharan zone.Saharan Africans used the donkey and later horses as beast of burden. A domesticated Equus was found at Hierakonpolis dating to around the 3600 BC at Maadi in the Sahara (Fekri A Hassan, The predynastic of Egypt, Journal of World Prehistory,2(2) (1988) .145; J. McArdle, Preliminary report on the predynastic fauna of the Hierkonpolis, Project Studies Association, Cairo. Publication No.1 (1982), p.116-120.)
The archaeological evidence of horses in the Sahara at this early time make it clear that horses were in Africa years before the Hysos arrived on the Continent, and that a horse native to Saharan Africa was already in existence before this time as well.
Secondly we have Kushites horsebackriding at Buhen in 4th millennium BP. This shows that while Asians used the horse mainly to pull chariots Africans had long recognized that they could also ride the horse. As a result, the presence of writing and Saharans horseback riding support a probably much earlier origin than the late horse period (e.g., 700 BC) assigned these inscriptions by some researchers.
The Minoan and African chariots were the same. The fact that the chariots found in West Africa resemble those of Crete does not mean that the riders of these chariots had to have come from Crete. In fact Greek traditions make it clear that the ancient Cretans, called Minoans came from Africa
The Dravidian and African languages share similar names for the wheel. For example:
Galla makurakura Tulu gali, tagori Swahili guru, dumu Mande koli, kori, muru-fe Tamil kal, ari, urul , tikiri Ka. gali tiguri, tigari
It would appear that the proto-African-Dravidian term for wheel was *-ori / *-uri *go/uri and *ko/uri. The proto-South Dravidian term for wheel *tigu/ori . The linguistic evidence suggest that in the proto- language the speakers of proto-African-Dravidian used either the vowels o/u or a/i after the consonants. It is also evident that the l and r, were interchangeable in the construction of the term for wheel.
It is clear that African people employed chariots in aadition to boats to travel long distances in many parts of Africa.
Horseback riding did originate in Africa.
At Buhen, one of the major fortresses of Nubia, which served as the headquarters of the Egyptian Viceroy of Kush a skeleton of a horse was found lying on the pavement of a Middle Kingdom rampart (W.B. Emery, A master-work of Egyptian military architecture 3900 years ago" Illustrated London News, 12 September, pp.250-251). This was only 25 years after the Hysos had conquered Egypt.The Kushites appear to have rode the horses on horseback instead of a chariot.
This suggest that the Kushites had been riding horses for an extended period of time for them to be able to attack Buhen on horseback. This supports supports the early habit of Africans riding horses as depicted in the rock art.This tradition was continued throughout the history of Kush.
The Kushites and upper Egyptians were great horsemen, whereas the Lower Egyptians usually rode the chariot, the Kushite calvary of the Twenty-Fifth Dynasty usually rode on horseback (W.A. Fairservis, The ancient kingdoms of the Nile (London,1962) p.129).
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quote:Originally posted by TheTruth01: ]Wasn't the chariot introduced INTO Egypt from the Hyksos coming from Asia, or was the chariot already indigenous to Africa? Also if they were Kushites is it possible that they had colonized the Levant rather than northern Egypt? What about the glyphs that show the Egyptians bringing a DISTINCT people into the land due to famine? Dr. Jonh Henrick Clarke even stated this.
John Henricks Clark was wrong. There were various Blacks that entered Egypt due the famine as illustrated by the Egyptian text.
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. So you can see from the above photos the Hyksos were dark skinned Africans not Caucasians.
Check out this video. Click it to view it.
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New Research about the Hyksos Recent research on the people of Lower Egypt make it clear that the Hyksos were not invaders of Egypt as claimed by Anta Diop. The new research shows that in the 1960's when Diop did his research there was little evidence to support the Egyptian origin of the Hyksos.
This lack of evidence is not true today. The textual evidence from the Hyksos documents make it clear that they considered themselves Kushites. As noted above the Kushites were horsemen as indicated by the horse found at Buhen, and the chariot riding found in Africa as noted above.
At Buhen, one of the major fortresses of Nubia, which served as the headquarters of the Egyptian Viceroy of Kush a skeleton of a horse was found lying on the pavement of a Middle Kingdom rampart (W.B. Emery, A master-work of Egyptian military architecture 3900 years ago" Illustrated London News, 12 September, pp.250-251). This was only 25 years after the Hysos had conquered Egypt.The Kushites appear to have rode the horses on horseback instead of a chariot.
This suggest that the Kushites had been riding horses for an extended period of time for them to be able to attack Buhen on horseback. This supports the early habit of Africans riding horses as depicted in the rock art.This tradition was continued throughout the history of Kush.
Research by C. Stantis & H. Schutkowski in a paper presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Association Physical Anthropologists (2019) in their paper “Migration into Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period”, observed that the ruling class may have been “foreign , the local people were native to the Lower Egypt during the Hyksos period at Tell el Dab’a (Avaris), Tell el-Rotaba (Rotaba), and Tell el-Maskhuta and other parts of the Delta or Temeh. New Scientists Discussed the Stantis research:
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"The tombs with non-[Upper] Egyptian burial customs were especially intriguing — typically males buried with bronze weaponry in constructed tombs, without scarabs or other protective amulets like Egyptians would have been buried with," Stantis told Live Science in an email.
"The most elite had equids of some sort (potentially donkeys) buried outside the tombs, often in pairs as though ready to pull a chariot. This is both a foreign characteristic of burial style[ of Upper Egypt], but also suggestive of someone [with] very high status," Stantis said. But long before the Hyksos emerged as a ruling dynasty in 1638 B.C., waves of migration brought this ethnic group into Egypt's delta region, the scientists reported in the study.
Stantis and her co-authors collected enamel samples from the teeth of 75 ancient people in three locations at Tell el-Dab'a. They scrutinized the enamel for strontium isotopes (variations of an element), and then compared the ratios with isotopes preserved in other remains and artifacts from the region and along the Nile, to determine whether the people living in Tell el-Dab'a were "local."
"Strontium enters our bodies primarily through the food we eat," Stantis said. "It readily replaces calcium, as it's a similar atomic radius. This is the same way lead enters our skeletal system; although, while lead is dangerous, strontium is not."
Because strontium reflects the underlying geology of a region, and because dental enamel geochemistry takes shape early in life, individuals with enamel values that match local values are thereby considered to be local to the region, Stantis explained.
The scientists also used geochemical analysis to determine the sex of the individuals, to better understand the male-to-female ratio in the Hyksos capital.
Isotopes in the majority of the teeth — belonging to 36 individuals — identified them as settling in Egypt prior to the start of the Hyskos dynasty, contradicting the narrative that the Hyksos first appeared as an invasive army. Intriguingly, the wide range of isotope values hinted that immigrants "did not come from one unified homeland," representing "an extensive variety of origins," according to the study.
Chemical analysis of the teeth also revealed that 30 of the individuals were female, while only 20 were found to be male. If the Hyksos had appeared in Egypt as invaders, the first wave of Hyksos would likely be all male, because men were typicallythe fighters in ancient societies. By comparison, the large number of women "immigrants" pre-dating the Hyksos dynasty suggests that women were at the forefront of the Hyksos migration to Egypt, the researchers reported.
"Some previous research talked about men moving into Egypt: shipbuilders, merchants, mercenaries. The concept of women moving, as a family or possibly alone, hasn't really been discussed," Stantis explained.
"We need to look more into who these women were and why they moved, but the fact that there's more women than men changes a lot of interpretations."
With a clearer picture of when the Hyksos arrived and how they settled in Egypt, the next steps will involve piecing together how the Hyksos adapted to the customs of their new home and how they blended new practices with their own cultural traditions, Stantis said.
Egyptian literature supports the archaeological evidence that the Hyksos were native to Lower Egypt. Thusly, the inscription of Weni line 46 : “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet "heqa ḫ3st [Kusites], the Mazoi "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], the Yam "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Wawat "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Kau "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], and in the land of Temeh.” Nesmenser in https://www.temehu.com , noted that Sir Alan Gardiner said that Temeh'w means “Lower Egypt” as well as the “Delta”, indicates that Kushites lived in Lower Egypt.
Francis Llewellyn Griffith translated the Inscription of Una . Griffith translated thw word Nehesy as “negro”. Una listed the Kushite dynasties in the Weni inscription, as follows, “ When his Majesty chastised the Aamu-Herusha 6 and his Majesty made an army of many tens of thousands out of the whole of the Upper Country, from Abu 7 in the south to Aphroditopolis [?] in the north, and out of the Lower Country, from the whole of the two sides, 8 out of Sezer and Khen-sezeru, 9 negroes from Arertet, 10 negroes from Meza, negroes from [Y]Aam, negroes from Wawat, negroes from Kaau, and foreigners from the land of Temeh “. In relation to Temeh, the term “foreigner” would have been ḫ3st or Kushite just like the name ḫ3stused in relation to the other Kushite nations mentioned by Una. Thusly, the term Khasut or Hyksos should be read: Kushite.
If Temeh was a name for Lower Egypt, in addition to Libya makes it clear that Kushites lived not only in Nubia, but also Lower Egypt and Libya. New research from Lower Egypt indicates that the Hyksos were native to Lower Egypt or Temeh. .
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There are other published papers that support the Stantis research. The latest research on the Hyksos indicate that there was no invasion of Lower Egypt, the Hyksos were already living in Lower Egypt. Bruce Bower (2019), admits that there are no places in Lower Egypt that indicates any battles being fought in the region before and during the Hyksos period. Moreover, the archaeological evidence makes it clear that the Lower Egyptians and people in Libya and the Middle East practiced the same culture (Curry,2018). They also had strong relations with the Kushites in Nubia. This is not surprising because Lower Egypt , Libya and the Levant made up Temeh, which since the Una inscription dating to the Old Kingdom was ḫ3st or Khasut/ Kush.
References: Bower,B. (2019). Foreigners may have conquered ancient Egypt without invading it. ScienceNews , 2 April (2019). Curry, A. (2018). The Rulers of Foreign Lands, Archaeoloy Magazine, September/ October . Stantis Research (2020) , https://www.livescience.com/hyksos-did-not-invade-egypt.html
Winters.C (2018). The Kushites, Who, What, When, Where .
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quote: The name Issachar may denote the invention of commercial autonomy, which constitutes a degree of social freedom, and may also be a deliberate nod to the historical king Sakir-Har (Hire-Hill; same root) of the real-time In-And-Out-Of-Egypt people called the Hyksos. The Hyksos were a mixed people of mostly Semitic origin, who came peacefully to Egypt and gradually took over the north, in part due to a famine. They were eventually expelled and driven toward Israel, and these historical events probably formed the scaffolding of the Biblical account of the Exodus (see Josephus' discussion of Manetho in Against Apion, Book I). The Hebrew Levitical tradition may have piggybacked on the Hyksos history; their expulsion from Egypt may explain the Exodus of the whole of Israel in the same way that a whole man is saved when he pulls only one limb from a fire (as explained by Paul in 1 CORINTHIANS 12:26).
The name Amorite in the Bible According to Genesis 10:16, the Amorites are descendants of Canaan, a son of Ham, a son of Noah.
Although the Bible doesn't mention it, we may readily assume that the name Amorite comes from the name Amor (which of course has nothing to do with the Latin word amor, meaning love). In Hebrew the latter is identical to the verb אמר ('amar), meaning to speak or say:
Excerpted from: Abarim Publications' Biblical Dictionary The ubiquitous verb אמר ('amar) means to talk or say and may even mean to promise or command. Nouns אמר ('omer) and מאמר (ma'amar) mean speech, word, promise or command. Nouns אמרה ('imra) and אמרה ('emra) mean utterance or speech. The metaphorical noun אמיר ('amir) refers to the leafy and fruit bearing crown of a tree.
quote:As a word, Hyksos is simply the Greek version of an Egyptian title, Heka Khasut, meaning “rulers of foreign lands/hill countries.” While much is misunderstood, we know the Hyksos comprised a small group of West Asian individuals who ruled Northern Egypt, especially the Delta, during the Second Intermediate Period. These rulers were recorded as Egypt’s 15th dynasty in the Turin Royal Canon, the only known king’s list that documents their existence.
For decades, the writings of the Ptolemaic Egyptian historian, Manetho, influenced the popular and scholarly interpretations of the Hyksos.
quote:Manetho, (flourished c. 300 BCE), Egyptian priest who wrote a history of Egypt in Greek, probably commissioned by Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246).
Manetho’s history has not survived except for some fragments of narrative in Josephus’s treatise “Against Apion” and tables of dynasties, kings, and lengths of reigns given in the works of Julius Africanus, Eusebius, and George Syncellus. The fragments thus preserved showed that Manetho’s work was based on good native sources, perhaps both oral and written. These fragments have been of much service to scholars in determining the succession of kings where the archaeological evidence was inconclusive, and Manetho’s division of the rulers of ancient Egypt into 30 dynasties is still used as the basic framework for ancient Egyptian history.
Tukuler
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The root of 'Emoriy may come from 'amiyr - head top summit, mountain. Amorite 'Canaanites' dwelt in hill country east of the Jordan river. Hebrew viewpoint.
Amarna records make for Beirut to Arvad as the Amorite hills - amwr.xAst. AE outlook.
Amorite is somewhat a generic. Consider the number of 'Amorite' kingdoms in the so-called bronze age. Think of the levantines who migrated east to Iraq and took over.
Which particular 'Amorites' are meant when dealing with a topic needs definition.
quote: The name Issachar may denote the invention of commercial autonomy, which constitutes a degree of social freedom, and may also be a deliberate nod to the historical king Sakir-Har (Hire-Hill; same root) of the real-time In-And-Out-Of-Egypt people called the Hyksos. The Hyksos were a mixed people of mostly Semitic origin, who came peacefully to Egypt and gradually took over the north, in part due to a famine. They were eventually expelled and driven toward Israel, and these historical events probably formed the scaffolding of the Biblical account of the Exodus (see Josephus' discussion of Manetho in Against Apion, Book I). The Hebrew Levitical tradition may have piggybacked on the Hyksos history; their expulsion from Egypt may explain the Exodus of the whole of Israel in the same way that a whole man is saved when he pulls only one limb from a fire (as explained by Paul in 1 CORINTHIANS 12:26).
People forget that Semitic speakers are native to the Nile Valley.
As I pointed out in another post their is no archaeological evidence of a Hyksos migration into Lower Egypt. In Fact Lower Egypt was recognized as a ḫ3st (Kushite) nation.
Thusly, the inscription of Weni line 46 : “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet "heqa ḫ3st [Kusites], the Mazoi "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], the Yam "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Wawat "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Kau "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], and in the land of Temeh.”
Nesmenser in https://www.temehu.com , noted that Sir Alan Gardiner said that Temeh'w means “Lower Egypt” as well as the “Delta”, indicates that Kushites lived in Lower Egypt.
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The Hyksos were not Amorites. The Amorites were recognized as invaders of Mesopotamia. The Akkadians and Sumerians report that they were primitive. In Akkadian and Sumerian literature the Amorites were called Mar.Tu. They wrote that: "The MAR.TU who know no grain.... The MAR.TU who know no house nor town, the boors of the mountains.... The MAR.TU who digs up truffles... who does not bend his knees (to cultivate the land), who eats raw meat, who has no house during his lifetime, who is not buried after death[.]"
Recent research indicates that the Hyksos were not invaders into Lower Egypt.
statuette of a foreign woman, with her child on the back. Wood, found in the tomb of Ouseri, Beni Hassan. XII dynasty, found on the site of Beni Hassan.
quote: The name Issachar may denote the invention of commercial autonomy, which constitutes a degree of social freedom, and may also be a deliberate nod to the historical king Sakir-Har (Hire-Hill; same root) of the real-time In-And-Out-Of-Egypt people called the Hyksos. The Hyksos were a mixed people of mostly Semitic origin, who came peacefully to Egypt and gradually took over the north, in part due to a famine. They were eventually expelled and driven toward Israel, and these historical events probably formed the scaffolding of the Biblical account of the Exodus (see Josephus' discussion of Manetho in Against Apion, Book I). The Hebrew Levitical tradition may have piggybacked on the Hyksos history; their expulsion from Egypt may explain the Exodus of the whole of Israel in the same way that a whole man is saved when he pulls only one limb from a fire (as explained by Paul in 1 CORINTHIANS 12:26).
People forget that Semitic speakers are native to the Nile Valley.
As I pointed out in another post their is no archaeological evidence of a Hyksos migration into Lower Egypt. In Fact Lower Egypt was recognized as a ḫ3st (Kushite) nation.
Thusly, the inscription of Weni line 46 : “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet "heqa ḫ3st [Kusites], the Mazoi "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], the Yam "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Wawat "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Kau "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], and in the land of Temeh.”
Nesmenser in https://www.temehu.com , noted that Sir Alan Gardiner said that Temeh'w means “Lower Egypt” as well as the “Delta”, indicates that Kushites lived in Lower Egypt.
Of course it was part of the Afroasiatic phylum. I don't think this has been ignored. The thing is that they are indifferent to the place of origin.
Posts: 22234 | From: האם אינכם כילדי הכרית אלי בני ישראל | Registered: Nov 2010
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quote: The name Issachar may denote the invention of commercial autonomy, which constitutes a degree of social freedom, and may also be a deliberate nod to the historical king Sakir-Har (Hire-Hill; same root) of the real-time In-And-Out-Of-Egypt people called the Hyksos. The Hyksos were a mixed people of mostly Semitic origin, who came peacefully to Egypt and gradually took over the north, in part due to a famine. They were eventually expelled and driven toward Israel, and these historical events probably formed the scaffolding of the Biblical account of the Exodus (see Josephus' discussion of Manetho in Against Apion, Book I). The Hebrew Levitical tradition may have piggybacked on the Hyksos history; their expulsion from Egypt may explain the Exodus of the whole of Israel in the same way that a whole man is saved when he pulls only one limb from a fire (as explained by Paul in 1 CORINTHIANS 12:26).
People forget that Semitic speakers are native to the Nile Valley.
As I pointed out in another post their is no archaeological evidence of a Hyksos migration into Lower Egypt. In Fact Lower Egypt was recognized as a ḫ3st (Kushite) nation.
Thusly, the inscription of Weni line 46 : “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet "heqa ḫ3st [Kusites], the Mazoi "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], the Yam "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Wawat "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Kau "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], and in the land of Temeh.”
Nesmenser in https://www.temehu.com , noted that Sir Alan Gardiner said that Temeh'w means “Lower Egypt” as well as the “Delta”, indicates that Kushites lived in Lower Egypt.
Of course it was part of the Afroasiatic phylum. I don't think this has been ignored. The thing is that they are indifferent to the place of origin.
I don't believe in an Afro-Asiatic phylum. The idea of this phytum is that Semitic languages originated in Asia. This is false. Semitic languages were native to the Nile Valley.
The Semitic Languages Originated in Nile Valley
The Semitic languages are native to the Nile Valley. As a result, Semitic should be recognized as an African language. I call the Semitic languages Puntite languages. The Semitic speaking people are native to the Nile Valley and Northeast Africa, they did not originate in Arabia.
The Semitic languages are divided into four groups: North-east Semitic, Northwest Semitic, Southeast Semitic and Southwest Semitic. The Ethiopian Semitic languages belong to the Southeast Semitic subgroup.
In ancient times modern Ethiopia and Somalia was called Punt. As a result I call the Semitic languages of Ethiopia: Puntite languages. In the Sumerian texts these Puntites may have been called Meluhhaites.
The Puntites lived in the Eastern desert of Egypt and Arabia for many years and on the Horn of Africa. The earliest representatives of this group are depicted on the Ivory label of King Dan (Udimu) of the first Dynasty of Kemit.
In the Ivory label of King Dan , we see Dan holding a mace “smiting the enemy”. The people were identified a jwntj.w "people with hunting bows”, and inhabitants of the Eastern Desert. The jewenetejes, were probably Semitic or Puntite speakers . Like the Jewenetejes the Puntites wore beards. The use of the bow by the Jeweneteje suggest that they were related to the Kushites.
The existence of Punt, in areas where Semitic languages is spoken plus several Semitic languages in the Sudan, especially Habesha suggest the presence of Semitic speakers in the Nile Valley since pre-Egyptian times. The Egyptians referred to Punt as "God's Land".
Punt is usually situated by researchers in the Red Sea Coast near the region where the Medjay lived, on into modern Ethiopia. this part of Africa was called Meluhha by the Assyrians.
Much of what we know about Punt comes from the Deir el-Bahri temple , On this mural is depicted the Puntite King Parahu (right) and his wife Ati. Note that King Parahu wears a beard
These areas today are inhabited by Semitic speakers ( Puntites, Habesha and etc). The intimacy between the Puntites and Egyptians make it clear that Semitic speakers were recognized as a respected population related to the Egyptians. This would explain the Semitic speaking populations in the Nile Valley who are not Arabic speakers. This is why I call the African Semitic languages Puntite languages because they were probably formerly spoken by the people of Punt.
The pre-Egyptian presence of Semitic speakers in the Nile Valley is supported by 1) the presence of Habesha and Colloquial Sudanese Arabic (CSA) in the Sudan and Nile Valley; and 2) Semitic loan words in ancient Egyptian and Meroitic.. Is a semitic language but it is not Arabic. If Semitic languages in the Sudan were the result of the spread of Islam, CSA would be an Arabic dialect--but it is not an Arabic dialect.
Anta Diop found an African root at the base of Semitic root words. Dr. Diop noted that the Semitic tri consonant root system is genetically related to the African root words in Semitic.
As a result, I call the Semitic languages Puntite languages. Egyptian and Semitic languages shared grammatical features and cognate. Egyptian Semitic terms were recognized by Erman and Albright (See: A. Erman. 1885. "Das Verhiltnis des Aegyptischen zu den semitischen Sprachen" ,ZDMG,1 XLVI, 9.; and W. F. Albright, Egypto-Semitic Etymology, The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Jan.),pp. 81-98). CSL and Arabic are two distinct Semitic languages. In modern day Sudan, Colloquial Sudanese Arabic is recognized as a lingua franca or slang language.
Anas Elbashir Ahmed Musa has used comparative linguistic methods to illustrate the genetic linguistic relationship between Old Sudanese Language (Colloquial Sudanese Arabic) and Meroitic. Brother Anas Elbashir has illustrated the continued use of classical Meroitic terms among contemporary Sudanese.
Arabic scholars recognize that CSL is a Semitic language unique to the Sudanese because it has many vocabulary items from Sudanese languages including Nubian, but, especially Beja or Bidaweet.The relationship between Egyptian and Semitic and the Cognate Meroitic-Colloquial Sudanese Arabic or Classical Sudanese Language (CSL) Semitic terms makes it clear the Semitic languages originated in the Nile Valley and expanded from there into Eurasia.
The earliest civilization in Southwest Arabia date back to the 2nd Millenium. This culture is called the Tihama culture which originated in Africa. The people of the Tihama culture included Puntites.
This civilization probably originated in Nubia. It is characterized by the cheesecake or pillbox burial monuments which extend from Dhofar in Nubia, the Gara mountains to Adulis on the Gulf of Zula, to Hadramaut, Qataban, Ausan, Adenm, Asir, the Main area and Tihama.
Brother Anas Elbashir, after comparing Colloquial Sudanese Arabic to words in my Meroitic Word List, has illustrated the continued use of classical Meroitic terms among contemporary Sudanese.
In conclusion the Semitic speakers originated in the Nile Valley. The Puntites like the jwntj.w and other people in the Eastern Desert wore beards .
There was no back migration of Semitic speakers from Arabia into Africa. The migration was not into the Sudan, the Tihama material makes it clear the migration was from the Sudan/Nile Valley into Arabia.
Semitic and CSL are related to ancient Egyptian and Meroitic If the Semitic speakers in the Nile Valley , were due to a back migration from Asia into the Nile Valley Semitic speakers would speak an Arabic dialect instead of CSL.The Puntites were Semitic speakers.
Thusly, there is no such thing as an Afro-Asiatic family of languages. Semitic languages came from the Nile Valley not Asia
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