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Sudanese need to write their own history. Much of what we know about ancient Egypt and the Nile Valley are Lies.
The Kings of the 25 Dynasty were not the only series of Kushites to rule Egypt. People forget that the first city-state of Egypt was Ta-Seti. Ta-Seti was a Kushite or Nehesy nation. This means that Egypt was founded by Kushites. But the ancient Egyptians wanted to break away from Kushite Traditions dating back to Narmer days.
We have assumed that the history of ancient Egypt and the Middle East is neutral and valid. This is false. Sadly, we have been taught a false history of Egypt that claims that Kushites only ruled Egypt during the 25th Dynasty.
This is false. What Egyptologist call the Second Intermediate Period (1800-1550 BC) between the 13th and 18th Dynasties of Egypt, was in reality the period of Egypt when the Nehesy or Kushites ruled Egypt and the Middle East. A region which since the days of Narmer was called Kush as illustrated by the Nahal Tilla bullae.
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. Narmer was the first ruler to expand the Kushites into the Levant and Anatolia. Narmer is attested in Egypt and Canaan.
Many serekhs of Narmer have been found in Tel Erani, Arad, 'En Besor, and Halif Terrace/Nahal Tillah .
We know that Narmer was a Kushite because of a Clay bulla (reg. no. G-67.95, Locus 102, B. 1308) from Nahal Tillah. The inscriptions on the Clay bulla can be read as ḫЗs.t Kush, ḫ3s.tj "he who belongs to Kush" or Kushite.
Temeh or Lower Egypt was the homeland of the Northern Kushites. In this essay we will show that the Hyksos were Kushites. And that the term "heqa ḫ3st , means Kushite—not "Rulers of foreign lands".
From 1800BC-1550 BC Egypt was ruled by Kushites who identified themselves as Nehesy and ḫЗšt (Hyksos) or Kushites in Lower Egypt and the Levant. As a result we notice that these kings often identified themselves as Nehesy, like the Pharoah of the Egyptian 13th Dynasty.
The most well know Kushite rulers of Egypt were the Hyksos.
Researchers have made it clear that the Hyksos included many different nationalities. The Hyksos according to John Bright, A History of Israel, Westminster John Knox Press ( p.60 ); and Robert Drews, "The Coming of the Greeks: Indo-European Conquests in the Aegean and the Near East"( Princeton University Press [p.254] ) included Hurrians/Hattians, in addition to Canaanites. This means that the name Aamw, was a generic name for ‘Asians’, and did not denote a specific Asian tribe.
The Hyksos were called heqa khasut see: The World in Ancient Times: The ancient Egyptian world, by Oup Book. , not Habiruor Shepherd Kings.
Most researchers accept the contemporary meaning of Gardiner's N25 symbol as "Rulers of foreign lands" not Kush”. But this was not the first meaning assigned this sign. Breasted translated N25, as "heqa ḫ3st ". In my book the Kushites, Who, What, When, Where, I explain that the Hyksos were Blacks native to Lower Egypt.
If Gardiner's N25 symbol meant "Rulers of foreign lands" we would read the Weni inscription as the following “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet Rulers of foreign lands , the Mazoi Rulers of foreign lands , the Yam Rulers of foreign lands , among the Wawat Rulers of foreign lands, among the Kau Rulers of foreign lands , and in the land of Temeh.”
Semantically reading N25 as "Rulers of foreign land" is unintelligent, for example “Wawat Rulers of foreign lands” , is incorrect, because Wawat was the name of a nation, not a king. As a result, ḫ3st, was used to identify the nationality of the Wawat, Kau and other Kushite = ḫ3st.
Thusly, the inscription of Weni line 46 : “His majesty made war on the Asiatic Sand-dwellers and his majesty made an army of many ten thousands; in the entire South, southward to Elephantine, and northward to Aphroditopolis [Busiris]; in the Northland on both sides entire in the [stronghold], and in the midst of the [strongholds], among the Irthet "heqa ḫ3st [Kusites], the Mazoi "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], the Yam "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Wawat "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], among the Kau "heqa ḫ3st [Kushites], and in the land of Temeh.” Nesmenser in https://www.temehu.com , noted that Sir Alan Gardiner said that Temeh'w means “Lower Egypt” as well as the “Delta”, indicates that Kushites lived in Lower Egypt.
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. Francis Llewellyn Griffith translated the Inscription of Una . Griffith translated the word Nehesy as “negro”. Una listed the Kushite dynasties in the Weni inscription, as follows, “ When his Majesty chastised the Aamu-Herusha 6 and his Majesty made an army of many tens of thousands out of the whole of the Upper Country, from Abu 7 in the south to Aphroditopolis [?] in the north, and out of the Lower Country, from the whole of the two sides, 8 out of Sezer and Khen-sezeru, 9 negroes from Arertet, 10 negroes from Meza, negroes from [Y]Aam, negroes from Wawat, negroes from Kaau, and foreigners from the land of Temeh “. In relation to Temeh, the term “foreigner” would have been ḫ3st or Kushite just like the name ḫ3stused in relation to the other Kushite nations mentioned by Una. Thusly, the term Khasut or Hyksos should be read: Kushite.
If Temeh was a name for Lower Egypt, in addition to Libya makes it clear that Kushites lived not only in Nubia, but also Lower Egypt and Libya. New research from Lower Egypt indicates that the Hyksos were native to Lower Egypt or Temeh.
Research by C. Stantis & H. Schutkowski in a paper presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the American Association Physical Anthropologists (2019) in their paper “Migration into Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period”, observed that the ruling class may have been “foreign , the local people were native to the Lower Egypt during the Hyksos period at Tell el Dab’a (Avaris), Tell el-Rotaba (Rotaba), and Tell el-Maskhuta and other parts of the Delta or Temeh.
The latest research on the Hyksos indicate that there was no invasion of Lower Egypt, the Hyksos were already living in Lower Egypt. Bruce Bower (2019), admits that there are no places in Lower Egypt that indicates any battles being fought in the region before and during the Hyksos period. Moreover, the archaeological evidence makes it clear that the Lower Egyptians and people in Libya and the Middle East practiced the same culture (Curry,2018).
They also had strong relations with the Kushites in Nubia. This is not surprising because Lower Egypt , Libya and the Levant made up Temeh, which since the Una inscription dating to the Old Kingdom was ḫ3st or Khasut/ Kush.
The Hyksos ruled from 1650-1550. The New Kingdom lasted from 1549-1292. During the New Kingdom Egyptians used the name Aamw, as a generic name for the Asian, the term : Habiru, was ethnonym for one of the Asian tribes. It is clear that if the Habiru and Heqa Khasut were the same people, they would have had the same name given the fact the New Kingdom, began at the end of the Heqa Khasut Dynasty.
One of the greatest "heqa ḫ3st of the Hyksos was Apophis. Apophis maintained many important Egyptian text. In addition, two of his sons were named Nehesy.
In conclusion, the Kushites ruled Egypt three times. Kushite rule of Egypt began with the first Sepat of Kemit (ancient Egypt), the Nehesy or Kushite state: Ta Seti. The Next Kushite rulers of Egypt were the Pharoahs in Temeh during the Second Intermediate Period. These Kushites preferred to identify as Nehesy, until the rise of the Hyksos Dynasty, that identified themselves as heqa ḫ3st : "Kings of Kush" like Narmer in his bullaes.
-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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