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The genetic prehistory of the Greater Caucasus
Chuan-Chao Wang, Sabine Reinhold Reinhold, Alexey Kalmykov, Antje Wissgott, Guido Brandt, Choongwon Jeong, Olivia Cheronet, Matthew Ferry, Eadaoin Harney, Denise Keating, Swapan Mallick, Nadin Rohland, Kristin Stewardson, Anatoly R. Kantorovich, Vladimir E. Maslov, Vladimira G. Petrenko, Vladimir R. Erlikh, Biaslan C. Atabiev, Rabadan G. Magomedov, Philipp L. Kohl, Kurt W. Alt, Sandra L. Pichler, Claudia Gerling, Harald Meller, Benik Vardanyan, Larisa Yeganyan, Alexey D. Rezepkin, Dirk Mariaschk, Natalia Y. Berezina, Julia Gresky, Katharina Fuchs, Corina Knipper, Stephan Schiffels, Elena Balanovska, Oleg Balanovsky, Iain Mathieson, Thomas Higham, Yakov B. Berezin, Alexandra P. Buzhilova, Viktor Trifonov, Ron Pinhasi, Andrej B. Belinskiy, David Reich, Svend Hansen, Johannes Krause, Wolfgang Haak
quote:Abstract
Archaeogenetic studies have described the formation of Eurasian 'steppe ancestry' as a mixture of Eastern and Caucasus hunter-gatherers. However, it remains unclear when and where this ancestry arose and whether it was related to a horizon of cultural innovations in the 4th millennium BCE that subsequently facilitated the advance of pastoral societies likely linked to the dispersal of Indo-European languages. To address this, we generated genome-wide SNP data from 45 prehistoric individuals along a 3000-year temporal transect in the North Caucasus. We observe a genetic separation between the groups of the Caucasus and those of the adjacent steppe. The Caucasus groups are genetically similar to contemporaneous populations south of it, suggesting that - unlike today - the Caucasus acted as a bridge rather than an insurmountable barrier to human movement. The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected Anatolian farmer-related ancestry from different contact zones, while Steppe Maykop individuals harbour additional Upper Palaeolithic Siberian and Native American related ancestry.
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Quote: "The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected Anatolian farmer-related ancestry"
Previously undetected! Really!? Steppes ancestry was present in Western Europe BEFORE the Yamnaya!! EEF ancestry was in Steppe pastoralist ....I don't understand why these Europeans keep up this farce about PIE and Steppe nomads.
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quote:The steppe groups from Yamnaya and subsequent pastoralist cultures show evidence for previously undetected Anatolian farmer-related ancestry"
Translation: "They have Semitic ancestry".
There is going to be lots of "previously undetected" components. It's funny to watch on how it slowly dawns on them that the have to account for other types of ancestry.
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Here's a quote from a related article that was in the references of the topic article analyzing a Neolithic Anatolian (mitochondrial DNA)
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Cell Genomic Evidence Establishes Anatolia as the Source of the European Neolithic Gene Pool Ayc ̧ a Omrak,1,* Torsten Gu ̈ nther,2 Cristina Valdiosera,3,2 Emma M. Svensson,2,4 Helena Malmstro ̈ m,2 Henrike Kiesewetter,5 William Aylward,6 Jan Stora ̊ ,1 Mattias Jakobsson,2 and Anders Go ̈ therstro ̈ m1,* 2016
We present ancient genome-wide sequence data from 6,700-year-old human remains excavated from a Neolithic context in Kumtepe, located in northwestern Anatolia near the well-known (and younger) site Troy [10]. Kumtepe is one of the settlements that emerged around 7,000 BP, after the initial expansion wave brought Neolithic practices to Europe. We show that this individual displays genetic similarities to the early European Neolithic gene pool and modern-day Sardinians, as well as a genetic affinity to modern-day populations from the Near East and the Caucasus. Furthermore, modern-day Anatolians carry signatures of several admixture events from different populations that have diluted this early Neolithic farmer component, explaining why modern-day Sardinian populations, instead of modern-day Anatolian populations, are genetically more similar to the people that drove the Neolithic expansion into Europe.
The Anatolian Kum6 individual falls close to the early and middle Neolithic European farmers, showing a tendency toward modern-day Near Eastern populations. Interestingly, Kum6 does not group with any modern-day Anatolian populations. These results were confirmed by outgroup f3 statistics where, among modern-day groups, Kum6 shows the greatest genetic similarity to Sardinians, Greeks, and Cypriots, whereas modern-day Anatolian populations display lower levels of genetic affinity to Kum6 (Figure 2). Kum6 also falls between modern-day West Asians and Europeans when additional modern-day populations are included in the analysis
Interestingly, the genetic similarity to the Tyrolean Iceman and the eastern compo- nent detected in Kumtepe indicate an intense entanglement of contacts from the East and into Europe, with western Anatolia at the center. Most modern-day European populations display ancestries from Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, early Neolithic farmers, and in some cases traces of additional admixture from different sources [3, 4, 23, 24] (Figure 3). Modern-day Anatolian groups display a variety of admixture traces originating from groups in the Middle East, Central Asia, and Siberia, which cause Kum6 to be genetically more similar to modern-day Europeans than to modern-day Anatolians.
We obtained mitochondrial genomes with coverage of 213 for individual Kum6 and 1.53 for Kum4. Kum6 carries the H2a mitochondrial haplogroup (Supplemental Experimental Proce- dures, section 3.2; Table S3), a haplogroup commonly found in modern-day Eastern Europeans and Caucasians
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Haplogroup H
Haplogroup H has also been found among Iberomaurusian specimens dating from the Epipaleolithic at the Taforalt and Afalou prehistoric sites.[7] Among the Taforalt individuals, around 29% of the observed haplotypes belonged to various H subclades, including H1 (2/24; 8%), H103 (1/24; 4%), H14b1 (1/24; 4%), H2a2a1 (1/24; 4%), and H2a1e1a (1/24; 4%). A further 41% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup H or haplogroup U. Among the Afalou individuals, the H subclades were represented by H103 (1/9; 11%). A further 44% of the analysed haplotypes could be assigned to either haplogroup H or haplogroup U (3/9; 33%) or to haplogroup H14b1 or haplogroup JT (1/9; 11%)
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Genetic studies on Turkish people (modern Y DNA)
A study in Turkey by Gökçümen (2008)[24] took into account oral histories and historical records. They went to four settlements in Central Anatolia and didn't do a random selection from a group of university students like in many other studies. Accordingly, here are the results:
1) In an Afshar village near Ankara where, according to oral tradition, the ancestors of the inhabitants came from Central Asia, the researchers found that 57% of the villagers had haplogroup L, 13% had haplogroup Q, and 3% had haplogroup N. It was considered that examples of haplogroup L (most common in South Asia) might be a result of Central Asian migration, even though the presence of haplogroup L in Central Asia itself was most likely a result of migration from South Asia. Therefore Central Asian haplogroups were potentially possessed by 73% of males in this village. Furthermore, 10% of these Afshars had haplogroups E3a and E3b, while only 13% had haplogroup J2a, the most common in Turkey.
2) The inhabitants of an older Turkish village which didn't receive much migration had about 25% of haplogroup N and 25% of J2a, with 3% of G and close to 30% of R1 variants (mostly R1b).
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This article claims that the Steppe people carried Y-Chromosome R,R1a,Rl1b. These clades along with the Caucasus clades were all carried by the Kushites who settled these areas and expanded across Europe herding cattle and cultivating millet web page.
DNA tests can accurately differentiate between individuals. But as noted by this article."To answer a specific question about individual ancestry, you need to supplement your mtDNA or Y chromosome genetic information with reliable historical records."See web page
This article explains why Eurocentrists make many claims about a so called Eurasian back migration to Africa, but they never support this claim with archaeological evidence. They can't support this claim because the Bell Beaker people were Kushites from Africa web page/paper The Kushites did not speak Indo-European languages
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It is interesting to note that all the papers published on the so-called Anatolian "Indo-Europeans", including the article being discussed in this post are written by the same authors, including Iain Mathieson,David Reich, Svend Hansen, Johannes Krause, and Wolfgang Haak, the only people missing are Lazaridis and Olalde. Moreover, in most cases the researchers are associated with David Reich and the Department of Archaeogenetics, Max-Planck Institute for the Science of Human 19 History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany .
Upon reading these articles you see that the references cited in the articles are written by the same people Iain Mathieson,David Reich, Wolfgang Haak , Lazaridis and Olalde. You ignore this fact. And act as if some new discovery has been made, when it is a rehash of earlier publications by these same authors. For example in this paper we have: 19. Haak W, et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature 522, 207-211 (2015).
23. Lazaridis I, et al. Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East. Nature 536, 419-424 (2016).
24. Mathieson I, et al. The genomic history of southeastern Europe. Nature,(2018).
26. Lazaridis I, et al. Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans. Nature 513, 409-413 (2014).
27. Mathieson I, et al. Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians. Nature 528, 499-503 (2015).
35. Olalde I, et al. The Beaker phenomenon and the genomic transformation of northwest Europe. Nature, (2018).
42. Olalde I, et al. Derived immune and ancestral pigmentation alleles in a 7,000- 963 year-old Mesolithic European. Nature 507, 225-228 (2014).
47. Moorjani P, Sankararaman S, Fu Q, Przeworski M, Patterson N, Reich D. A genetic method for dating ancient genomes provides a direct estimate of human generation interval in the last 45,000 years. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 113, 5652-5657 (2016).
66. Rohland N, Harney E, Mallick S, Nordenfelt S, Reich D. Partial uracil-DNA glycosylase treatment for screening of ancient DNA. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 370, 20130624 (2015).
It is worth noting that these authors can cite their on own research in the articles that they write and publish--but when I cite my earlier research you guys act as if I have committed a crime.
It appears that it is okay for Eurocentrists to cite their own research in their articles about the first Europeans who were in reality Black/Sub-Saharan Africans--not Indo-European. You accept as valid research by a Computer specialist susch as Lazaridis; but other researchers, including myself you ignore. It appears that many people accept the promotion of "White Supremacist" ideas about the settlement of Europe by established researchers when they are not supported by archaeological, linguistic and other research. Shame on you. But as the Old Folks said, "a lie won't stand forever.
Black First. A luta continua..the struggle continues
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I have to hand it to Clyde here. He didn't let further information from the article that I posted yoke his swag. Millet cultivation , and herding cattle was spread across Europe by Kushite Niger-Congo and Dravidian speakers this explains the spread of R1a and R1b by the agro-pastoral populations associated with the late Yamnaya periods. The average R1b bearing European of today is largely a light skinned Kusihite
Posts: 42921 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: I have to hand it to Clyde here. He didn't let further information from the article that I posted yoke his swag. Millet cultivation , and herding cattle was spread across Europe by Kushite Niger-Congo and Dravidian speakers this explains the spread of R1a and R1b by the agro-pastoral populations associated with the late Yamnaya periods. The average R1b bearing European of today is largely a light skinned Kusihite
Contemporary Europeans are descendants of people who migrated from Central Asia after 1000 BC into Western Europe. They are not Kushites
-------------------- C. A. Winters Posts: 13012 | From: Chicago | Registered: Jan 2006
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: I have to hand it to Clyde here. He didn't let further information from the article that I posted yoke his swag. Millet cultivation , and herding cattle was spread across Europe by Kushite Niger-Congo and Dravidian speakers this explains the spread of R1a and R1b by the agro-pastoral populations associated with the late Yamnaya periods. The average R1b bearing European of today is largely a light skinned Kusihite
Contemporary Europeans are descendants of people who migrated from Central Asia after 1000 BC into Western Europe. They are not Kushites
But you said:
quote:Originally posted by Clyde Winters: This article claims that the Steppe people carried Y-Chromosome R,R1a,Rl1b. These clades along with the Caucasus clades were all carried by the Kushites who settled these areas and expanded across Europe herding cattle and cultivating millet
Haplogroup R1b is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in modern white Western Europeans.
Therefore they have the same ancestry as Kushites that the article's claims are wrong
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