quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Recent genetic analysis of North African populations [17] have found that, despite the complex admixture genetic background, there is an autochthonous genomic component which is likely derived from “back-to-Africa” gene flow older than 12,000 years ago (ya) (i.e., prior to the Neolithic migrations). This local population substratum seems to represent a genetic discontinuity with the earliest modern human settlers of North Africa (those with the Aterian industry) given the estimated ancestry is younger than 40,000 years ago [17]. The estimated time of Neandertal admixture with modern human populations is between 37,000–86,000 years ago [18].
Figure 3. Neandertal genetic introgression in North African populations as a fraction of that found in Europeans.
code:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fraction
frac·tion (frkshn)
n.
1. Mathematics An expression that indicates the quotient of two quantities, such as 1/3 .
2. A disconnected piece; a fragment.
3. A small part; a bit: moved a fraction of a step.
[...]
1.
a. a number usu. expressed in the form a/b.
b. a ratio of algebraic quantities similarly expressed.
2. a component in a volatile mixture whose range of boiling point temperatures allows it to be separated from other components by fractionation.
3. a part of a whole: Only a fraction of the members were present.
4. a small part or segment: only a fraction of the cost.
5. a piece broken off; fragment.
v.t., v.i.
6. to break into fractions.
[1350–1400; Middle English fraccioun < Late Latin frāctiō act of breaking]
quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Overall, the correlation analysis and the f4 ancestry ratio statistic show that the North African component actually contributes to the signal of gene flow from Neandertals. Given that the North African autochthonous ancestry seems to be 12,000–40,000 years old [17], our hypothesis is that this ancestral population was descendant from the populations that first interbreed with Neandertals about ~37,000–86,000 years ago [18] somewhere in the Middle East. Nonetheless further analyses in populations around the contact areas are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.
quote:--A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period, By Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, Cambridge University Press, 1987 - page 5.
..."it is important to bear in mind that over the centuries the Maghreb has been a melting-pot of many other ethnic groups and cultures"
quote:--Frigi et al.
In this study we attempted to better elucidate the ancient African genetic
background in the northwest African area, particularly in Tunisia. To this aim, we
focused our study on Berber populations that are considered representative of the
ancient North African populations that probably derived from Neolithic Capsians.
During historic times, Berbers experienced a long and complicated history with
many invasions, conquests, and migrations by Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals,
Byzantines, Arabs, Bedouins, Spanish, Turks, Andalusians, sub-Saharans (communities
settled in Jerba and Gabes in the 16th–19th centuries), and French (Brett
and Fentress 1996). During these invasions, Berbers were forced back to the mountains
and to certain villages in southern Tunisia (Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004).
At present, they are restricted to some isolates in the south who maintain the Berber
language and to some populations in the north who lack an origin language.
Many genetic studies on Tunisian Berber populations demonstrate the heterogeneity
of Berbers with respect to European and sub-Saharan African contributions
and the mosaic structure of Tunisian Berber populations with an absence of ethnic,
linguistic, and geographic effects (Cherni et al. 2010).
quote:http://www.marokko-info.nl/english/landscape-of-morocco/
Rif Region
The beautiful Rif is a mountain range that extends from Tangier in the west to the Moulouya River in the east and the Mediterranean sea in the north to the river of Ouargha in the south. The mountain region derives its name from the Berber word, arif. They belong to the Alboran Sea region but are not a part of the Atlas Mountains. The region is well known for its geographic diversity, as it is home to mountains, the sea, rivers, and hills. Major cities in the region are Nador, Al Hoceima, Ajdir and Taza, among others.
The Rif was initially inhabited by the Berbers and was later invaded by the Phoenicians in the 3rd century BC, followed by the Romans and the Byzantines. The high plateau of Eastern Morocco: In the rain shadow region of the Atlas chain lies the broad valley of Moulouya. It stretches for about 530 kms rights from the Middle Atlas and goes right up to the Mediterranean Sea. Set to the southeast of the Atlas Mountains, this is a plateau formation at an altitude of 1300m (3900 feet). It stretches in the eastern direction to the Moroccan-Algerian border. It abruptly drops to the southwest and make a smoother transition toward the coastline. There are different small towns like Asni, Tin Mal that you can check out. The artificial lake Lalla Takerkoust created due the hydroelectric dam serves as a good source for the villages around it.
quote:Ironically all these groups carry / carried the higher dosage of Neanderthal gene. Ironically the same Hg are being found in the autosomals.
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.
quote:--A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period, By Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, Cambridge University Press, 1987 - page 5.
..."it is important to bear in mind that over the centuries the Maghreb has been a melting-pot of many other ethnic groups and cultures"
quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Overall, the correlation analysis and the f4 ancestry ratio statistic show that the North African component actually contributes to the signal of gene flow from Neandertals. Given that the North African autochthonous ancestry seems to be 12,000–40,000 years old [17], our hypothesis is that this ancestral population was descendant from the populations that first interbreed with Neandertals about ~37,000–86,000 years ago [18] somewhere in the Middle East. Nonetheless further analyses in populations around the contact areas are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
quote:--Frigi S, Cherni L, Fadhlaoui-Zid K, Benammar-Elgaaied A.
Our objective is to highlight the age of sub-Saharan gene flows in North Africa and particularly in Tunisia. Therefore we analyzed in a broad phylogeographic context sub-Saharan mtDNA haplogroups of Tunisian Berber populations considered representative of ancient settlement. More than 2,000 sequences were collected from the literature, and networks were constructed. The results show that the most ancient haplogroup is L3*, which would have been introduced to North Africa from eastern sub-Saharan populations around 20,000 years ago. Our results also point to a less ancient western sub-Saharan gene flow to Tunisia, including haplogroups L2a and L3b. This conclusion points to an ancient African gene flow to Tunisia before 20,000 BP. These findings parallel the more recent findings of both archaeology and linguistics on the prehistory of Africa. The present work suggests that sub-Saharan contributions to North Africa have experienced several complex population processes after the occupation of the region by anatomically modern humans. Our results reveal that Berber speakers have a foundational biogeographic root in Africa and that deep African lineages have continued to evolve in supra-Saharan Africa.
quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.
quote:--A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period, By Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, Cambridge University Press, 1987 - page 5.
..."it is important to bear in mind that over the centuries the Maghreb has been a melting-pot of many other ethnic groups and cultures"
quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.
quote:--A history of the Maghrib in the Islamic period, By Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, Cambridge University Press, 1987 - page 5.
..."it is important to bear in mind that over the centuries the Maghreb has been a melting-pot of many other ethnic groups and cultures"
quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Overall, the correlation analysis and the f4 ancestry ratio statistic show that the North African component actually contributes to the signal of gene flow from Neandertals. Given that the North African autochthonous ancestry seems to be 12,000–40,000 years old [17], our hypothesis is that this ancestral population was descendant from the populations that first interbreed with Neandertals about ~37,000–86,000 years ago [18] somewhere in the Middle East.
Nonetheless further analyses in populations around the contact areas are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
quote:--Late Pleistocene Human Occupation of Northwest Africa: A Crosscheck of Chronology and Climate Change in Morocco
Regular Middle Paleolithic inventories as well as Middle Paleolithic inventories of Aterian type have a long chronology in Morocco going back to MIS 6 and are interstratified in some sites. Their potential for detecting chrono-cultural patterns is low. The transition from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic, here termed Early Upper Paleolithic—at between 30 to 20 ka—remains a most enigmatic era. Scarce data from this period requires careful and fundamental reconsidering of human presence. By integrating environmental data in the reconstruction of population dynamics, clear correlations become obvious. High resolution data are lacking before 20 ka, and at some sites this period is characterized by the occurrence of sterile layers between Middle Paleolithic deposits, possibly indicative of a very low presence of humans in Morocco. After Heinrich Event 1, there is an enormous increase of data due to the prominent Late Iberomaurusian deposits that contrast strongly with the foregoing accumulations in terms of sedimentological features, fauna, and artifact composition. The Younger Dryas again shows a remarkable decline of data marking the end of the Paleolithic. Environmental improvements in the Holocene are associated with an extensive Epipaleolithic occupation. Therefore, the late glacial cultural sequence of Morocco is a good test case for analyzing the interrelationship of culture and climate change.
quote:--On the industrial attributions of the Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb, Harold L. Dibble et al.
North Africa is quickly emerging as one of the more important regions yielding information on the origins of modern Homo sapiens. Associated with significant fossil hominin remains are two stone tool industries, the Aterian and Mousterian, which have been differentiated, respectively, primarily on the basis of the presence and absence of tanged, or stemmed, stone tools. Largely because of historical reasons, these two industries have been attributed to the western Eurasian Middle Paleolithic rather than the African Middle Stone Age. In this paper, drawing on our recent excavation of Contrebandiers Cave and other published data, we show that, aside from the presence or absence of tanged pieces, there are no other distinctions between these two industries in terms of either lithic attributes or chronology. Together, these results demonstrate that these two ‘industries’ are instead variants of the same entity. Moreover, several additional characteristics of these assemblages, such as distinctive stone implements and the manufacture and use of bone tools and possible shell ornaments, suggest a closer affinity to other Late Pleistocene African Middle Stone Age industries rather than to the Middle Paleolithic of western Eurasia.
quote:--Jörg Linstädtera, Josef Eiwangerb, Abdessalam Mikdadc, Gerd-Christian Wenigerd,
This paper provides a summary of all available numerical ages from contexts of the Moroccan Middle Palaeolithic to Epipalaeolithic and reviews some of the most important sites. Particular attention is paid to the so-called “Aterian”, albeit those so-labeled assemblages fail to show any geographical and chronological pattern. For this reason, this phenomenon should not be considered a distinct culture or techno-complex and is referred to hereinafter as Middle Palaeolithic of Aterian type. Whereas anatomical modern humans (AMH) are present in Northwest Africa from about 160 ka onwards, according to current research some Middle Palaeolithic inventories are more than 200 ka. This confirms that, for this period it is impossible to link human forms with artifact material. Perforated shell beads with traces of ochre documented from 80 ka onwards certainly suggest changes in human behavior.
The transition from Middle to Upper Palaeolithic, here termed Early Upper Palaeolithic – at between 30 and 20 ka – remains the most enigmatic era. However, the still scarce data from this period requires careful and fundamental revision in the frame of any future research. By integrating environmental data in reconstruction of population dynamics, clear correlations become obvious. High resolution data are lacking before 20 ka, and at some sites this period is characterized by the occurrence of sterile layers between Middle Palaeolithic deposits, possibly indicative of shifts in human population. After Heinrich Event 1, there is an enormous increase of data due to the prominent Late Iberomaurusian deposits that contrast strongly from the foregoing accumulations in terms of sedimentological features, fauna and artifact composition. The Younger Dryas shows a remarkable decline of data marking the end of the Palaeolithic. Environmental improvements in the Holocene are associated with an extensive Epipalaeolithic occupation.
quote:
Recent investigations into the origins of symbolism indicate that personal ornaments in the form of perforated marine shell beads were used in the Near East, North Africa, and SubSaharan Africa at least 35 ka earlier than any personal ornaments in Europe.
quote:http://www.pnas.org/content/106/38/16051.full.pdf
The first argues that modern cognition is unique to our species and the consequence of a genetic mutation that took place 50 ka in Africa among anatomically modern humans (AMH) (1).
quote:
The older occupants have craniofacial dimensions that demonstrate similarities with mid-Holocene occupants of the southern Sahara and Late Pleistocene to early Holocene inhabitants of the Maghreb.
quote:
These early occupants abandon the area under arid conditions and, when humid conditions return ~4600 B.C.E., are replaced by a more gracile people with elaborated grave goods including animal bone and ivory ornaments.
quote:
Principal components analysis of craniometric variables closely allies the early Holocene occupants at Gobero with a skeletally robust, trans-Saharan assemblage of Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene human populations from the Maghreb and southern Sahara.
quote:--(doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002995.g006)
Figure 6. Principal components analysis of craniofacial dimensions among Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene populations from the Maghreb and southern Sahara.
Plot of first two principal components extracted from a mean matrix for 17 craniometric variables (Tables 4, 7) in 9 human populations (Table 3) from the Late Pleistocene through the mid-Holocene from the Maghreb and southern Sahara. Seven trans-Saharan populations cluster together, whereas Late Pleistocene Aterians (Ater) and the mid-Holocene population at Gobero (Gob-m) are striking outliers. Axes are scaled by the square root of the corresponding eigenvalue for the principal component. Abbreviations: Ater, Aterian; EMC, eastern Maghreb Capsian; EMI, eastern Maghreb Iberomaurusian; Gob-e, Gobero early Holocene; Gob-m, Gobero mid-Holocene; Mali, Hassi-el-Abiod, Mali; Maur, Mauritania; WMC, western Maghreb Capsian; WMI, western Maghreb Iberomaurusian.
quote:
Craniometric data from seven human groups (Tables 3, 4) were subjected to principal components analysis, which allies the early Holocene population at Gobero (Gob-e) with mid-Holocene “Mechtoids” from Mali and Mauritania [18], [26], [27] and with Late Pleistocene Iberomaurusians and early Holocene Capsians from across the Maghreb (see cluster in Figure 6). The striking similarity between these seven human populations confirms previous suggestions regarding their affinity [18] and is particularly significant given their temporal range (Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene) and trans-Saharan geographic distribution (across the Maghreb to the southern Sahara).
quote:http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002995
Trans-Saharan craniometry. Principal components analysis of craniometric variables closely allies the early Holocene occupants at Gobero, who were buried with Kiffian material culture, with Late Pleistocene to mid-Holocene humans from the Maghreb and southern Sahara referred to as Iberomaurusians, Capsians and “Mechtoids.” Outliers to this cluster of populations include an older Aterian sample and the mid-Holocene occupants at Gobero associated with Tenerean material culture.
quote:
Originally posted by the lioness,:
Other posters like AlTakruri or xxyman might have the ability actually formulate a critique of an article in their own words.
However If I put an article,
Troll Patrol gets worried about it and feels he has to put up other information in order to take your attention off of the article.
And much of it is the same information he has posted ten times or more before.
I suppose he thinks he is doing a heroic duty for African people.
The idea of neabderthal ancestry in North Africa before recent times is a bad idea. It has to be buried
If I post an article there's no need to read it. It's bad.
Don't even read it just skip ahead to the larger posts made by Troll Patrol. That's the good information
Troll Patrol knows what's best for you.
quote:http://www.egyptsearch.com/forums/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=8;t=008301;p=7#000318
Originally posted by the lioness,:
^^^^ but aren't you are racist who randomly posts photos of white people with skin cancer hoping they'll die?
here are the time periods-
12,000-8 ,000 years ago Capsian Culture
8,000-4,000 years ago, no fossil record of anybody in Maghreb
(Show me the fossil record I've been asking you for 2 years)
4,000 years ago to present, -
Sea people. Phoenicians,Garamantes, Greeks, Romans, Vandals, Arabs, Turks, Europeans
quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations. Sub-Saharan populations are the only ones not affected by the admixture event with Neandertals.
quote:--Fadhlaoui-Zid et al. 2004
"During historic times, Berbers experienced a long and complicated history with many invasions, conquests, and migrations by Phoenicians, Romans, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Bedouins, Spanish, Turks, Andalusians, sub-Saharans (communities settled in Jerba and Gabes in the 16th–19th centuries), and French (Brett and Fentress 1996). During these invasions, Berbers were forced back to the mountains and to certain villages in southern Tunisia"
quote:You should welcome the articles and papers I have posted, they are a great addition to the subject.
Originally posted by the lioness,:
^^^ it's an act of deparation.
Anything to distarct you form reading the article and forming your own judgement.
Troll Patrol knows what's good for you. Just skip what I put up.
He checks it out for you ahead of time so you don't have to
quote:Cultural Memories of the Expulsion of the Moriscos José M.
There is an immense bibliography on the Moriscos, so I can only speak here about two authors. First, Gregorio Maran ̃o ́n, whose Expulsion and Diaspora of the Spanish Moriscos was discovered and published only two decades after his death. Maran ̃o ́n analyses the economic, political, religious, social and cultural causes that contributed to the expulsion of 300,000 people, many of them women, children, and old people; in some parts of the country this amounted to the loss of one third of the population.
[...]
The vast majority of expelled Spaniards had to settle for a new life in the Muslim territories of North Africa. Others managed to negotiate with the Ottoman authorities of eastern Europe, in order to migrate to the Balkans. A decade later an agent of the English government in Morocco reported that he found Moriscos there who ‘complain bitterly of their cruel exile, and desire deeply to return under Christian rule’. The e ́migre ́s from Hornachos settled in what had been the desert town of Rabat in Morocco, and gave it a new life; others settled in Sale ́, just across the river from Rabat.
[...]
The same thing happened in the other cities of Morocco and Tunisia to which the Moriscos emigrated, and where they tried to conserve their religious customs, the style of their houses, their cultural traditions and their music, with the Andalus ́ıes guitar and Andalusian traditional songs still surviving.
quote:--Federico Sánchez-Quinto equal contributor,
Therefore, the detected ancient admixture is not due to recent Near Eastern or European migrations.
quote:That is a lie, you are a liar.
Originally posted by Troll Patrol:
You should welcome the articles and papers I have posted, they are a great addition to the subject.
So don't be so subjective.
If you start reading the abundance of articles and papers I have posted, you'll see, that what you've posted is delusional nonsense.
Your racist alter ego friend White Nubian had this up as well, and it was debunked back then as well.
quote:http://www.examiner.com/article/ceuta-and-melilla-the-last-european-colonies-africa
Ceuta and Melilla: The Last European Colonies in Africa
Contrary to most people’s beliefs that the age of colonialism ended in 1994 with the end of apartheid in South Africa, Spain still to this day colonizes a part of Morocco. The cities of Ceuta and Melilla, along with a chain of small islands off the coast, make-up the lands of the Spanish colony in Morocco. These two cities are the oldest surviving European colonies in the world.
The Moroccan government claims this land belongs to Morocco and considers the land to be under foreign occupation. The Spanish government claims the lands rightfully belong to Spain. The Spanish government insist that Spain has been the historical rulers of these lands. The city of Melilla was conquered by Spain in 1497 and Ceuta was inherited by Spain in 1580, with the union of the Spanish and Portuguese monarchies.
In 1912, France and Spain established a protectorate over Morocco. Under this agreement, Spain inherited an area of land stretching from the almost the Atlantic Ocean to Moroccan-Algerian border, and the Western Sahara. In addition, Spain continued its control over Ceuta and Melilla.
In 1956, Morocco gained its independence from France. Spain surrendered most of territory acquired under the French-Spanish protectorate. However, the Spanish government did not surrender the cities of Ceuta and Melilla, instead it insisted that Ceuta and Melilla are not colonies since Spanish people have been living their before the existence of Morocco.
Today, the cities of Ceuta and Melilla are home to about 75,000 people each. The cities attract thousand of people daily. Moroccan laborers and merchants go to and from each city on a daily basis. African immigrants come seeking an easy way to get to Europe since Ceuta and Melilla are officially part of Spain.
In response to the immigration problem, Spain has built three parallel electrified wired fences, reminiscent of the Berlin Wall, to reduce the illegal immigration. The 19 feet high fences are equipped with infrared cameras, tear gas canisters, noise and movement sensors, and control towers. The Moroccan government has objected to the construction of the fences.
In addition, Moroccan nationals have reported that they have been subjected to racism when entering Melilla. In August, Moroccans protesting against racism and police abuse in Melilla, recently conducted a blockage of the border crossing, stopping trucks from making food deliveries into Melilla.
As history has shown, Spain’s refusal to relinquish controlled over all of its territories in Morocco to the Moroccan government will undoubtedly lead to future conflict as European influence continues to diminish worldwide.
quote:--Cultures of the Middle East Professor Abdelrahim M Salih April 17, 2005
However, the Algerians continued their fight against the settlers, and after a massacre of pieds-noirs that killed more than 3,000 French settlers, the majority of the French living in Algeria left the country and returned to France. In 1962, with the French population almost gone, the country was finally granted its independence, a feat which had taken as many as 1,000,000 lives (A Country Study 1993).
quote:http://www.understandfrance.org/France/History3.html
Algeria is a particular case : it is the only French colony where the population of European origin was significant: almost 1 million in 1962 . (see pieds noirs)
quote:http://www.moroccansands.com/morocco-history2.php
History of Morocco - Early History and Colonial Struggles
Early History to the Nineteenth Century
The Berbers have inhabited Morocco since the end of the second millennium B.C. In Roman times the area we know as modern Morocco was roughly contained within the province of Mauretania Tingitania. In the third century A.D. four bishoprics were created in the province. Jewish colonies were also established during Roman rule. The Vandals were the earliest (5th century) of barbarian peoples to overtake the area as the Roman Empire declined.
The Arabs first swept into Morocco c.685 A.D., bringing with them Islam. Christianity was all but wiped out, with only the Jewish colonies retaining their religion. Many Moroccans served in the Arab forces that invaded Spain in the early 8th century. Later, the Berber-Arab conflict fragmented the region.
Morocco became an independent state in 788 A.D under the royal line founded by Idris I. After 900 the country again broke into small tribal states. Warfare between the Fatimids of Tunisia and the Umayyads of Spain for control of the region intensified the already-existing political anarchy, which ended only when the Almoravids overran (c.1062) Morocco and established a kingdom stretching from Spain to Senegal. The Almohads, who succeeded (c.1174) the Almoravids, at first ruled both Morocco and Spain, but the Merinid dynasty (1259–1550), after some triumphs, was limited to Morocco. Rarely, however, was the country completely unified, and conflict between Arabs and Berbers was incessant.
Spain and Portugal, after expelling the Moors from the Iberian Peninsula, attacked the Moroccan coast. Beginning with the capture of Ceuta in 1415, Portugal took all the chief ports except Melilla and Larache, both of which fell to Spain. The Christian threat stimulated the growth of resistance under religious leaders, one of whom established (1554) the Saadian, or first Sherifian, dynasty. At the battle of Ksar el Kebir (1578) the Saadian king decisively defeated Portugal. The present ruling dynasty, the Alawite, or second Sherifian, dynasty, came to power in 1660 and recaptured many European-held strongholds. Morocco, like the other Barbary States, was, from the 17th to the 19th century, a base for pirates preying upon the Mediterranean trade.
Colonial Struggles
In the 19th century the strategic importance and economic potential of Morocco excited the interest of the European powers. France, after beginning a war with Algeria, defeated (1844) Sultan Abd ar-Rahman, who had aided the Algerians. Spain invaded in 1860. In 1880 the major European nations and the United States decided at the Madrid Conference to preserve the territorial integrity of Morocco and to maintain equal trade opportunities for all.
Political and commercial rivalries soon disrupted this cordial arrangement and brought on several international crises. France sought to gain Spanish and British support against the opposition of Germany. Thus, in 1904, France concluded a secret treaty with Spain to partition Morocco and secretly agreed with Great Britain (the Entente Cordiale) not to oppose British aims in Egypt in exchange for a free hand in Morocco.
In 1905, after France had asked the sultan of Morocco for a protectorate, Germany moved quickly: Emperor William II visited Tangier and declared support for Morocco's integrity. At German insistence the Algeciras Conference (Jan.–Mar., 1906) was called to consider the Moroccan question. The principles of the Madrid Conference were readopted and German investments were assured protection, but French and Spanish interests were given marked recognition by the decision to allow France to patrol the border with Algeria and to allow France and Spain to police Morocco.
Under the claim of peacemaking, the French steadily annexed territory. In 1908 friction arose at Casablanca, under French occupation, when the German consul gave refuge to deserters from the French Foreign Legion. This dispute was settled by the Hague Tribunal. Shortly afterward in a coup Abd al-Aziz IV was unseated and his brother, Abd al-Hafid, installed on the throne. He had difficulty maintaining order and received help from France and Spain, especially in a revolt that broke out in 1911. However, the appearance of the German warship Panther at Agadir on July 1, 1911, was interpreted by the French as a threat of war and led to a speedy resolution.
On Nov. 4, 1911, Germany agreed to a French protectorate in Morocco in exchange for the cession of French territory in equatorial Africa. Finally, at Fès (Mar. 30, 1912), the sultan agreed to a French protectorate, and on November 27 1912 a Franco-Spanish agreement divided Morocco into four administrative zones—French Morocco, nine-tenths of the country, a protectorate with Rabat as capital; a Spanish protectorate, which included Spanish Morocco, with its capital at Tétouan; a Southern Protectorate of Morocco, administered as part of the Spanish Sahara; and the international zone of Tangier.
The Struggle for Independence
A strong threat to European rule was posed (1921–26) by the the Rif War of Abd el-Krim. In 1934 a group of young Moroccans presented a plan for reform, marking the beginning of the nationalist movement. In 1937 the French crushed a nationalist revolt. Whilst later, Franco's successful revolt against the republican government of Spain began in Spanish Morocco in 1936.
During World War II, French Morocco remained officially loyal to the Vichy government after the fall of France in 1940. On Nov. 8, 1942, Allied forces landed at all the major cities of Morocco and Algeria; on Nov. 11, all resistance ended and in January 1943, Allied wartime leaders met at Casablanca.
During the war an independence party, the Istiqlal, was formed. After the war the nationalist movement gained strength and received the active support of the sultan, Sidi Muhammad, who demanded a unitary state and the departure of the French and Spanish. Vast numbers of Jews emigrated to the newly formed state of Israel in the early 1950s, although a small number remained.
Faced with growing nationalist agitation, in 1952 the French outlawed the Istiqlal and in August1953, deposed and exiled Sidi Muhammad. These measures proved ineffective, and under the pressure of rebellion in Algeria and disorders in Morocco, the French were compelled, in 1955 to restore Sidi Muhammad. In March 1956, France relinquished its rights in Morocco; in April the Spanish surrendered their protectorate; in October Tangier was given to Morocco by international agreement. Spain ceded the Southern Protectorate in 1958.
Modern Morocco
In 1957 the Sultan became King Muhammad V and soon embarked on a foreign policy of “positive neutrality”. After the king's death his son Hassan II ascended the throne. He soon enacted a new constitution that established a two house parliament. Border hostilities with Algeria in 1963 cost both sides many lives and a final agreement on the border was reached only in 1970.
In 1965 a political crisis threatened to undermine the monarchy, in response King Hassan declared a state of emergency and took over both executive and legislative powers. The country returned to a modified form of parliamentary democracy in 1970, with a revised constitution that strengthened the king's authority. Opposition groups, later called the National Front, rejected the constitution and boycotted legislative elections.
Hassan announced a new constitution in February 1972, which lessened the king's powers. In August an assassination attempt took place, when the airplane carrying King Hassan was strafed on its way back from France. The king continued to rule in isolation and maintained relative order through a policy of suppression.
In 1974, Morocco pressed its claim to sovereignty over Spanish Sahara, and in November 1975, Hassan lead the “Green March” of over 300,000 unarmed Moroccans to the disputed region. In 1976, Spain relinquished control of the area, ceding it to Morocco and Mauritania as Western Sahara. However, the Polisario Front, a group of Western Saharan guerrillas with Algerian and Libyan backing, fought for independence for the territory. Morocco took over Mauritania's portion of Western Sahara in 1979 and continued to battle the Polisario throughout the 1980s.
Normalization of relations between Morocco and Algeria in 1988 cut off Algerian support for the rebels, and in 1991 the Polisario and Morocco agreed to a cease-fire. A UN-sponsored referendum to decide the territory's permanent status was ordered for the early 1990s. Disputes regarding who would be permitted to vote delayed the referendum through the 1990s, during which time the region was integrated administratively into Morocco. King Hassan died in 1999 and was succeeded by his son Crown Prince Sidi Mohammed, as Muhammad VI.
Still extremely popular, the new king has revealed himself to be a strong advocate of social change and economic improvement, introducing women’s rights and moving the country closer towards Europe rather than Arabia.
Further Reading
S. Bernard, The Franco-Moroccan Conflict, 1953–1956 (1968)
R. F. Nyrop et al., Area Handbook for Morocco (1972)
R. Le Tourneau, The Modern History of Morocco (1973)
W. Spencer, Historical Dictionary of Morocco (1980)
E. DeAmicis, Morocco (1984)
A. M. Findlay et al., ed., Morocco (1984)
D. Porch, The Conquest of Morocco (1986).
Soucres: With thanks to Columbia University Press
quote:As I posted before, you are a Eurocentric racist, who is trying to reinforce divide and conquer tactics.
Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:That is a lie, you are a liar.
Originally posted by Troll Patrol:
You should welcome the articles and papers I have posted, they are a great addition to the subject.
So don't be so subjective.
If you start reading the abundance of articles and papers I have posted, you'll see, that what you've posted is delusional nonsense.
Your racist alter ego friend White Nubian had this up as well, and it was debunked back then as well.
I was the one who did the most against white Nubian, messages to ausar etc.
Your second LIE is that White Nubian posted this article he did You are the one against objectivity you are trying to stomp out a point of view with 12 posts in reaction to it.
And Clyde the only one around here who is a proud afrocentrist would have no problem with this article he says the Neanderthals wer black and originated in Africa
But you attack freedom of thought.
You see an article you don't agrre with and then you decide for the forum it's unworthy of being looked at by others.
So you make 12 posts of other information, none of them a part of dialogue with anybody.
You assume every other poster would agree with you that this article by professional peer reviewed scientists is delusional and is not worth reading, you read their minds in advance
and it's so wrong and bad you try to do your best to try to get them not even to read it by posting 12 posts to my one, trying to bury it visually. And its imainly information you have posted before and people have read before.
You know what's good for everybody else.
Everything must pass through you before other people read it. And if you don't like it it your childish reaction is to bomb it with text and try to get them not to read it.
Other posters are not smart enough to judge for themsleves, They need you to do it for them
You probably were brought up in a dicatorship run country, where the government allows only one point of view and silences other points of view
quote:This lioness has opened a new thread with the same topic.
Originally posted by xyyman:
Got to admit. You two are good was information"mining". Your sources are incredible. Wiki not withstanding.
quote:Lioness is waiting for you, to join in the bandwagon of ignorance. Btw, wiki is lioness favorite educational e-learn page.
Originally posted by xyyman:
Got to admit. You two are good was information"mining". Your sources are incredible. Wiki not withstanding.
quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
Got to admit. You two are good was information"mining". Your sources are incredible. Wiki not withstanding.
quote:I know of African American women who had done tests at several companies. And all these individuals all had several different outcomes. These women were of course disappointed and and became distrusted in these type of companies.
Originally posted by xyyman:
Sorry Babe...eh dude. Don't take Neanderthal threads seriously. I have an entire thread on ESR. Also posted on it on the Maasia/Neanderthal/ East Asian thread. I still don't get the intrigue with essentially an ape.
According to 23andME I am 4% Neanderthal. Now isn't that a joke. But they are raking in the cash maybe I am Maasia ....He! He! He! and not a West African slave diasporan.
====
For those insisting on Neanderthal admixture....
A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene era
founder effect in Central and Western Europe
Richard Villems2,
Toomas Kivisild11 and Peter A Underhill*,3
....
combined heritage of initial upper Paleolithic colonization, secondary post-glacial mesolithic re-expansions and the Neolithic era demic diffusion of agriculturalists from the Near East.1 Regardless of possibly a minor autosomal contribution, as yet, there is no Y-chromosome evidence of hybridization between Neanderthals and modern human
beings.2,3
Read more: http://egyptsearchreloaded.proboards.com/thread/871/evidence-neandertal-admixture-europeans#ixzz2fNyWivrg
quote:Most of what I do is from the iPad. So I know.
Originally posted by xyyman:
Working from a Tablet can be a pain in the...with auto-complete
===
Got to admit. You two are good at information "mining". Your sources are incredible. Wiki not withstanding
quote:
Originally posted by xyyman:
Got to admit. You two are good was information"mining". Your sources are incredible. Wiki not withstanding.
quote:As a matter of fact that lioness and that paper are postmodern racist.
Originally posted by xyyman:
@ Lioness…dude
I have to ask you.
(1)Did you read the article?
(2)Do you understand the article?
I don’t understand why publishers such as PLOS One openingly support overtly racist article such as this…especially when it includes a conclusion such as QUOTE{{{{With the current data, however, it is not possible to discard the ancient African substructure hypothesis [8].}}}}” . Lioness do you know what the Ancient African Substructure Hypothesis is? It was posted here; I believe it was the TRex thread on the Neanderthal…one of many.
What is really despicable is when publishers publish papers with comments such as {{{{“IN ANY CASE, our results show that Neandertal genomic traces do not mark a division between African and non-Africans but rather a DIVISION between Sub-Saharan Africans and the rest of modern humangroups, including those from North Africa.”. }}}} Osunds like sour grapes. They did not get the results they wanted. Yet it was published. tsk! tsk!
The authors made their intentions clear. But what the ignorant readers don’t know is there is a genetic divide between ALL ethnic groups. As discussed with A-Ra Ultimate. With increasing K, divisions(sub-structures) will appear. As seen with Northern Europeans and Southern Europeans. Genetics is going to pop their bubble.
You will see at K=4 There is a clear geographic divide. At higher resolution, eg K=99?, there will be a lot more differences observed..
Lioness do you understand the methodology used by the researchers. They openingly admitted they can NOT discard the ancient African substructure hypothesis.
The paper is useless on Neanderthal admixture. BUT!!!!! The pro is….It confirms as I said before…my Tunisians and Beyokus Saharawis are the purest North Africans…whoever they are and whatever they look like. It also confirms Behar and Henn Hypothesis on demographic movements. So here we go again.
BTW – You do you realize that the Tunisians are the closest to the Neanderthals…even more than Europeans and East Asians. And yet Tunisians are the purest North Africans and the furthest genetically from Europeans. What does that tell you?….Tic! Toc!
Waste of time.!!!!