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The North-South relationship..Mahgreb and Sudan..
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by the lioness: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Djehuti: [qb] ^ What do you expect from the lyinass worm. [b]LOL[/b] Her passive-aggressive tactic of trolling never works out.. for [i]her[/i]. :D In the meantime this issue brings us back to another old topic that we've discussed in the past and that is exactly how prominent were the Arabs in the Maghreb? From what I understand the Arab home-base in Africa has always been Egypt and that it served as a launching pad for more migratory/invasive waves but that their numbers became thinner and more spread out. That said, the Muslim conquest of the western Sudan was carried out not by Arabs but by Berbers claiming Arab ancestry. [/qb][/QUOTE]Baybars not Berbers: Christians and Muslims: AD 543-1821 Nubia has Christian neighbours to the north and to the southeast from the 4th century, when Egypt formally adopts the religion (along with the rest of the Byzantine empire) and when the ruler of Ethiopia is converted to Christianity by Frumentius. But it is another 200 years before Dongola, by now the main kingdom in Nubia, is brought within the Christian fold. In about AD 543 the king of Dongola is converted to the monophysite version of Christanity, associated in particular with the Coptic church of Egypt and Ethiopia. A few years later, in about 569, the orthodox Christianity of the Byzantine empire reaches Mukarra, a neighbouring kingdom to the south. During the following century the Christians of Egypt and north Africa succumb to the expansionist vigour of Islam. But Nubia is left free to follow its new Christian path, thanks partly to a treaty agreed in 652. In this year Muslim Arabs invade the northern part of the region from Egypt. But they agree to withdraw on condition that they are sent an annual tribute of 400 slaves. The treaty holds for more than six centuries, during which the trade routes bring many Muslims south into Nubia. But Muslim raids begin in earnest in the 1270s during the reign of Baybars, the energetic Mameluke sultan of Egypt. In 1315 the annual tribute is finally abolished and a Muslim is placed on the throne of Dongola. For the next five centuries the Muslim rulers of the Sudan are sometimes the representatives of a powerful administration in Egypt (for example in the early Ottoman years, after 1517). But they are more often tribal dynasties, managing to assert control for a while over a territory more extensive than their immediate local area. This changes in 1821, when the the region is forcefully taken in hand by the most aggressive ruler of Egypt since the time of Baybars - the Ottoman viceroy Mohammed Ali. Egyptian rule: from AD 1821 In 1820 Mohammed Ali sends two armies south into the Sudan, each commanded by one of his younger sons. By 1821 they have conquered sufficient of the territory to establish themselves in military headquarters on the point of land formed by the confluence of the Blue and White Niles. The long narrow shape of the camp, coming to a point where the waters join, gives it the name 'elephant's trunk' - or Khartoum in Arabic. A few years later Khartoum is made the administrative centre of an Egyptian province in the Sudan, acquiring the status of a capital which it and Omdurman, on the opposite bank, have retained ever since. Though at first seen as part of the Ottoman empire, the independence claimed by Mohammed Ali means that the Sudan becomes once again what it has been in ancient times - the southern province of Egypt. And Egypt steadily claims more and more of the surrounding territory. Read more: Nubia: from 3000 BC: http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=aa86#ixzz1f5mTnqZt [/QB][/QUOTE]
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