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OUT-OF-AFRICA, the peopling of continents and islands: tracing uniparental gene trees
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Troll Patrol: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Anglo_Pyramidologist: [qb] ^ Do try and keep up to date. The idea Natufians influenced Neolithic Europen culture has been debunked. They were a dead end culturally. Anyway they weren't even Negroid. lol. Pinas and von Cramon-Taubadel (2009) http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0006747 see map here: http://racialreality.blogspot.co.uk/2010/01/natufians-not-source-of-european.html [/qb][/QUOTE]BJMG 11/2 (2008) 25-30 10.2478/v10034-008-0030-0 ALU INSERTION POLYMORPHISMS IN POPULATIONS OF THE SOUTH CAUCASUS Litvinov S* et al. [i]Although it was not possible to determine a contribution of Neolithic farmers to the Caucasian gene pool, the principal component analysis showed clear differences between these populations and those of Europe, Siberia and Asia. No evidence of correlation between genetic and linguistic data in our populations was disclosed.[/i] [i]Armenians are a separate ethnic group, which originated from Neolithic tribes of the Armenian Uplands. In the 12th- 11th centuries BC...[/i] [i]However, we cannot exclude a Neolithic contribution to the contemporary gene pool. The possible reason for the absence of the frequency distribution gradient can be genetic drift, reinforced by isolation that could conceal the influence of Neolithic farmers on the Caucasus populations [1,21]. [/i] [i]While an Alu insertion marker does not have enough power of resolution to assess the contribution of the influence of Neolithic farmers on the Caucasian gene pool, it clearly separates both South and North Caucasus populations (except Karanogays) from Siberian and Asian populations.[/i] http://www.familytreedna.com/public/ArmeniaDNAProject/default.aspx?section=ysnp http://www.familytreedna.com/public/ArmeniaDNAProject/default.aspx?section=results C.L. Brace (2005): "If the late Pleistocene Natufian sample from Israel is the source from which that Neolithic spread was derived, there was clearly a sub-Saharan African element present of almost equal importance as the Late Prehistoric Eurasian element." [IMG]http://realhistoryww.com/world_history/ancient/Images_Anatolia/hunter.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://sdt.sulinet.hu/data/c90420b9-66ba-411f-861c-811fa8238da1/1/3/ResourceNormal/29_a.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://wysinger.homestead.com/fig147.jpg[/IMG] [IMG]http://www.lnsart.com/JachCampChiefSudan.jpg[/IMG] "From the Mesolithic to the early Neolithic period different lines of evidence support an out-of-Africa Mesolithic migration to the Levant by northeastern African groups that had biological affinities with sub-Saharan populations. From a genetic point of view, several recent genetic studies have shown that sub-Sabaran genetic lineages (affiliated with the Y-chromosome PN2 clade; Underhill et al. 2001) have spread through Egypt into the Near East, the Mediterranean area, and, for some lineages, as far north as Turkey (E3b-M35 Y lineage; Cinniogclu et al. 2004; Luis et al. 2004), probably during several dispersal episodes since the Mesolithic (Cinniogelu et al. 2004; King et al. 2008; Lucotte and Mercier 2003; Luis et al. 2004; Quintana-Murci et al. 1999; Semino et al. 2004; Underhill et al. 2001). This finding is in agreement with morphological data that suggest that populations with sub-Saharan morphological elements were present in northeastern Africa, from the Paleolithic to at least the early Holocene, and diffused northward to the Levant and Anatolia beginning in the Mesolithic. Indeed, the rare and incomplete Paleolithic to early Neolithic skeletal specimens found in Egypt - such as the 33,000-year-old Nazlet Khater specimen (Pinhasi and Semai 2000), the Wadi Kubbaniya skeleton from the late Paleolithic site in the upper Nile valley (Wendorf et al. 1986), the Qarunian (Faiyum) early Neolithic crania (Henneberg et al. 1989; Midant-Reynes 2000), and the Nabta specimen from the Neolithic Nabta Playa site in the western desert of Egypt (Henneberg et al. 1980) - show, with regard to the great African biological diversity, similarities with some of the sub-Saharan middle Paleolithic and modern sub-Saharan specimens. This affinity pattern between ancient Egyptians and sub-Saharans has also been noticed by several other investigators (Angel 1972; Berry and Berry 1967, 1972; Keita 1995) and has been recently reinforced by the study of Brace et al. (2005), which clearly shows that the cranial morphology of prehistoric and recent northeast African populations is linked to sub-Saharan populations[b] (Niger-Congo populations). [/b] These results support the hypothesis that some of the Paleolithic-early Holocene populations from northeast Africa were probably descendents of sub-Saharan ancestral populations...... This northward migration of northeastern African populations carrying sub-Saharan biological elements is concordant with the morphological homogeneity of the Natufian populations (Bocquentin 2003), which present morphological affinity with sub-Saharan populations (Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005). In addition, the Neolithic revolution was assumed to arise in the late Pleistocene Natufians and subsequently spread into Anatolia and Europe (Bar-Yosef 2002), and the first Anatolian farmers, Neolithic to Bronze Age Mediterraneans and to some degree other Neolithic-Bronze Age Europeans, show morphological affinities with the Natufians (and indirectly with sub-Saharan populations; Angel 1972; Brace et al. 2005), in concordance with a process of demie diffusion accompanying the extension of the Neolithic revolution (Cavalli-Sforza et al. 1994)." Nature 249, 120 - 123 (10 May 1974); doi:10.1038/249120a0 Barbed bone points from Central Sudan and the age of the “Early Khartoum” tradition D. ADAMSON*, J. D. CLARK† & M. A. J. WILLIAMS‡ *School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2113, Australia †Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 ‡School of Earth Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales 2113, Australia [b]Barbed bone points, typical of those from the early Holocene settlement of “Early Khartoum”, have been found at three sites along the White Nile, south of Khartoum. The form of the fragments and the stratigraphy of the sites throw light on the environment and technology of the early settlements along this part of the Nile.[/b] [IMG]http://www.annualreviews.org/na101/home/literatum/publisher/ar/journals/content/anthro/1991/anthro.1991.20.issue-1/annurev.an.20.100191.001123/production/annurev.an.20.100191.001123.fp.png_v03[/IMG] [IMG]http://whyfiles.org/122ancient_ag/images/corridor.gif[/IMG] [IMG]http://whyfiles.org/122ancient_ag/images/winnow1.jpg[/IMG] http://whyfiles.org/122ancient_ag/2.html Colombia University http://www.columbia.edu/itc/anthropology/v1007/baryo.pdf University of Tel Aviv http://www.tau.ac.il/humanities/archaeology/info/ran_barkai/XV.pdf [IMG]http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/images//G80-3.jpg[/IMG] The site of Beisamoun is located in the western margins of the Hula Basin, c. 10 km south of Qiryat Shemona. A moderate Mediterranean climate and water resources in the immediate vicinity of the site, such as the ‘Enan and Agamon springs, were one of the major factors for establishing prehistoric settlements in this region, one of which was ‘Ein Mallaha, a major Natufian site in the Levant. http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?id=809&mag_id=114 [/QB][/QUOTE]
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