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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Clyde Winters: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by osirion: [qb] Interesting point since they assume if there is African admixture then it was recent. Given your research, what groups of Indians would have been most likely impacted by a migration from West Africa. Also, what West Africans were likely to have made such a journey? What is the latest evidence? [/qb][/QUOTE]It is time that the true history of America is written. Mike was the first researcher to seriously recognize the identities of Afro-Americans. Granted, I had been interested in our Native American heritage since 1968, when I took a poll at my high school: DuSable asking how many people had Indian heritage. Also, my mother had made it clear we were part Choctaw, but I didn't really embrace this heritage because of the Cowboy movies, which showed the Indians as losers. Because of Mike I began to really research the theme: Black Native Americans and I was surprised about real history of Black Native Americans. The role of Blacks in influencing mongoloid Americans is obvious when you look at the fact that the only sedentary mongoloid Native Americans in the United States were on the North American coast, or the Four Corner region of the Southwest. Regions where major Black Native American tribes were situated. It was the farming skills of the Black Native Americans that made them valuable as slaves in the United States and Caribbean. Sadly, many mongoloid and Black Native Americans sold the Black Indians into slavery, especially the Choctaw. Other Black Indians, like the Yamassee and Pequot became slaves after losing wars. During the colonial days the Europeans would go to war against the Black Native Americans to get slaves. As a result, entire Black tribes were murdered and the captured Black Native Americans were made slaves on American and Caribbean plantations. When Columbus arrived in the New World, he found that Africa merchants were already trading goods and living in the Americas among the Amerindians.(Lawrence 1962). Other European explorers and colonists were shocked to hear the Amerindians recall traditions about these blacks who early settled the Americas.(Lawrence 1962,1987; Quatrafages 1889;Rufinesque 1832) There are many Indian traditions about blacks living in America before Columbus. Carlos C. Marquez (1956), states that the: "Negroes figure frequently in the most remote traditions of some American people". Marquez (1956) believed that the Otomi of Mexico, the Caracoles of Haiti, the Arguaos of Cutara, the Arayos of the Orinoco, the Porcijis, the Matayas of Brazil, the Manabis of Quito, and the Chuanas of Darien were descendants of African people. R.B. Dixon (1923) a physical anthropologist claimed that the Negroid strain was most visible in the Otomi, Tarahumare and Pima. Alphose de Quatrefages, in the Human Species, claimed that the black tribes of Latin America include the Choco, Manabis, Yaruras, Guarani, Charrus, Yamassi and Tzendal Chontal, in addition to numerous ethnic groups along the Orinoco river in Venezuela, and the Isthmus of Darien. Alphose de Quatrefages, claimed that the black tribes of Latin America include the Choco, Manabis, Yaruras, Guarani, Charrus, Yamasee and Tzendal Chontal, in addition to numerous ethnic groups along the Orinoco river in Venezuela, and the Isthmus of Darien. The major Native American confederations were made up of Black and Mongoloid Native Americans. These confederations include the Iroquois, Muskhoean and Algonquin. Because they were blood-brothers Black and Mongoloid Native Americans often shared the same names for their tribes. Some of the Black Native American tribes were the Blackfeet, Cree, Choctaw , Costanoan , Kashita (Kauche-te), Lenape, Manokin, Mendica , Nanticoke , Narragansett , Naudowessie , Nianties , Ohlone , Patawomeck, Pequot , Ramapo, Shinnecock, Seneca, Seminoles, Secolan, Tamacraw, Tsoyaha, Tuscarora , Wampanoag ( or Pokanoket), Washitaw (or Ouachita), Yamasee , and Yuchi. The Black Native Americans cultivated the “Three Sisters” – maize, beans and squash. Many Black Native Americans were “exterminated”. Others were forced into slavery. Between 1670 and 1720 100,000 Native Americans were sold into slavery in the Caribbean. After the Pequot War the captives were loaded on ships and sold in Barbados.The first American slave ships were used to transport Black Native Americans, like the Pequot to serve as slaves in the Caribbean. - The last African group to come to the Americas came from Mali , with King Abubakari. These Malians spoke a variety of African languages and wrote in the Vai and Arabic script. The major African group to settle ancient America was the Manding people. In the Southwestern United States, Cabeza da Vaca, said the Mendica people were a dominant group. This word mendica, agrees with the term Mandinka used to denote the Manding speaking people.(Ceram 1971) Moreover in Mexico and Panama we have many place names that allude to ancient Manding presence . For example, in Panama we find the Sierre de Mali mountain range in Darien east of the Gulf of San Miguel, the Manding river, and the Manding bay. Since the ancestors of the Black Native Americans had originated in Africa they began to be identified as Indian slave, freeman and finally “Colored”. And then as a result of bureaucratic erasure in the public records, the former black Native Americans simply became identified as “Colored”, like the former Sub-Saharan slaves , instead of Native Americans. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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