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Which People resemble egyptians?
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Supercar: [QB] Can this ruler fit in with locals of anywhere in East Africa, central, west Africa, or south Africa? [IMG]http://www.artchive.com/artchive/e/egyptian/egyptian_4_menkaure.jpg[/IMG] Indeed, it is not surprising that crania of predynastic Egyptians and the dynastic ones, resembled those of many "interior" African groups. [b]It was a melting pot of Saharo-tropical Africans.[/b] Recalling... Keita and Boyce, on the peopling of the Nile Valley: “Archeological data, or the absence of it, have been interpreted as suggesting a population hiatus in the settlement of the Nile Valley between Epipaleolithic and the Neolithic/predynastic, but this apparent lack could be due to material now being covered over by the Nile (see Connor and Marks 1986, Midant-Reynes 2000, for a discussion). Analogous to events in the Atacama Desert in Chile (Nunez et al. 2002), a moister more inhabitable eastern Sahara gained more human population in the late Pleistocene-early Holocene (Wendorf and Schild 1980, Hassan 1988, Wndorf and Schild 2001). [b]If the hiatus was real then perhaps many Nile populations became Saharan. [/b] Later, stimulated by mid-Holocene droughts, migration from the Sahara contributed population to the Nile Valley (Hassan 1988, Kobusiewicz 1992, Wendorf and Schild 1980, 2001); the predynastic of upper Egypt and later Neolithic in lower Egypt show clear Saharan affinities. A striking increase e of pastoralists’ hearths are found in the Nile valley dating to between 5000-4000 BCE (Hassan 1988). Saharan Nilo-Saharan speakers may have been initial domesticators of African cattle found in the Sahara (see Ehret 2000, Wendorf et. Al. 1987). Hence there was a Saharan “Neolithic” with evidence for domesticated cattle before they appear in the Nile valley (Wendorf et al. 2001). If modern data can be used, [b]there is no reason to think that the **peoples drawn into the Sahara** in the earlier periods were **likely to have been biologically or linguistically uniform.** [/b] …A dynamic diachronic interaction consisting of the fusion, fissioning, and perhaps “extinction” of populations, with a decrease in overall numbers as the environment eroded, [b]can easily be envisioned in the heterogenous landscape of the eastern Saharan expanse, with its oases and Wadis,[/b] that formed a reticulated pattern of habitats. This fragile and changing region with the Nile Valley in the early to mid-Holocene can be further envisioned as [b]holding a population whose subdivisions maintained some distinctiveness, but did exchange genes.[/b] Groups would have been distributed in settlements based on resources, but likely had contacts based on artifact variation (Wendorf and Schild 2001). Similar pottery can be found over extensive areas. Transhumance between the Nile valley and the Sahara would have provided east-west contact, even before the later migration largely emptied parts of the eastern Sahara. Early speakers of Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic apparently interacted [b]based on the evidence of loan words[/b] (Ehret, personal communication). Nilo-Saharan’s current range is roughly congruent with the so-called Saharo-Sudanese or Aqualithic culture associated with the less arid period (Wendorf and Schild 1980), and [b]therefore cannot be seen as intrusive[/b]. Its speakers are found from the Nile to the Niger rivers in the Sahara and Sahel, and south into Kenya. The eastern Sahara was likely a micro--evolutionary processor and pump of populations, who may have developed various specific sociocultural (and linguistic) identities, but [b]were genealogically “mixed” in terms of origins.[/b] [b]These identities may have further crystallized on the Nile, or fused with those of resident populations that were already differentiated.[/b] The [b]**genetic profile of the Nile Valley via the fusion of the Saharans and the indigenous peoples were likely established[/b] in the main [b]**long before the Middle Kingdomp**[/b]… …Hoffman (1982) noted cattle burials in Hierakonpolis, the most important of predynastic upper Egyptian cities in the later predynastic. This custom might reflect [b]Nubian cultural impact, a common cultural background, or the presence of Nubians.[/b] [b]There was some cultural and economic bases for all levels of social intercourse, as well as geographical proximity. There was some shared iconography in the kingdoms that emerged in Nubia and upper Egypt around 3300 BCE (Williams 1986). Although disputed, there is evidence that Nubia may have even militarily engaged upper Egypt before Dynasty I, and contributed leadership in the unification of Egypt (Williams 1986). The point of reviewing these data is to illustrate that evidence suggests a basis for social interaction, and gene exchange[/b]. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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