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OT: Arabs massacre villagers in Chad
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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Doug M: [QB] What I am saying is not that Sudan has always been UNIFIED under ONE government or "culture". What I AM saying is that the MODERN divisions and ethnic strife WITHIN Sudan are based LARGELY on FOREIGN identities not just various groups competing over resources. Chrisitianity is NOT indigenous to Sudan, even though in the 6th Century, Northern Sudan WAS a Christian Kingdom. It did not become Muslim until the Muslims invaded and conquered it and that was PRIOR to the invasions of Egypt in the 19th century. ISLAM is not NATIVE to Sudan. The last purely INDIGENOUS EMPIRE and CULTURE in Sudan was Cush which fell in the 4th Century. After that here is a general timeline: [QUOTE] 4th Century: The kingdom of Cush falls, and a period of 2 centuries of obscurity for Sudan follows. Northern Sudan is inhabited by a group we now refer to as X-Group, and who by ancient geographers were called Nobatae. It is believed that they represented a cultural continuation of the Cush. 6th century: Makuria (or Maqurra) with Dunqula (Dongola) as capital, Alwah with Soba as capital and Nobatia with Pachoras emerge as powerful states in Nubia. 543: Coptic Christian missionaries from Egypt, led by Julian, start converting the population of Nubia to Christianity. 652: A Muslim army from Egypt takes control over Nobatia, and even laid siege on Dunqula. They compelling Makuria to pay tribute to Egypt each year of 360 slaves. The agreement also defined the border between Egypt and Makuria, and stated that no Nubians could settle in Egypt and vice versa. The agreement would last for almost 600 years, assuring trade and good relations between the states. 9th century: Christianity reaches as far as the Darfur region in southwestern Sudan. — Arab tribes are pressed out of Egypt by its rulers, start raiding and pillaging along the border to the Nubian territories. Around 1300: The Mamluks send military expeditions towards Makuria, but are able to take control over the country. Yet the campaigns have strong negative effects on Makuria's economy and political stability. Around 1400: Makuria falls to confederation of Arab nomads and Egypt. A handful of tribes, of which the Juhaynah was the most dominant, settles in Nubia, and start intermarrying the Nubians. Over time the Arabs would become the leading group in the region started. Their nomadic institutions would eventually replace the political authority of Makuria. Around 1500: Alwa is conquered by an Arab confederation led by Abdullah Jamma. Their cities are abandoned. 1504: The Funj kingdom is founded by Amara Dunqas in central of Sudan near the confluence of the White and the Blue Niles. Sennar becomes its capital. Dunqas converts to Islam, and spread the new religion all over this part of Sudan. 17th century: Funj kingdom controls large parts of eastern Sudan, from Nubia to the Ethiopia in south. The kingdom controlled important trade routes, bringing in good revenues. 18th century: The Funj rulers start to build up a military caste made up of slaves from foreign lands. This group would develop into a political factor that challenged the Funj aristocracy, and eventually the king. This destroyed the political power of the Funj, and made the kingdom an easy prey for foreign warlords. 1821: The Egyptians attack Sennar, bringing the Funj kingdom to an end. Hence all of Sudan down the Nile, through the Blue Nile, and the Atbara river came under control of Muhammad Ali. 1820's: A short period of extreme taxation starts. The Sudanese revolt, and kills the Egyptian commander Isma'il. 1826: Ali Khurshid is appointed governor-general. His rule involved lower taxes and tax exemption for and cooperation with local leaders. Trade routes were protected and expanded. Khartoum was developed as the administrative capital, and agricultural and technical improvements were introduced. [/QUOTE] http://lexicorient.com/e.o/sudan_5.htm The whole GIST of my point is that SINCE the fall of Cush, there has been a STEADY FLOW of FOREIGN IDEAOLOGIES and INTERESTS fighting for control in Sudan. Therefore, like the REST of Africa, much of the CONFLICT, even though INTERNAL, stems from FOREIGN ideas, identity and ideaologies and really has NOTHING to do with the liberation and UNITY of Sudanese people. Sudan will be UNITED when the country is able to remove the FAKE FOREIGN identity crisis and begin focusing on the REAL issues facing the people, which involves LAND, RESOURCES and WEALTH distribution. [/QB][/QUOTE]
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